81. Katalog mletaki sp. n., (Gastropoda Enidae) nova vrsta srednje Dalmacije; ChristoffRudolff und das Problem seiner Masse; Chronik und Bericht; http://161.53.55.45/HAZU-POV/per/naslovi/indeks67.htm

kazalo naslova - Èasopisi C. Ostala podruèja C. Prikazi-Osvrti na publikacije u vezi projekta "P-J" C. Znanstveni projekt "Istraživanje faune i ekologije kralježaka istoène Hrvatske" Cahiers d'histoire de l'art : a Magyar Tudományos Akadémia ... Czeslaw Milosz

82. The Radical Symbol and fourth roots, respectively. The symbol was introduced by ChristoffRudolff in 1525 in his book Die Coss. It is believed this http://www.und.edu/dept/math/history/radical.htm

The Radical Symbol Before symbols, the words "roots" or "side" were commonly used for the square root of a number. Arab writers thought of a square number as growing out of a root, so Arabs often used the word radix , "extracting," or pulling out, the root. Latin writers thought of it as "finding" the latus, or side of a square. Late medieval Latin writers turned radix into a single symbol R x . This was used for more than one hundred years. The French writer Nicolas Chuquet (1484) sometimes used R x for R x , R x and R x for cube and fourth roots, respectively. The symbol was introduced by Christoff Rudolff in 1525 in his book Die Coss . It is believed this symbol was used because it resembled a small r (radix) at the time. The cube and fourth root were indicated by Cube Root Fourth Root Rudolff's symbol was not immediately used. The letter l (latus, "side") was often used. For example the square root of 4 was l 4 and the third root of 5 was lc 5. By the seventeenth century, the square root symbol was being used regularly even though there were many ways the indices were written for higher roots.

83. Earliest Uses Of Symbols Of Operation And Grouping 2, page 78). The radical symbol first appeared in 1525 in Die Coss by ChristoffRudolff (14991545). He used (without the vinculum) for square roots. http://www.veling.nl/anne/templars/operation.html

Earliest Uses of Symbols of Operation and Grouping Last revision: Aug. 15, 1997 ADDITION AND SUBTRACTION SYMBOLS Plus (+) and minus (-). The plus symbol as an abbreviation for the Latin et (and), though appearing with the downward stroke not quite vertical, was found in a manuscript dated 1417 (Cajori). The + and - symbols first appeared in print in Mercantile Arithmetic or Behende und hubsche Rechenung auff allen Kauffmanschafft , by Johannes Widmann (born c. 1460), published in Leipzig in 1489. However, they referred not to addition or subtraction or to positive or negative numbers, but to surpluses and deficits in business problems (Cajori vol. 1, page 128). Cajori says, "There is clear evidence that, as a lecturer at the University of Leipzig, Widmann had studied manuscripts in the Dresden library in which + and - signify operations, some of these having been written as early as 1486." Johnson (page 144) says a series of notes from 1481, annotated by Widmann, contain the + and - symbols, and he asks whether Widman could have copied these symbols from some unknown professor at the University of Leipzig. Johnson also says that a student's notes from one of Widmann's 1486 lectures show the + and - signs. Giel Vander Hoecke used + and - as symbols of operation in Een sonderlinghe boeck in dye edel conste Arithmetica

84. [Musiksammlung - Gesangbuch/Drucker Und Verleger/H] http://www.wlb-stuttgart.de/referate/musik/gb/dh.html

Heinz Dietrich Metzger Drucker und Verleger Sortierung nach Druckorten [nz] = nicht zuzuordnen Start GESAMT A B ... [nz] Haarlem Albertz[oon], Jacob Keesmaat, Gebr. Wachtendonck, David Wesbusch, Isaac van Hadamar Hergt Hagen Voigt, G. Wilhelm Halberstadt Kohlwald, Andreas, Witwe [Kolwald] Ziegler, Ernst Ziegler, Ernst, Erben Ziegler, Ernst, Witwe Halbstadt (Gouv. Taurien) Braun, H.J. Raduga, Buchdruckerei Halle a.d. Saale Faber, Leberecht, Gotthold Fricke, Julius Grunert, Johann Friedrich Grunert, Johann Heinrich Hemmerde, Carl Hermann Hendel, Johann Christian Hendel, Otto Heynemann, Eduard Karras. Ehrhardt Lippert, Johann Friedrich Montag, Johann Niemeyer, Max Salfeld, Christoph Waisenhaus, Verlag (und bzw. oder Buchhandlung, und bzw. oder Druckerei) Wetterkampff, Jobst Hamburg Amt der Buchbinder Appel, Ludwig Baak, Jobst Heinrich. Beneke, Rudolph Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag Dosen, Henricus Gregor. Karl Johann Heil, Samuel [Heyl] 1710-50 Hertelische Handlung Hoffer, Rudolff Internationale Traktatgesellschaft Liebezeit, Gottfried Meyn, Carl Wilhelm Neumann, Conrad

85. ? The summary for this Korean page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://delta.new21.net/math001/mhistory/his04.htm

86. HPM³q°T²Ä¤C¨÷²Ä¤@´Á The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://math.ntnu.edu.tw/~horng/letter/vol7no1c.htm

¼Æ¾Ç²Å¸¹ªººt¶i ¡X ¥H¡u ¡v¬°¨Ò ¥x®v¤j¼Æ¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h¯Z¬ã¨s¥Í ¼Ú¤hºÖ ¤@¡D«e¨¥ ¤G¡D¦­´Áªº²Å¸¹§Î¦¡ ¡A¡u ¡v §Y¥Î¥H¥Nªí¥­¤è®Ú¡C¦Ó¦b¦è¤¸²Ä¤C¥@¬ö®É¡A¦L«×ªº±C¹ªùÓD¦h Brahmagupta ¡A¥Í©ó §Q¥Î¤å¦rÁY¼gªº¤è¦¡¡A±N¦L«×¤å¦r¤¤¡A¥Î¥Hªí¥Ü¥­¤è®Úªº¡u ¡v¤@¦r ¡A¥H¡u c ¡v¨Óªí¥Ü¡C¨Ò¦p¡A ru c c ¡A§Y¬° ¡C¦Ü©ó ¥@¬öªºªü©Ô§B¡Aªüº¸¥d©Ô¨F²Ä (Al-Qalasadi )±Nªü©Ô§B¤å¡§ jidr (§Y¥­¤è®Ú) ¤¤ªº²Ä¤@­Ó¦r¥À¡§ radix )¡A latus )¡A »P¤À¼Æ«ü¼Æ¡C radix §Y¬O¡u¥­¤è®Ú¡vªº·N«ä¡C¨Æ¹ê¤W¡A ³o­Ó²Å¸¹ªº¨Ï¥Î«D±`¼sªx¡A¥¦¥i¥Hªx«ü¬°¤@¯ëªº¡u®Ú¡v¡A¦³®É­Ô¤]³Q·í¦¨¤@¦¸ªº¥¼ª¾¼Æ¡u x ¡v¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦b´´ªi¨º«´ (Fibonacci, Leonardo of Pisa) ¦~¼gªº¤@¥»¼Æ¾Ç®Ñ¡m Practica geomatriae ¡n¤¤¡A ¦P®É¥Î¥Hªí¥Ü¥­¤è®Ú»P¤@¦¸ªº¥¼ª¾¼Æ¡C ªk°ê¼Æ¾Ç®a Nicolas Chuquet (1484) ¤]´¿¦b¥LªºµÛ§@¡m Le Triparty ¡n¤¤¡A¨Ï¥Î ¨Óªí¥Ü®Ú¡C¨Ò¦p¡A¦b¥Lªº¤â½Z¤¤¡A´¿¼g¨ì¡G¡§ as 4¡¨¡A¡§ si est . 2.¡¨¡C ¦Ó¦b¼w°ê¼Æ¾Ç®a Johann Widman (1489) ra ¨Óªí¥Ü¥­¤è®Ú¡C ¨ì¤F¤Q¤»¥@¬ö®É¡A¸q¤j§Q¼Æ¾Ç®a¨Ø¦è¼Ú¨½ (Luca Pacioli, 1523) ¹ï©ó ªº¥Îªk¤S°µ¤F¨Ç§ïÅÜ¡C¦p¹Ï¤G¡A§Ú­Ì¥i¥H¬Ý¨ì¡A¥L¥H¡u cuba v .¡v«h¥Î¥Hªí¥ÜÂù­«®Ú¸¹¡C (¹Ï¤G) ¥t¤@¤è­±¡A¼w°êªº Johannes Scheubel (1551) «h»P²³¤£¦P¡A¥L¤@¤è­±±Ä¥Î¤F Widman ªº²Å¸¹¡u ra ¡v¡C¦b¥Lªº®ÑÄy¤¤¡A¤T¦¸¤è®Ú¥Î¡u ra. cu.

87. JAWOR - Site Map - UK Shopping Directory - UK Shops home - search - customer service -UK ShoppingPortal Online -, Usuarios en español. http://www.ishop.co.uk/site-map/ja/jawor/index.shtml

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88. ¼öÇÐÀÇ ±âÈ£ The summary for this Korean page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://myhome.naver.com/leejw162/my08-09.htm

http://user.chollian.net/~saeng3/main.html¿¡¼­ ÆÛ¿À´Ù.(¿ëµµ: °³ÀÎ ÇнÀ¿ë) 15¼¼±â¿¡´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ Àμâ¼úÀÌ ¹ß¸íµÇ¾î, ÀÌ°Í¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ ±×¸®À̽º, ¾Æ¶óºñ¾ÆÀÇ °íÀüÀÇ ¹ø¿ªâÆÇÀÌ ¿ëÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÊ¿¡ µû¶ó À¯·´ »ç¶÷µéÀº ÀÌµé °íÀü¿¡ Á¢ÇÒ ±âȸ°¡ ¸¹¾ÆÁ³´Ù. ¶Ç ÀÌÅ»¸®¾Æ¿¡¼­´Â »ó¾÷ÀÇ ¹ß´Þ¿¡ µû¶ó Àΰ£ »ýÈ°¿¡ ¿©À¯°¡ »ý±â°í, °íÀüÀÇ ºÎÈïÀ¸·Î ¸»¹Ì¾Ï¾Æ Àΰ£¼º ÇعæÀ» ÁÖÀåÇÏ´Â ÈÞ¸Ó´ÏÁò(humanism) ¿îµ¿ÀÌ Àü°³µÇ¾úÀ¸¸ç, µû¶ó¼­ ¹®È­ÀÇ Áøº¸¿¡µµ ¼­±¤ÀÌ ºñÄ¡±â ½ÀÛÇß´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô Çؼ­ 16¼¼±â¸¦ ¸ÂÀÌÇÏ°Ô µÇ¾ú°í, ¸£³×»ó½º(renaissance)½´ë°¡ µµ·¡Çß´Ù. ÀÌ ¹®¿¹ºÎÈï±âÀÇ ´ë¼ö´Â ¿ì¼± ±âÈ£ÀÇ Á¤ºñ·ÎºÎÅÍ ½À۵Ǿú´Ù°í ÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ´ÙÀ½ ±× ÁÖ¿äÇÑ ¸î °¡Áö¸¦ ¼Ò°³ÇÏ°íÀÚ ÇÑ´Ù. : ÀÌ ±âÈ£´Â µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¿ÍÀ̵常(J. Widmann)ÀÌ 1489³â¿¡ ¶óÀÌÇÁÂîÈ÷¿¡¼­ ¹ßÇàÇÑ »ê¼ö¥¿¡¼­ ³À½À¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù. ÖÊ¿¡´Â °úºÎÁ·ÀÇ Àǹ̷Π»ç¿ëµÇ¾úÀ¸³ª, Á¡Â÷·Î µ¡¼À°ú »¬¼ÀÀ» ÀǹÌÇÏ´Â ±âÈ£·Î¼­ »ç¿ëµÇ¾ú´Ù. Ç·¯½º¶ó´Â ¸»Àº ±× ¥¿¡¼­ º¼ ¼ö ¾øÀ¸³ª ¸¶À̳ʽº¶ó´Â ¸»Àº »ç¿ëµÇ°í ÀÖ´Ù. µ¡¼À ±âÈ£ +´Â ´õÇÑ´Ù´Â ¶æÀÇ ¶óƾ¾î et¸¦ ÁÙ¿©¼­ ¾ò¾ú°í, »¬¼À ±âÈ£ -´Â »«´Ù´Â ¶æÀÇ minus¸¦ °£´ÜÈ÷ ¾´ mÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ´Ù°¡ Çʱ⼳·³ ºü¸£°Ô ¾²´Ù - ¸ð¾çÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²î¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·±µ¥ ±× ¥¿¡¼­ ÀÌ ±âÈ£µéÀº ´õÇÏ°í »©´Â ±âÈ£·Î »ç¿ëµÈ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ´Ü¼øÇÑ °úÀ×°ú ºÎÁ·À» ¶æ Çß¾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù. ±×·¯´Ù°¡ 1514³â ³×´ú¶õµåÀÇ ¼öÇÐÀÚ È£ÀÌÄÉ(Hoecke)¿¡ ÀÇÇؼ­ µ¡¼À, »¬¼ÀÀÇ ±âÈ£·Î ¾²¿©Áö°Ô µÇ¾ú´Ù. Áï, 34¶ó°í Çϸé Áö±ÝÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î´Â 3+4°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ°í 3 4¶ó°í Çϸé Áö±ÝÀÇ Ç¥ÇöÀ¸·Î 3-4°¡ µÇ´Â °ÍÀÌ´Ù. ±×¸®°í ¶óƾ »ç¶÷µéÀº P¿Í MÀ» »ç¿ëÇÏ¿© µ¡¼À°ú »¬¼ÀÀ» Ç¥ÇöÇÏ¿´´Ù. 3P4, 3M4¿Í °°ÀÌ. ±×·¯´Ù°¡ 1489³â,µ¶ÀÏÀÇ ¿ÍÀ̵常ÀÌ ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ ±Û¿¡ ÀÌ µÎ ±âÈ£¸¦ µ¡¼À°ú »¬¼À

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