81. Ptolemy I Of Egypt - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia ptolemy I of Egypt. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Silvercoin depicting ptolemy I. ptolemy I (367 283 BC reigned 305 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptolemy_I_of_Egypt

Ptolemy I of Egypt From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Ptolemy I 283 BC reigned 283 BC ), founder of the dynasty of the same name , son of Lagus, a Macedonian nobleman of Eordaea, was one of Alexander the Great 's most trusted generals, and among the seven "body-guards" attached to his person. He plays a principal part in the later campaigns of Alexander in Afghanistan and India . At the Susa marriage festival in 324 BC Alexander caused him to marry the Persian princess Artacama ; but there is no further mention of this Asiatic bride in the history of Ptolemy. When Alexander died in 323 BC the resettlement of the empire at Babylon is said to have been made at Ptolemy's instigation. At any rate he was now appointed satrap of Egypt under the nominal kings Philip Arrhidaeus and the young Alexander. He at once took a high hand in the province by killing Cleomenes , the financial controller appointed by Alexander the Great; he also subjugated Cyrenaica . He contrived to get possession of Alexander's body which was to be interred with great pomp by the imperial government and placed it temporarily in Memphis . This act led to an open rupture between Ptolemy and the imperial regent Perdiccas . But Perdiccas perished in the attempt to invade Egypt ( 321 BC In the long wars between the different Macedonian chiefs which followed, Ptolemy's first object is to hold his position in Egypt securely, and secondly to possess the Cyrenaica

82. Ptolemy's Epicycles ptolemy s Epicycles. © Copyright 2002, Jim Loy. And on the right, we have ptolemy sattempt to explain retrograde motion with a fixed Earth, using epicycles. http://www.jimloy.com/cindy/ptolemy.htm

Return to my Cinderella pages Return to my Mathematics pages Go to my home page Ptolemy's Epicycles On the left (below), we have the Sun and two planets; the blue one represents the Earth, and the red one represents Mars. None of this is drawn to scale. In the center, I have shown Mars' retrograde motion, the way it appears to go backward in the sky. This happens because the faster Earth passes the slower outer planet (in the left part of the diagram). And on the right, we have Ptolemy's attempt to explain retrograde motion with a fixed Earth, using epicycles. Both ideas (Copernicus' Sun-centered system, and Ptolemy's Earth-centered system) seem to work well. But the Sun-centered system is the true situation: Please enable Java for an interactive construction (with Cinderella). The above Java animation was created with Cinderella (a geometry program). Return to my Cinderella pages Return to my Mathematics pages Go to my home page

83. Candles And Candle Supplies - King Ptolemy I Candle King ptolemy I Candle Click to enlarge. Notifications, more. Notifications,Notify me of updates to King ptolemy I Candle. Tell A Friend, http://www.discountcandleshop.com/product_info.php/products_id/2111

Candles, Candle Holders, and Candle Making Supplies all here at a Discount Candles Price! Candles at Discount Candle Shop Catalog Sculpture Candles GW-P0709638 ... Affiliates Categories Holiday Favorites Easter Valentine's Day Halloween ... Coming Soon total products. Our Other Sites Candles: NWCandleMaking.com FloatingLights.com HolyCandle.com SeasonalCandle.com Cheese: CheeseSupply.com Information Order Tracking Contact Us Suggested Links All Products List ... Affiliate Program King Ptolemy I Candle Discount Price: $20.82 every day Volume price: $18.74 w/ $75.00 purchase Wholesale price: $16.66 w/ $300.00 purchase Click to enlarge Our King Ptolemy I candle is perfect for an exotic decorative touch or for the archeology buff in your life! Shown with our medium "black cat standing " candle in the background, sold separately. Pair with our Egyptian Queen candle, or any of our other Egyptian themed candles, for added drama. Product Metrics: Weight: 1.25 lbs. Height: Length: Width: Shopping Cart No Items In Cart Read about our volume discount! Quick Find Use keywords to find the product you are looking for.

84. Ptolemy NEWS. MUSIC. Metem Krew http://www.metempsychosis.com/ptolemy/

NEWS MUSIC :: Metem Krew Comma Dr. Awkward Linc Martin Saunders Mikrosopht Minusbaby Mr eel Orpheus :: Links MUSIC Rephlex planet-mu FRIENDS jeff priest controller code hax0rs.com OTHER The Onion Powered by:

85. Claudius Ptolemy Claudius ptolemy. 85?165? We know very little of ptolemy s life. His function.ptolemy devised new geometrical proofs and theorems. http://www.stetson.edu/~efriedma/periodictable/html/Pm.html

Claudius Ptolemy We know very little of Ptolemy's life. His name, Claudius Ptolemy, is of course a mixture of the Greek Egyptian "Ptolemy" and the Roman "Claudius". This would indicate that he was descended from a Greek family living in Egypt and that he was a citizen of Rome. Ptolemy definitely made astronomical observations from Alexandria in Egypt during the years from 127 to 141. We suspect his teacher was Theon of Smyrna, who was both an observer and a mathematician who had written on astronomical topics such as conjunctions, eclipses, occultations and transits. The earliest, and perhaps most important of Ptolemy's work that has survived is the Almagest , a treatise in 13 books. It gives in detail the mathematical theory of the motions of the Sun, Moon, and planets. Ptolemy made his most original contribution by presenting details for the motions of each of the planets. His theories were not superseded until a century after Copernicus presented his heliocentric theory in 1543. Ptolemy first of all justifies his description of the universe based on the earth-centred system described by Aristotle. It is a view of the world based on a fixed earth around which the sphere of the fixed stars rotates every day, this carrying with it the spheres of the sun, moon, and planets. Ptolemy used geometric models to predict the positions of the sun, moon, and planets, using combinations of circular motion known as epicycles. Having set up this model, Ptolemy then goes on to describe the mathematics which he needs in the rest of the work. In particular he introduces trigonometrical methods based on the chord function.

86. Ptolemy (about 85-165 AD) Identification......ptolemy (about 85165 AD). Claudius Ptolemaeus ptolemy s Cluster). Nebulousobjects mentioned in ptolemy s Almagest No. http://www.seds.org/messier/xtra/Bios/ptolemy.html

Ptolemy (about 85-165 AD) Claudius Ptolemaeus Pelusiniensis (Ptolemy) lived in Alexandria, Egypt approximately 85-165 AD or 87-150 AD, and worked there as philosopher, astronomer (and astrologer), mathemetician and geographer. He was of Greek origin. He created a number of monumental and epochal works, above all the Mathematical Syntaxis ("Megale Syntaxas tes Astronomias", Great Syntaxas of Astronomy), which became the foundation of more than a millennium's astronomy, and is better known as Almagest Ptolemy, ca. 130 AD ). This work bound astronomical thinking in the western as well as the arabic world to geocentrism, but also gave positions of the "fixed" stars, and 48 constellations still used today. Other publications include his Geography , an early work of cartography and geography, and the astrological work Tetrabiblos Within Almagest , he lists seven nebulous objects, 3 of which are asterisms, but 4 are real deepsky objects; these are all open clusters. Two of them, Praesepe (M44) and the Double Cluster in h and Chi ... in Perseus , have been taken from Hipparchus, but the other two are new: the Coma Berenices Star Cluster (Mel 111) and "A Nebula behind the Sting of Scorpius", actually open star cluster

87. Messier Object 7 M 7. Open Cluster M7 (NGC 6475), type e , in Scorpius The Scorpion s Tail, ptolemy sCluster. Apparent Dimension, 80.0 (arc min). Known to ptolemy 130 AD. http://www.seds.org/messier/m/m007.html

M 7 Open Cluster M7 (NGC 6475) , type 'e', in Scorpius The Scorpion's Tail, Ptolemy's Cluster Right Ascension 17 : 53.9 (h:m) Declination -34 : 49 (deg:m) Distance 0.8 (kly) Visual Brightness 3.3 (mag) Apparent Dimension 80.0 (arc min) Known to Ptolemy 130 AD. M7 is a large and brilliant group, easily detected with the naked eye. As Burnham describes it, "the cluster is seen projected on a background of numerous faint and distant Milky Way stars." This splendid cluster was known to Ptolemy , who mentioned it about 130 AD, who described it as the "nebula following the sting of Scorpius". The description may also include , but this is uncertain. Because of this presumable discovery, the present author [hf] has proposed the name "Ptolemy's Cluster" for M7 some years ago, a proposition which has found some acceptance meanwhile. M7 was observed by Hodierna before 1654 who counted 30 stars, and included in Abbe Lacaille 's catalog of southern objects as Lac II.14. Charles Messier included it as No. 7 in his catalog on May 23, 1764. M7 consists of about 80 stars brighter mag 10 in a field of about 1.3 degrees apparent diameter which at its distance of perhaps 800 light years corresponds to a linear extension of 18 or 20 light years. It was classified as of Trumpler type I,3,m or I,3,r. This group is approaching us at 14 km/sec. The brightest star is a yellow giant (spectral type gG8, mag 5.6), the hottest main sequence star is of spectral type B6 (mag 5.89). M7's age was estimated at 220 million years, both according to the Sky Catalog 2000 and the new calculation of the

88. History Of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic City Egypt was the share of the most skilled of these ptolemy. His successor, ptolemyII Philadelphus (King in 287 BC), was a less ambitious person. http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/alexandria/History/ptolemaic.html

The Ptolemaic City (323 BC - 30 BC) Then, as now, she belonged not so much to Egypt as to the Mediterranean. E.M. Forster Upon Alexander's death, no single successor emerged to claim his kingdom. Rather, the widespread territories were divided among several rulers. Egypt was the share of the most skilled of these: Ptolemy. He was Macedonian by birth, but witnessed the birth of Alexandria and wanted her to be the cultural and intellectual capital of the world. He ruled in 323 BC, reigned in 304 BC, and expanded his kingdom to include Cyrene (Lybia), Palestine, Cyprus, and others lands. His royal titles included King Soter (Savior), and Pharaoh. Under the reign of Soter, the golden age of Alexandria, the new capital of Egypt, started. His successor, Ptolemy II Philadelphus (King in 287 BC), was a less ambitious person. Unlike his father, he turned his back to military campaigns and focused on buiding Alexandria. He was more "Egyptian" than his father: he married his sister Arsinoe, a custom, then, widely accepted among Egyptians and despicable in the eyes of the Greeks. His son, Ptolemy III Euergetes (Well-doer), was full of will and motivation. He reigned in 246 BC, and was praised as a military leader and a supporter of science. He married his cousin Berenice. Their reign, marked the peak in Alexandria's glamor and fame.

89. Ancient History Sourcebook: Athanaeus: The Great Spectacle And Procession Of Pto Sourcebook . Ancient History Sourcebook Athanaeus (fl. c. 200 CE) TheGreat Spectacle and Procession of ptolemy II Philadelphus, 285 BCE. http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/285ptolemyII.html

Back to Ancient History Sourcebook Ancient History Sourcebook: Athanaeus (fl. c. 200 CE): The Great Spectacle and Procession of Ptolemy II Philadelphus, 285 BCE [Davis Intro:] When Ptolemy II Philadelphus became king of Egypt (285 B.C.), he celebrated his accession by a magnificent procession and festival at Alexandria. The following is only a part of the description of the very elaborate spectacle. The mere enumeration of all this pomp, power and treasure conveys a striking idea of the riches of the Ptolemaic kings, the splendor of their court, and the resources of their kingdom. History, Book V, Chap. 25: First I will describe the tent prepared inside the citadel, apart from the place provided to receive the soldiers, artisans, and foreigners. For it was wonderfully beautiful, and worth talking of. Its size was such that it could accommodate one hundred and thirty couches [for banqueters] arranged in a circle. The roof was upborne on wooden pillars fifty cubits high of which four were arranged to look like palm trees. On the outside of the pillars ran a portico, adorned with a peristyle on three sides with a vaulted roof. Here it was the feasters could sit down. The interior of this was surrounded with scarlet curtains; in the middle of the space, however, were suspended strange hides of beasts, strange both for their variegated color, and their remarkable size. The part which surrounded this portico in the open air was shaded by myrtle trees and laurels, and other suitable shrubs.

90. Ptolemy The Letter to Flora ptolemy s Letter to Flora. This is a word for word quotation of ptolemy s letter,preserved by Epiphanius in his work Against Heresies, 33.3.1 33.7.10. http://www.windows.umich.edu/people/ancient_epoch/ptolemy.html

Ptolemy Picture of Ptolemy Courtesy of The Bettmann Archive Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who lived between 85-165 A.D. He put together his own ideas with those of Aristotle and Hipparchus and formed a unified model of the universe . Ptolemy believed that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other heavenly bodies circled it, a view which held for 1400 years until the time of Copernicus Ptolemy is also famous for his work in geography. Ptolemy Picture of Ptolemy Courtesy of The Bettmann Archive Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who lived between 85-165 A.D. He put together his own ideas with those of Aristotle and Hipparchus and formed the geocentric theory. This theory states that the Earth was at the center of the universe and all other heavenly bodies circled it, a model which held for 1400 years until the time of Copernicus Ptolemy is also famous for his work in geography. He was the first person to use longitude and latitude lines to identify places on the face of the Earth Ptolemy Picture of Ptolemy Courtesy of The Bettmann Archive Ptolemy was a Greek astronomer who lived between 85-165 A.D. He put together his own ideas, those of

91. Ptolemy's Commentary On The Gospel Of John Prologue Gnostic Scriptures and Fragments. ptolemy s Commentary on The Gospel Of JohnPrologue. Introduction. ptolemy s Commentary On The Gospel of John Prologue. http://www.gnosis.org/library/ptl.htm

T HE G NOSTIC S OCIETY L IBRARY Gnostic Scriptures and Fragments. Ptolemy's Commentary on The Gospel Of John Prologue Introduction by Craig Schenk Irenaeus, in his work The Detection and Overthrow of Falsely So-Called Gnosis (written c. 180, also called Against Heresies ), recorded a commentary written by the Valentinian teacher Ptolemy (2nd Century) on the prologue to the Gospel of John (Irenaeus, Adversus Heraeses In this commentary, Ptolemy interpreted the prologue of John's gospel (Jn 1:1-14) as it related to the first octet of Aions. This primal octet can be shown graphically as follows: "Parent" is usually called "Father" or "the Deep." "Loveliness" is usually called "Silence." In the Valentinian version of the Gnostic Myth, these are the first eight Aions (at least in Ptolemy's variant of the Valentinian myth). There was a split among Valentinians as to the relationship of the Father and Silence. Some claimed that the Father was a monad, and Silence was the state in which he exists. Others suggested that Silence was the Father's feminine consort, and the two together were called the Source. Ptolemy falls in the second group. The full Valentinian Gnostic myth and its many variants is too complex a topic for this introduction. For further discussion, see Bentley Layton, The Gnostic Scriptures , p. 316.

92. A Brief History Of Clocks From Thales To Ptolemy Please keep that in mind while reading these papers. A Brief History of ClocksFrom Thales to ptolemy. By Jesse Weissman Look at the comments on this paper. http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Jesse/CLOCK1A.html

Please note: These papers were prepared for the Greek Science course taught at Tufts University by Prof. Gregory Crane in the spring of 1995. The Perseus Project does not and has not edited these student papers. We assume no responsibility over the content of these papers: we present them as is as a part of the course, not as documents in the Perseus Digital Library . We do not have contact information for the authors. Please keep that in mind while reading these papers. A Brief History of Clocks: From Thales to Ptolemy By: Jesse Weissman Look at the comments on this paper. The earliest example, in western culture, of a celestial sphere is attributed to the presocratic philosopher Thales. Unfortunately, little is known about Thales' sphere beyond Cicero's description in the De re publica For Gallus told us that the other kind of celestial globe, which was solid and contained no hollow space, was a very early invention, the first one of that kind having been constructed by Thales of Mileus, and later marked by Eudoxus with the constellations and stars which are fixed in the sky. (Price 56) This description is helpful for understanding the basic form of Thales' sphere, and for pinpointing its creation at a specific point in time. However, it is clearly a simplification of events that occurred several hundred years before Cicero's lifetime. Why would Thales' create a spherical representation of the heavens and neglect to indicate the stars? Of what use is a bowling ball for locating celestial bodies? Considering Eudoxus' preoccupation with systems of concentric spheres, a more logical explanation is that Thales marked his sphere with stars, and Eudoxus later traced the ecliptic and the paths of the planets on the exterior. The celestial sphere in question probably resembled this

93. Skyscript: The Life & Work Of Ptolemy By Deborah Houlding Books by ptolemy cover. cover. by Deborah Houlding. Claudius Ptolemaeus, betterknown as ptolemy, lived and worked in the middle of the 2nd century AD. http://www.skyscript.co.uk/ptolemy.html

Books by Ptolemy: by Deborah Houlding Claudius Ptolemaeus, better known as Ptolemy, lived and worked in the middle of the 2nd century AD. His astrological textbook - the Tetrabiblos - became the standard bearer for subsequent generations. He has been been referred to as 'the most important single figure in the history of astrology, and one of the most important in the history of astronomy'. In the history of science there can be few names more illustrious than Ptolemy's but in view of his reputation very little is known about his life. Research into his personal circumstances has proved fruitless apart from a fairly well-established opinion that he was born at Ptolemais in Egypt sometime around the year 100 AD, died around the age of 78, and worked within the precincts of Alexandria on the Nile. A study of his texts reveals an extensive knowledge of philosophy, mathematics, geography, astronomy and astrology. A proficiency and interest in music is also suggested in some of his minor works, in keeping with the Platonic belief that astronomy and music are twin sciences, linked by the Pythagorean philosophy of the harmony of the spheres. Modern astrologers remember Ptolemy as the author of one of the oldest complete manuals of astrology, - the

94. Ptolemy's Theorem ptolemy s Theorem. Remark. ptolemy of Alexandria (~100168) gave the name to theptolemy s Planetary theory which he described in his treatise Almagest. http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/ptolemy.shtml

CTK Exchange Front Page Movie shortcuts Personal info ... Recommend this site Ptolemy's Theorem Let a quadrilateral ABCD be inscribed in a circle. Then the sum of the products of the two pairs of opposite sides equals the product of its two diagonals. In other words, Remark Ptolemy of Alexandria (~100-168) gave the name to the Ptolemy's Planetary theory which he described in his treatise Almagest . The book is mostly devoted to astronomy and trigonometry where, among many other things, he also gives the approximate value of as 377/120 and proves the theorem that now bears his name. The name Almagest is actually a corruption of a later arabic title "Al magiste" - The Greatest. This classical theorem has been proven many times over. Following is the simplest proof I am aware of. Proof The following problem is discussed in Honsberger, Mathematical Morsels Let A A A denote an equilateral triangle inscribed in a circle. For any point P on the circle, show that the two shorter segments among PA , PA , PA add up to the third one. Solution Let s denote the length of the side of the given triangle. By Ptolemey's Theorem we have

95. Sine, Cosine, And Ptolemy's Theorem Sine, Cosine, and ptolemy s Theorem. ptolemy s theorem implies the theoremof Pythagoras. The latter serves as a foundation of Trigonometry http://www.cut-the-knot.org/proofs/sine_cosine.shtml

CTK Exchange Front Page Movie shortcuts Personal info ... Recommend this site Sine, Cosine, and Ptolemy's Theorem Ptolemy's theorem implies the theorem of Pythagoras . The latter serves as a foundation of Trigonometry, the branch of mathematics that deals with relationships between the sides and angles of a triangle. In the language of Trigonometry, Pythagorean Theorem reads sin (A) + cos (A) = 1, where A is one of the internal angles of a right triangle. If the hypotenuse of the triangle is of length 1, then sin(A) is the length of the side opposite to the angle A, cos(A) is the length of the adjacent side. Ptolemy's theorem also provides an elegant way to prove other trigonometric identities. In a little while, I'll prove the addition and subtraction formulas for sine: sin(A + B) = sin(A)cos(B) + cos(A)sin(B) sin(A - B) = sin(A)cos(B) - cos(A)sin(B) But first let's have a simple proof for the Law of Sines Proposition III.20 from Euclid's Elements says: In a circle the angle at the center is double of the angle at the circumference, when angles have the same circumference as base. The more common formulation asserts that an angle circumscribed in a circle is equal to half the central angle that subtends the same chord. (As a corollary, from here it follows that all circumscribed angles subtending the same arc are equal irrespective of their position on the circle. This is Proposition

96. Ptolemy And His Geography ptolemy and his Geography. ptolemy is by far the most important GrecoRomanwriter on the physical sciences whose works have come down to us. http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/ptolgeog/

Ptolemy and his Geography This website is being inaugurated to coincide with the publication of Ptolemy's Geography by J. Lennart Berggren and Alexander Jones Princeton University Press More information about the book Ptolemy is by far the most important Greco-Roman writer on the physical sciences whose works have come down to us. Among his writings are major treatises on astronomy, geography, music theory, visual perception, and astrology. The aim of this website is to provide accurate and up-to-date information about Ptolemy's life and works, with special emphasis on his influential book on cartography, the Geography Ptolemy What we know of Ptolemy's biography His principal astronomical work: the Almagest His other astronomical writings ... His astrological treatise. The Geography The plan of the book. Ptolemy's place in the history of geography and cartography. Ptolemy's maps Ptolemy's influence on later cartography Website content and design: Alexander Jones. ( enquiries

97. TLG http://ptolemy.tlg.uci.edu/~tlg/

98. Ptolemy I. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. ptolemy I. ptolemy received Egyptand managed to keep control of it in the midst of incessant warfare. http://www.bartleby.com/65/pt/Ptlmy1.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Ptolemy I (Ptolemy Soter) (t m s r) ( KEY ) , d. 284

99. Lecture 11: Ptolemy Astronomy 161 Professor Barbara Ryden. Monday, April 12. ptolemy. (2) ptolemy sgeocentric model used epicycles to explain retrograde motion of the planets. http://www-astronomy.mps.ohio-state.edu/~ryden/ast161_3/notes11.html

Astronomy 161: Professor Barbara Ryden Monday, April 12 PTOLEMY ``It is always better to have no ideas than false ones; to believe nothing than to believe what is wrong.'' - Thomas Jefferson Key Concepts Ancient Greek models of the universe were based on erroneous assumptions. Ptolemy's geocentric model used epicycles to explain retrograde motion of the planets. Ptolemy's model was accepted, and continuously refined, from the 2nd century AD to the 16th century AD. (1) Ancient Greek models of the universe were based on erroneous assumptions. Many of the world's cultures have a tradition of accurate astronomical observations. The ancient Greeks, however, were the first culture to create scientific models of the universe, based on their knowledge of arithmetic and geometry. The Greek models were based on a number of assumptions, some of which were (alas) entirely erroneous. Bad assumptions of Greek astronomers: The Earth is stationary at the center of the universe. WRONG! The Earth is corrupt and subject to decay, while the heavens are perfect and incorruptible. WRONG!

100. Claudius Ptolemy The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://episte.math.ntu.edu.tw/people/p_ptolemy/

Claudius Ptolemy ¦«°Ç±K ·j´M Ptolemy¡]¬ù85¡ã¬ù165¡^¥Í¨ò©ó®J¤Î¡C§Æ¾¤Ñ¤å¾Ç¤§¶°¤j¦¨ªÌ¡A¨äµÛ§@¼vÅT¬ù1400¦~¡C Ptolemy ¥Í¥­¦h¤£¸Ô¡A¥i¯à¬O§@¬ã¨sªº®J¤Î¾ÇªÌ¡A¤]¥i¯à¬O¨È¾ú¤s¨ô¹Ï®ÑÀ]­û¡C ¥Lªº¦W¦r Claudius ¬O¹°¨¦W¡A¦ý¬O Ptolemy «h¬O¨ü§Æ¾¼vÅTªº®J¤Î©m¤ó¡C ÁöµM Ptolemy ªº¥Í¥­§Ú­Ì©Òª¾¤£¦h¡A¦ý¬O¥LªºµÛ§@«o¼vÅT·¥¤j¡A¸g¥ÑµÛ§@¤¤ªº¦a²y¤¤¤ß»¡¡B©PÂà¶ê²z½×¡A¥L»P¨È¨½¤h¦h¼wªºª¾ÑÅé¨tbÂ_¦è¤è¤å©úªø¹F¬ù1400¦~¡C ¡mAlmagest¡n(¤Ñ¤å¾Ç¤j¦¨)¡G¦@¤Q¤T¥U¡A©Ô¤B®Ñ¦W·½©óªü©Ô§B¤åªº almajst¡A ¦Ó³o¤S·½©ó§Æ¾¤åªº¡u³Ì°¶¤jªºµ²¶°¡v¡C ¨Æ¹ê´N¬O¥¿©¶¨ç¼Æ ( ¡K¡K­È±oª`·Nªº¬O Ptolemy ´N¹³ Eudoxus ¤@¼Ë¡eºô¯¸½s¿è«ö¡G«ü Eudoxus ªº¦P¤ß²y²z½×¡f¡A§¹¥þ¤F¸Ñ¥Lªº²z½×¥u¬O²Å¦XÆ[¹îµ²ªGªº¡B¤@®ÉÅv©yªº¼Æ¾Ç´y­z¡A¨¤£¥²µM¬O¤j¦ÛµM¯u¥¿ªº³]­p­ì²z¡C¡K¡K¦ý¥Lªº¼Æ¾Ç¼Ò«¬«o³Q°ò·þ±Ð¥@¬É·í¦¨¯u²z¨Ó±µ¯Ç¡C ¹ï¥~·j´MöÁä¦r¡G ¡D Ptolemy ¡D Hipparchus ¡D ©PÂà¶ê ¡D Tycho Brahe ¡D ¤û¹y ¡D Eudoxus ¡]¼¶½Z¡G¯Îª¤¯¢A¥x¤j¼Æ¾Ç¨t¡^ MacTutor ¡]­Y¦³«ü¥¿¡Bº°Ý¡K¡K¡A¥i¥H¦b¦¹ ¯d¨¥ ¼g«H µ¹§Ú­Ì¡C¡^ ¦Uºô­¶¤å³¹¤º®e¤§µÛ§@Åv¬°­ìµÛ§@¤H©Ò¦³ ½s¿è¡G¬x±Ó¶© ¢A ®Õ¹ï¡G¶À©ÉºÑ

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