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  1. Memoire Sur Le Jaugeage Des Eaux Courantes (1802) (French Edition) by Gaspard C. F. Marie Riche De Prony, 2010-09-10
  2. Personnalité Du Premier Empire: Claude François de Méneval, Jean-Baptiste Dossonville, Gaspard de Prony, Dominique-Jean Larrey (French Edition)
  3. Naissance En Lyonnais: Gaspard de Prony, Jean Papire Masson, Jean-Baptiste Vietty (French Edition)
  4. Personnalité Enterrée Au Cimetière Du Père-Lachaise (Division 8): Gaspard de Prony, Étienne-Gaspard Robert, Georges Cuvier (French Edition)
  5. Ingénieur Hydrographe: Gaspard de Prony, Charles de Freycinet, Clément Adrien Vincendon-Dumoulin, Julius Weisbach, Alfred-Aimé Flamant (French Edition)
  6. Memoire Sur Le Jaugeage Des Eaux Courantes (1802) (French Edition) by Gaspard C. F. Marie Riche De Prony, 2010-09-10
  7. Exposition D'Une Methode Pour Construire Les Equations Indeterminees Qui Se Rapportent Aux Sections Coniques (1791) (French Edition) by Gaspard Clair Francois De Prony, 2010-05-23
  8. A Career Biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, Bridge-Builder, Educator and Scientist (Studies in French Civilization) by Margaret Bradley, 1998-02
  9. Exposition D'Une Methode Pour Construire Les Equations Indeterminees Qui Se Rapportent Aux Sections Coniques (1791) (French Edition) by Gaspard Clair Francois De Prony, 2010-09-10
  10. Mécanique Philosophique; Ou, Analyse Raisonnée Des Diverses Parties De La Science De L'équilibre Et Du Mouvement (French Edition)

61. Számítógép – Emberekbõl
gaspard de prony (1755?1839). Végül azonban kevesen osztoztak d Alembert kétségein, és hamarosan újabb számolócsoportokat szerveztek.
http://www.kfki.hu/~cheminfo/hun/teazo/uj/emberi.html
Alexis-Claude Clairaut
Edmund Halley
Gaspard de Prony
Charles Babbage
Maria Mitchell
Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation Mathematical Tables Mathematical Tables and Other Aids to Computation
The Handbook of Mathematical Functions
http://www.chemonet.hu/
http://www.kfki.hu/chemonet/

62. Horse Power Testing
One of the first such dynamometers was developed by the French mathematician, gaspard de prony (17551839) and is called a prony Brake.
http://www.buckleyoldengineshow.org/HorsePower/horsepower.htm
Home Page Show Information Visit Show Now! Swap Meets ... E-Mail Us Testing Results from the 2002 Show HORSEPOWER TESTING
The Prony Brake
Horsepower testing is the mechanical measuring of the units of Power that an engine or machine is capable of producing. More specifically we are measuring Brake Horsepower - the effective horsepower or the amount of work that is produced at its final output. One method of doing this is by the use of a dynamometer. A dynamometer is a device that measures Force. In one common type of dynamometer, the force is measured by braking action. One of the first such dynamometers was developed by the French mathematician, Gaspard de Prony (1755-1839) and is called a Prony Brake. The principle of the Prony Brake is that an engine or motor is directly coupled to a drum that has a tensioned, friction belt around it. As the drum revolves, the frictional force is measured. Before we explain the operation of the Prony Brake any further, lets define Horsepower and understand the equations we will be using. Straight Line Horsepower Horsepower is a British unit for Power defined as the equivalent to the force needed to move 550 pounds, one foot, in one second or one pound, 550 feet, in one second.

63. LIBRAIRIE COMELLAS - Antique And Rare Books - Member Of SLAM & ILAB
Translate this page antonio@livres-rares.com. 60434 prony (gaspard, baron de). Instruction-Pratique sur une Méthode pour Déterminer les dimensions
http://www.franceantiq.fr/slam/comellas/Cat.asp?oPage=12&sqlQuery=select * from

64. Full Alphabetical Index
Translate this page de Lagny, Thomas (186*), de Moivre, Abraham (379*) de Molières, Joseph (216) de Montmort, Pierre (300) de Morgan, Augustus (856*) de prony, gaspard (1015*) de
http://alas.matf.bg.ac.yu/~mm97106/math/alphalist.htm
Full Alphabetical Index
The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait.
A
Abbe , Ernst (602*)
Abel
, Niels Henrik (2899*)
Abraham
bar Hiyya (641)
Abraham, Max

Abu Kamil
Shuja (1012)
Abu Jafar

Abu'l-Wafa
al-Buzjani (1115)
Ackermann
, Wilhelm (205)
Adams, John Couch

Adams, J Frank

Adelard
of Bath (1008) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79*) Adrianus , Romanus (419) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (2018*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (660) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (696) Aiken , Howard (665*) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alec (825*) Ajima , Naonobu (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al-Baghdadi , Abu (947) al-Banna , al-Marrakushi (861) al-Battani , Abu Allah (1333*) al-Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (3002*) al-Farisi , Kamal (1102) al-Haitam , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Hasib Abu Kamil (1012) al-Haytham , Abu Ali (2490*) al-Jawhari , al-Abbas (627) al-Jayyani , Abu (892) al-Karaji , Abu (1789) al-Karkhi al-Kashi , Ghiyath (1725*) al-Khazin , Abu (1148) al-Khalili , Shams (677) al-Khayyami , Omar (2140*) al-Khwarizmi , Abu (2847*) al-Khujandi , Abu (713) al-Kindi , Abu (1151) al-Kuhi , Abu (1146) al-Maghribi , Muhyi (602) al-Mahani , Abu (507) al-Marrakushi , ibn al-Banna (12)

65. M-10 Power And Friction
(By the way, the prony brake is named after gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche de prony, who invented it in Paris in 1821 to measure the power of engines.
http://badger.physics.wisc.edu/lab/manual/node18.html
Next: M-11 Young's Modulus of Up: Mechanics Previous: MC-9 Angular Acceleration and Rotational Contents
M-10 Power and Friction
APPARATUS: Prony brake, scale, timer, stopwatch, 15 meter tape. Part A - POWER
  • Measure your horsepower (1 hp = 746 watts) by use of the Prony brake which is mounted on the wall. Try a slow rate that you could keep up all day and another as fast as you can turn the wheel. Figure out what data are required and how to use them. Check with your instructor to be sure you have analyzed the problem correctly. Many calculate the frictional force incorrectly. Measure the horsepower you develop running up a flight of stairs.
  • Part B - FRICTION INTRODUCTION:
    We measure the coefficient of kinetic friction, , between rope and wheel of the Prony brake and test whether is independent of velocity and of normal force. (By the way, the Prony brake is named after Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche de Prony, who invented it in Paris in 1821 to measure the power of engines. He was the director of the Ecole des Ponts et Chausses, a position he chose over joining Napoleon's army that invaded Egypt.) Let f = frictional force/unit length and n = normal force/unit length along the rope. For an element

    66. Encyclopedia4U - Gaspard De Prony - Encyclopedia Article
    PPT Diapositive 1
    http://www.encyclopedia4u.com/g/gaspard-de-prony.html
    ENCYCLOPEDIA U com Lists of articles by category ...
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    Gaspard de Prony
    Gaspard Clair François Marie Riche de Prony July 22 July 29 ) was a French mathematician and engineer , who worked on hydraulics He was Engineer-in-Chief of the École Nationale des Ponts et Chaussées See also: Prony equation
    External link
    • Gaspard de Prony
      Content on this web site is provided for informational purposes only. We accept no responsibility for any loss, injury or inconvenience sustained by any person resulting from information published on this site. We encourage you to verify any critical information with the relevant authorities.
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      This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License . It uses material from the Wikipedia article " Gaspard de Prony

    67. Quelques Repères Historiques
    Translate this page Le Baron gaspard de prony, chargé du cadastre par Napoléon dut produire un jeu de tables complet dans le nouveau système métrique afin de permettre le
    http://www.lmcp.jussieu.fr/enseignement/ye/licence/methodes_num/cours/intro/hist
    Quelques repères historiques
    Ph. Depondt Octobre 1996 Le mot "ordinateur" a été inventé en 1955 à la demande d' IBM -France par Jacques Perret, professeur de latin à la Sorbonne. En revanche le mot anglais computer signifie simplement "calculateur" to compute = calculer , il désigne l'ordinateur, mais peut aussi désigner une personne ou une machine qui fait des calculs. En français, le mot "informatique", qui n'a pas d'équivalent en anglais (dans certains cas cela peut se traduire par: computer science est la contraction de "information automatique" par Ph. Dreyfus de la Compagnie des Machines Bull, en 1962. Le code binaire a été inventé par Francis Bacon (1561-1626) Le mot bit provient de B inary dig IT (Shannon 1948), il désigne la quantité d'information contenue dans un choix élémentaire entre deux possibilités (par exemple ou 1). Le mot "algorithme" vient du nom du mathématicien arabe du VIII o siècle Abu Djefar Al-Khwarizmi dont le traité d'algèbre fut traduit en latin au XIII o siècle; la première phrase de cette traduction commençait par: "Algoritmi dixit...". Un algorithme est un ensemble complede règles explicites qui doivent être appliquées pour résoudre un problème donné.

    68. Lebensdaten Von Mathematikern
    Translate this page de Molieres, Joseph Privat (1677 - 1742) de Montmort, Pierre (1678 - 1719) de Morgan, Augustus (27.6.1806 - 18.3.1871) de prony, gaspard (1755 - 1839) de Ortega
    http://www.mathe.tu-freiberg.de/~hebisch/cafe/lebensdaten.html
    Diese Seite ist dem Andenken meines Vaters Otto Hebisch (1917 - 1998) gewidmet. By our fathers and their fathers
    in some old and distant town
    from places no one here remembers
    come the things we've handed down.
    Marc Cohn Dies ist eine Sammlung, die aus verschiedenen Quellen stammt, u. a. aus Jean Dieudonne, Geschichte der Mathematik, 1700 - 1900, VEB Deutscher Verlag der Wissenschaften, Berlin 1985. Helmut Gericke, Mathematik in Antike und Orient - Mathematik im Abendland, Fourier Verlag, Wiesbaden 1992. Otto Toeplitz, Die Entwicklung der Infinitesimalrechnung, Springer, Berlin 1949. MacTutor History of Mathematics archive A B C ... Z Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909)
    Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829)
    Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130)
    Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922)
    Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930)
    Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998)
    Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843)

    69. Gas - Dictionary Definition
    gaspardGustave Coriolis. gaspard Abeille. gaspard Monge. gaspard de Coligny. gaspard de prony. Gaspare Spontini. Gasparo Contarini. Gasparo Gozzi. Gaspe.
    http://www.yourdictionary.net/gas.html
    begins with ends with contains
    Dictionary Definition of gas
    The noun "gas" has 6 senses. gas the state of matter distinguished from the solid and liquid states by: relatively low density and viscosity; relatively great expansion and contraction with changes in pressure and temperature; the ability to diffuse readily; and the spontaneous tendency to become distributed uniformly throughout any container
    gas a fluid in the gaseous state having neither independent shape nor volume and being able to expand indefinitely
    gasoline
    gasolene gas petrol a volatile flammable mixture of hydrocarbons (hexane and heptane and octane etc.) derived from petroleum; used mainly as a fuel in internal-combustion engines
    flatulence
    flatulency gas a state of excessive gas in the alimentary canal
    accelerator
    accelerator pedal gas pedal gas throttle gun a pedal that controls the throttle valve; "he stepped on the gas"
    natural gas
    gas a fossil fuel in the gaseous state; used for cooking and heating homes
    The verb "gas" has 2 senses. gas attack with gas; subject to gas fumes; "The despot gassed the rebellious tribes"

    70. Work For The Hairdressers: The Production Of De Prony's Logarithmic And Trigonom
    is given of the large set of logarithmic and trigonometric tables produced at the end of the 18th century under the direction of gaspard Riche de prony.
    http://csdl.computer.org/comp/mags/an/1990/03/a3177abs.htm
    p p. 177-185 Work for the Hairdressers: The Production of de Prony's Logarithmic and Trigonometric Tables I. Grattan-Guinness A summary account is given of the large set of logarithmic and trigonometric tables produced at the end of the 18th century under the direction of Gaspard Riche de Prony. Although they were completed in 1801, their size made publication a costly task; and it was never done, despite the fact that printing was started more than once and various efforts were made over the years to find finance. Eventually a reduced edition of some tables appeared in 1891. In addition to the history some details are given of the mathematical methods used in the compilation of the tables. An appendix considers the possible influence of this project upon Babbage's ideas on computers and tables. The full text of IEEE Annals of the History of Computing is available to members of the IEEE Computer Society who have an online subscription and an web account

    71. Career Biography Of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Rich De Prony, Bridge-builder,
    Career Biography of gaspard Clair Francois Marie Rich de prony, Bridgebuilder, Educator and Scientist. It describes the life and work of gaspard de prony.
    http://www.traveldirectorynet.co.uk/books/code/CVCpart57/077348485X_Career_Biogr
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    Career Biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Rich De Prony, Bridge-builder, Educator and Scientist
    Author: Bradley, Margaret (Senior Lecturer, School of International Studies and Law, Coventry University)
    Career Biography of Gaspard Clair Francois... Find Career Biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Rich De Prony, Bridge-builder, Educator and Scientist in our books section.
    This study recounts the largely unknown story of a major figure in French engineering and engineering education through the Revolutionary, Napoleonic and Bourbon periods to the years following the revolution of 1830. It describes the life and work of Gaspard de Prony. ISBN:
    Format:

    hardback Price: Publisher: The Edwin Mellen Press Ltd New York - USA Publication date: Compare Prices on Books Title: Author: ISBN:

    72. Datalogi, Historien
    resa till Paris. Där lärde han bla känna rektorn för ”Ecole de Ponts et Chausses”, gaspard Francois de prony. de prony hade
    http://lix.hisvux.se/datalogi/dlgihist.shtml
    Historien
    Innehåll: Datalogidisketten
    Historien
    Föregångarna Pionjärerna Utvecklingen
    Om författarna Datorn är det mångsidigaste redskap som någonsin skapats. Medan de flesta andra verktyg och maskiner i första hand syftat till att öka människans fysiska förmåga är datorn främst ett tankens redskap. En konsekvens av detta är att datorn är en mycket flexibel och allsidig maskin som kan komma till nytta i nästan all mänsklig verksamhet. Datorn är unik i sin mångsidighet, däremot inte som ett tankens redskap. Enklare sådana, främst räknehjälpmedel av olika slag, har människan utnyttjat sedan urminnes tider. Kulramen tillhör vår forntid (och barndom), men abakus (en slags kulram) är fortfarande i bruk i vissa delar av världen (Ryssland och Orienten). Ett annat fd räknehjälpmedel är räknestickan, som uppfanns 1617 av John Napier, och som användes allmänt i skolan samt av tekniker, ingenjörer od ända fram till mitten av 1970-talet. Datorns förhistoria och tidigaste historia är till stor del historien om att erhålla tillförlitligare, snabbare och mångsidigare hjälpmedel för att utföra beräkningar. Utvecklingen kan sägas starta med de mekaniska räknemaskinerna på 1600-talets mitt. Föga förvånande spelade dåtidens matematiker en viktig roll i denna utveckling.
    Föregångarna
    Blaise Pascal (f 1623, d 1662)

    73. Biograpy Of Sophie Germain
    Institute de France in 1825. The members of the Institute included Poisson, gaspard de prony, and Laplace. The paper was ignore by
    http://www.andrews.edu/~calkins/math/biograph/199899/biogermn.htm
    Back to the Table of Contents
    Biographies of Mathematicians -
    Sophie Germain
    Introduction
    Sophie Germain grew up with the revolutions. Not only the American and French Revolutions, but with the revolution in herself. She wanted to be seen as a great mathematician. It took a lot of hard work and going against her family, but she never gave up. She is recognized today for her great work, but credit for number theory, acoustics, and elasticity was never given in her lifetime because of one reason. She was a woman. Germain did great contributations to the Number Theory, acoustics and elasticity.
    Biography
    Sophie was not really interested in the study of mathematics until the age of 13 when the French Revolution started. She was confined to her home and spent all her time in her father's libraries. There she learned about the death of Archimedes. Legend was that Archimedes was so engrosed in studing mathematics that he didn't respond to a Roman soldier and was killed. This made Sophia interested, if a guy would die for mathematics than there must be much to learn and study. Thus began her road down the study of mathematics. It was the death of Archimedes that made her want to become a mathematician.

    74. The Babbage Myth
    A French civil engineer (gaspard de prony) built on this to create 19 volumes of trigonometric and logarithm tables for the revolutionary French government
    http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?TheBabbageMyth

    75. A Career Biography Of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, Bridge-Builde
    A Career Biography of gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche de prony, BridgeBuilder, Educator and Scientist (Studies in French Civilization, Vol 13),Margaret
    http://www.civilbooks.com/index/book/077348485X.html
    Home Calculators Handhelds Software ... Tools The lowest priced and most extensive civil engineering bookstore on the Internet. View Cart Home Help About Us Keyword Author ISBN Advanced Search Architectural Engineering Bridge Engineering Construction ... Transportation Engineering Enter your Name and E-mail address below to receive our monthly civil engineering newsletter. Name: E-mail: A Career Biography of Gaspard Clair Francois Marie Riche De Prony, Bridge-Builder, Educator and Scientist (Studies in French Civilization, Vol 13) Author(s): Margaret Bradley
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    76. Neue Seite 1
    Translate this page de prony, gaspard (1755 - 1839). de Ortega, Juan (1480 - 1568). de Rham, Georges (1903 - 1990). de prony, gaspard (1755 - 1839). Prüfer, Ernst (1896 - 1934).
    http://www.mathe-ecke.de/mathematiker.htm
    Abbe, Ernst (1840 - 1909) Abel, Niels Henrik (5.8.1802 - 6.4.1829) Abraham bar Hiyya (1070 - 1130) Abraham, Max (1875 - 1922) Abu Kamil, Shuja (um 850 - um 930) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (940 - 998) Ackermann, Wilhelm (1896 - 1962) Adams, John Couch (5.6.1819 - 21.1.1892) Adams, John Frank (5.11.1930 - 7.1.1989) Adelard von Bath (1075 - 1160) Adler, August (1863 - 1923) Adrain, Robert (1775 - 1843) Aepinus, Franz Ulrich Theodosius (13.12.1724 - 10.8.1802) Agnesi, Maria (1718 - 1799) Ahlfors, Lars (1907 - 1996) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (835 - 912) Ahmes (um 1680 - um 1620 v. Chr.) Aida Yasuaki (1747 - 1817) Aiken, Howard Hathaway (1900 - 1973) Airy, George Biddell (27.7.1801 - 2.1.1892) Aithoff, David (1854 - 1934) Aitken, Alexander (1895 - 1967) Ajima, Chokuyen (1732 - 1798) Akhiezer, Naum Il'ich (1901 - 1980) al'Battani, Abu Allah (um 850 - 929) al'Biruni, Abu Arrayhan (973 - 1048) al'Chaijami (? - 1123) al'Haitam, Abu Ali (965 - 1039) al'Kashi, Ghiyath (1390 - 1450) al'Khwarizmi, Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa (um 790 - um 850) Albanese, Giacomo (1890 - 1948) Albert von Sachsen (1316 - 8.7.1390)

    77. Aa, Personal , Ahmet Kaya ,Þebnem Ferah , Göksel , Ebru Gündeþ
    de Lagny, Thomas (186*) de Moivre, Abraham (379*) de Molières, Joseph (216) de Montmort, Pierre (300) de Morgan, Augustus (856*) de prony, gaspard (1015*) de
    http://www.newturk.net/index111.html

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    78. ScienceDaily Magazine Your Source For The Latest Research News
    Click Here. Click Here. gaspard de prony. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. See also prony equation. External link. gaspard de prony.
    http://www.sciencedaily.com/encyclopedia/Gaspard_de_Prony
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    79. Beau1
    1 piece letter to EB. 1805. prony, gaspard Riche de (17551839), Engineer Mathematician. 2 pieces letters to EB. 1805, 1810.
    http://libweb.princeton.edu/libraries/firestone/rbsc/aids/beauharnais/beau1.html
    I. Correspondence
    Box ALQUIER, Charles-Jean-Marie, Baron d'Empire (1752-1826), Diplomat. 19 pieces. 1805-07. D'AUBUSSON DE LA FEUILLADE, Pierre-Raymond-Hector, Comte d'Empire (1765-1848). 7 pieces. 1807-08. AUGUSTINI. 3 pieces. 1805. BANCO. 3 pieces. 1808. BARAGUEY D'HILLIERS, Louis, Comte d'Empire (1764-1813). 296 pieces. 6 folders: 1806-1809. 1 folder: 1809-1810. BARING BROTHERS (London). 1 piece. May, 1821. BATAILLE, Laurent-Edme (1758-1819), Architect. 2 pieces [letters to EB]. 1817-18. BATAILLE (Brother of Auguste). 1 piece [letter to EB]. 1821. BELLEGARDE, Henri (Henrich), Comte (1756-1842), Austrian Commander in Italy. 6 pieces. 1805-06, 1814. BERCHEM, Baron van. 2 pieces [letters to EB]. 1822. BERTHAULT, Georgina. 1 piece [letter to EB]. n.d. 8 folders: 1806-1811. 5 folders: 1812-1814. BERTON, [Jean-Baptiste Breton (1774-1822)?] 1 piece. 1820. BERTRAND, Henri-Gratien, Comte d'Empire (1773-1844), General. 28 pieces. 1807, 1811, 1813-1823. BESSIERES, Jean-Baptiste, Duc d'Istrie (1768-1813), Marshal. 11 pieces. 1805, 1807. BIANCHI D'ADDA. 4 pieces. 1813.

    80. The Human Computer And The Birth Of The Information Age
    OF NATIONS that the division of labor produced “greatest improvement in productive powers of labor.” A French civil engineer, gaspard de prony (1755–1839
    http://www.philsoc.org/2001Spring/2132transcript.html
    Joseph Henry Lecture
    May 11, 2001
    The Human Computer and the Birth of the Information Age
    By David Alan Grier
    Director, University Honors Program,
    Associate Professor, Computer Science,
    The George Washington University
    [This text was prepared from the published version of the talk that appeared as Human Computers: the first pioneers of the information age Before computers were machines, they were people. They were men and women, young and old, well educated and common. They were the workers who convinced scientists that large-scale calculation had value. Long before Presper Eckert and John Mauchly built the ENIAC at the Moore School of Electronics or Maurice Wilkes designed the EDSAC for Manchester University, human computers had created the discipline of computation. They developed numerical methodologies and proved them on practical problems. These human computers were not savants, or calculating geniuses. Some knew little more than basic arithmetic. A few were near equals of the scientists they served and in a different time or place, they might have become practicing scientists had they not been barred from a scientific career by their class, their education, their gender or their ethnicity.
    Dividing the Labor: Computing the Return of Halley’s Comet
    The Computing Factories of the Nineteenth Century
    Professionalizing Human Computation
    Comrie was the tireless advocate for employing computing machinery. He had learned about machine computation from Karl Pearson while recuperating from war wounds. Once he had recovered, he enrolled in the graduate astronomy program at Cambridge University where he soon became an active critic of older computing methods used by such groups as the Greenwich Observatory. After completing his studies, he was appointed deputy superintendent of the British Nautical Almanac Office, where adapted commercial accounting machines to prepare almanac computations. He left the Almanac office in 1936 and formed an independent computing lab, the Scientific Computing Service.

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