41. Terra Mir Bookstore: Subject MUSIC THEORY, PHILOSOPHY, & HISTORY Sources Aristoxenus Harmonica The Sectio Canonis V. Music Theory II The RevivalPlutarch Cleonides nicomachus of gerasa Theon of Smyrna Claudius Ptolemy VI. http://www.imagik.net/music.htm

*turn off images in browser if it loads slow Search THIS WEB SITE for subjects, titles and authors Search: All Products Books Popular Music Classical Music Video Toys Consumer Electronics Home Improvement Keywords: All book descriptions are the property of Amazon Please visit the Terra Mir Music Store Classics Music History, Philosophy and Theory Click on the Title for more information To search CD's and Cassettes use search box above Music and the Power of Sound : the influence and tuning and interval on consciousness / Alain Danielou Music, above all other arts, has always been esteemed for its power to speak directly to our higher consciousness. Based on unchanging laws of number and proportion, music also embodies the fundamental metaphysical principles underlying everyday reality. How do these two aspects of music's power, its twin roots in consciousness and mathematics, relate to one another? And why does each of the world's music systems seem to have its own unique effects on consciousness? These are questions this book addresses. TOP Apollo's Lyre : Greek Music and Music Theory in Antiquity and the Middle Ages (Publications of the Center for the History of Music Theory and literature) / by Thomas J. Mathiesen

42. Proofs Without Words In his Introduction to Arithmetic, nicomachus of gerasa (c 100 AD) writes, Everysquare figure diagonally divided is resolved into two triangles and every http://www.cut-the-knot.org/ctk/pww.shtml

CTK Exchange Front Page Movie shortcuts Personal info ... Recommend this site Cut The Knot! An interactive column using Java applets by Alex Bogomolny Proofs Without Words July 1998 In the beginning, when there was no language to express general mathematical ideas, proofs without words were the proofs. Martin Gardner wrote, "There is no more effective aid in understanding certain algebraic identities than a good diagram. One should, of course, know how to manipulate algebraic symbols to obtain proofs, but in many cases a dull proof can be supplemented by a geometric analogue so simple and beautiful that the truth of a theorem is almost seen at a glance." A classical example concerns triangular numbers: 1 + 2 + 3 + ... + N = N(N+1)/2 which is ascribed to the ancient Greeks. I would argue that, for the Ancients, if they ever drew them, the diagrams were more than an effective aid. In the absence of algebraic symbolism, they might have served as a combination of a statement and its proof in the most concise form available at the time. In his Introduction to Arithmetic , Nicomachus of Gerasa (c 100 A.D.) writes, "Every square figure diagonally divided is resolved into two triangles and every square number is resolved into two consecutive triangular numbers, and hence is made up of two successive triangular numbers." Obviously, he refers to the diagram on the right (although there is no indication that he had ever drawn one), and this is the only

43. Oxford Scholarship Online: Pythagoras Revived This chapter compares the Pythagorean interests and tendencies of four Platonistphilosophers, Numenius, nicomachus of gerasa, Anatolius, and Porphyry, in http://www.oxfordscholarship.com/oso/public/content/philosophy/0198239130/acprof

About OSO What's New Subscriber Services Help ... Table of contents Chapter abstract O'Meara, Dominic J. Professor of Philosophy University of Fribourg Pythagoras Revived - Mathematics and Philosophy in Late Antiquity Print ISBN 0198239130, 1990 1 Varieties of Pythagoreanism in the Second and Third Centuries AD Dominic J. O'Meara This chapter compares the Pythagorean interests and tendencies of four Platonist philosophers, Numenius, Nicomachus of Gerasa, Anatolius, and Porphyry, in particular, as regards their views on the relation between Pythagoras and Plato and the place of number in their philosophy. Keywords: Anatolius Nicomachus of Gerasa number Numenius ... Pythagoras doi: Quick Search search entire site search this title only How to cite this title

44. Physics And Music of mathematics as well as an art; this tradition of musical thought flourished throughoutantiquity in such theorists as nicomachus of gerasa and Ptolemy and http://www.angelfire.com/wv/jeanwilson/music.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Essays from Our Physical World. The Man Who Knew Too Much Music Although many names of musicians are recorded in ancient sources, none played a more important role in the development of Greek musical thought than the mathematician and philosopher Pythagoras of Samos. According to legend, Pythagoras, by divine guidance, discovered the mathematical rationale of musical consonance from the weights of hammers used by smiths. The connections between the two seemingly disparate subjects of mathematics and music become obvious when studying Pythagoras' concept of the harmony of the spheres. Pythagoras believed that all relations could be reduced to number relations, making observations in music, mathematics and astronomy. Pythagoras noticed that vibrating strings produce harmonious tones when the ratios of the lengths of the strings are whole numbers, and that these ratios could be extended to other instruments. Information on Pythagoras taken from Pre-Socratic Philosophers @ http://ancienthistory.miningco.com/education/

45. Malaspina.com - Malaspina Great Books Core Reading List Moralia; Tacitus (c.55117) Histories Annals Agricola and Germania;nicomachus of gerasa (fl.c. 100 AD) Introduction to Arithmetic; http://www.malaspina.edu/~mcneil/listbak.htm

Malaspina Great Books Core Reading List Click on timeline above to select expanded interdisciplinary list. From How to Read a Book (Appendix A) Antiquity Homer (9th Century B.C.?) Iliad Odyssey The Old Testament The Old Testament ... Aeschylus (c.525-456 B.C.) The Tragedies: Aeschylus Sophocles (c.495-406 B.C.) The Tragedies: Sophocles Herodotus (c.484-425 B.C.) The Histories Euripides (c.485-406 B.C.) The Tragedies: Euripedes Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C.) History of the Peloponnesian War Hippocrates (c.460-377? B.C.) Medical Writings Aristophanes (c.448-380 B.C.) Comedies Plato (c.427-347 B.C.) Dialogues Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Works Epicurus (c.341-270 B.C.) Euclid (fl.c. 300 B.C.) The Elements Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C.) Works of Archimedes Apollonius of Perga (fl.c.240 B.C.) Conics: Books I - III Cicero (106-43 B.C.) Works Lucretius (c.95-55 B.C.) On the Nature of Things Virgil (70-19 B.C.) Works Horace (65-8 B.C.) Works Livy (59 B.C.A.D. 17) The Early History of Rome Ovid (43 B.C.A.D. 17) Works Plutarch (c.45-120) Parallel Lives Moralia Tacitus (c.55-117)

46. Fiction Links Tacitus (c. 55117) Histories Annals Germania. nicomachus of gerasa (fl. c.100 CE) Introduction to Arithmetic Gif of Greek Multiplication Table. http://www.the-manhattanite.com/links.htm

Home Short Fiction [ Fiction Links ] Ad Rates Affordable, Dependable Web Hosting! BOOK LINKS BOOK-SELLERS Amazon.com Bookstore Alt.bookstore.com Book-of-the Month Club Borders Books ... Other Bookstore Links PUBLISHERS Bookwire Indices Cambridge University Penguin Putnam W.W. Norton ... Writers and Readers REVIEWS NY Times Books BookWire News BoldType E-zine Library of Congress REFERENCE Ency. Britannica Ency. Britannica NetGuide Encarta Abridged Ency. Stanford Ency. of Phil ... Virtual Reference Desk-2 RESOURCES ONLINE Annotated Reading List Biography.com Books in Chains C-SPAN-Booknotes ... Secular Web BOOKS ON-LINE 18th Century E-texts American Literary Classics Athena Book Links Bibliomania Page ... Virtual Library EDUCATIONAL 16th Cent. English Lit. 19th Cent. British Authors American Authors Online British Authors Online ... Tudor England Page The Manhattanite is Proud to present a great list of links for Fiction Lovers GREAT CLASSICS Homer c. 9th Century B.C.E. c. 9th Century B.C.E. Iliad ... Epic of Gilgamesh (c. 2000 B.C.E.) (c. 2000 B.C.E.)

47. Adler And Van Doren. How To Read A Book nicomachus of gerasa (fl.c. 100 AD) Introduction to Arithmetic; Epictetus(c.60120) Discourses Encheiridion (Handbook); Ptolemy (c.100-170; fl. http://www.interleaves.org/~rteeter/grtadler.html

You are here: Robert Teeter's Home Page Books and Libraries What Books to Read Great Books Lists > Adler and Van Doren. How to Read a Book How to Read a Book by Mortimer J. Adler and Charles Van Doren Homer (9th Century B.C.?) Iliad Odyssey The Old Testament Aeschylus (c.525-456 B.C.) Tragedies Sophocles (c.495-406 B.C.) Tragedies Herodotus (c.484-425 B.C.) History Euripides (c.485-406 B.C.) Tragedies (esp. Medea Hippolytus The Bacchae Thucydides (c.460-400 B.C.) History of the Peloponnesian War Hippocrates (c.460-377? B.C.) Medical Writings Aristophanes (c.448-380 B.C.) Comedies (esp. The Clouds The Birds The Frogs Plato (c.427-347 B.C.) Dialogues (esp. The Republic Symposium Phaedo Meno Apology Phaedrus Protagoras Gorgias Sophist Theaetetus Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) Works (esp. Organon Physics Metaphysics On the Soul The Nicomachean Ethics Politics Rhetoric Poetics Epicurus (c.341-270 B.C.) Letter to Herodotus Letter to Menoeceus Euclid (fl.c. 300 B.C.) Elements Archimedes (c.287-212 B.C.) Works (esp.

48. Great Books Index: Ancient Western Literature Greek. Epictetus; nicomachus of gerasa; Ptolemy; Arrian; New Testament Apocrypha.Gospel of Truth; Lucian; Pausanias; Marcus Aurelius; Galen; Sextus Empiricus. Latin. http://www.interleaves.org/~rteeter/grttabl.html

You are here: Robert Teeter's Home Page Books and Libraries What Books to Read Great Books Lists Great Books: Index by Period and Culture: Western Literature, Ancient (through 6th Century) Periods and Nationalities 3000-1500 BCE Middle East, Ancient Book of the Dead Gilgamesh Sinuhe 1500-1000 BCE Middle East, Ancient Bible. Hebrew Scriptures ("Old Testament") 1000-500 BCE Greek Homer Hesiod Homeric Hymns Alcman ... Presocratic Philosophers 5th C BCE Greek Aeschylus Pindar Sophocles Herodotus ... Aristophanes 4th C BCE Greek Xenophon Plato Aristotle Demosthenes ... Menander 3rd C BCE Greek Epicurus Calimachus Euclid Theocritus ... Apollonius Rhodius Latin Plautus 2nd C BCE Middle East, Ancient Apocrypha Latin Terence 1st C BCE Latin Cicero Julius Caesar Lucretius Catullus ... Ovid 1st C CE Greek Philo Judaeus of Alexandria Bible. New Testament Longinus Plutarch Latin Seneca Petronius Persius Lucan ... Pliny the Younger 2nd C Middle East, Ancient Talmud (Babylonian) Greek Epictetus Nicomachus of Gerasa Ptolemy Arrian ... Sextus Empiricus Latin Juvenal Suetonius Apuleius 3rd C Greek Plotinus Porphyry 4th C Greek Athanasius, St.

49. The Helenistic Period Of Greek Mathematics He also gives formulas for the area of regular polygons of n sides,each of length a nicomachus of gerasa (fl 100 AD). Nicomachus http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/helnistc/helnistc.html

Next: About this document Aristarchus of Samos (ca. 310-230 BC) He was very knowledgeable in all sciences, especially astronomy and mathematics. He discovered an improved sundial, with a concave hemispherical circle. He was the first to formulate the Copernican hypotheses and is sometimes called the Ancient Copernican He countered the nonparallax objection by asserting that the stars to be so far distant that parallax was not measurable. Wrote On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon . In it he observed that when the moon is half full, the angle between the lines of sight to the sun and the moon is less than a right angle by 1/30 of a quadrant. From this he concluded that the distance from the earth to the sun is more than 18 but less than 20 times the distance from the earth to the moon. (Actual ). Without trigonometry he was aware of and used the fact that He also made other trigonometic estimates without trigonometry. ARCHIMEDES Apollonius of Perga (ca 262 BC - 190 BC) Apollonius was born in Perga in Pamphilia (now Turkey), but was possibly educated in Alexandria where he spent some time teaching. Very little is known of his life. He seems to have felt himself a rival of Archimedes. In any event he worked on similar problems. He was known as the ``great geometer" because of his work on conics.

50. Ancient Music History Music theorists of the second century AD such as nicomachus of gerasa and ClaudiusPtolemy wrote extensively about the mathematical, moral, and cosmic http://www.stevenestrella.com/composers/ancientmusic.html

Music in Ancient Times Ancient Chinese Music The Musical Arts of Ancient China Musical Qigong: Ancient Chinese Healing Art The Hurrian Hymn to Nikal Ancient Egyptian Love Songs Ancient Hebrew Music Music in Ancient Israel/Palestine Ancient Greek Music The early Greeks considered music to be of mathematical and cosmic significance as well. Pythagoras of Samos (circa 500 B.C.) discovered the frequency proportions that define the intervals we hear today. For example, two notes whose frequencies are in a ratio of 2 to 1, sound one octave apart. A ratio of 3 to 2 produces a fifth, a ratio of 4 to 3 produces a fourth, and a ratio of 9 to 8 produces a major second. Greek musicians and philosophers used a single-string instrument, known as the monochord, to produce the various intervals. Pythagorean philosophers believed that these ratios also governed the movement of celestial bodies and other cosmic matters. Thus, music came to be revered as the highest of intellectual and artistic pursuits. Music theorists of the second century A.D. such as Nicomachus of Gerasa and Claudius Ptolemy wrote extensively about the mathematical, moral, and cosmic significance of music. Ptolemy's treatise, Harmonics , is the most useful extant reference on ancient Greek music theory. Interpretations of ancient treatises have yielded common ground on the matter of rhythmic notation but much disagreement and speculation on the interpretation of pitch. The Greeks used a system of modes known as tonoi which may or may not be similar in concept to the scales we use today.

51. David Lane Pyramid Prophecy From nicomachus of gerasa, circa 100 CE we read, The universe seems to have beendetermined and ordered in accordance with number, by the forethought and the http://pyramidprophecy.net/Mystery2.htm

52. Great Works Of Our Intellectual Heritage Tacitus (c. 55 c. 117) Histories, Annals, Agricola, Germania. nicomachus of gerasa(c. 60 - c. 120) Introduction to Arithmetic. Ptolemy (fl. 100s) Almagest. http://www.unlv.edu/faculty/dfott/grtworks.htm

Great Works Academic Certificate Program Great Works of Our Intellectual Heritage This list is open to modification. Homer (?-?) Iliad, Odyssey The Hebrew Scriptures Sappho (fl. early 6th century B.C.E.) Fragments Confucius (c. 551-479 B.C.E.) Analects Aeschylus (525-456 B.C.E.) Tragedies (esp. Agamemnon, Libation Bearers, Eumenides, Prometheus Bound) Sophocles (c. 496-406 B.C.E.) Tragedies (esp. Antigone, Oedipus Rex, Philoctetes, Oedipus at Colonus) Euripides (485/80 - 406 B.C.E.) Tragedies (esp. Medea, Hippolytus, The Bacchae) Herodotus (484?-425? B.C.E.) History (of the Persian Wars) Hippocrates (c. 460 - c. 370 B.C.E.) Medical writings Thucydides (c. 460 - c. 400 B.C.E.) History of the Peloponnesian War Aristophanes (c. 448 - ? B.C.E.) Comedies (esp. The Clouds, The Birds, The Frogs) Xenophon (c. 430 - c. 354 B.C.E.) Cyropaedia, Memorabilia, Anabasis Plato (427-347 B.C.E.) Dialogues (esp. Apology of Socrates, Crito, Phaedo, Republic, Laws, Symposium, Meno, Phaedrus, Protagoras, Gorgias, Sophist, Theaetetus, Parmenides, Timaeus) Bhagavad-Gita Sun-Tzu (c. 400?-320? B.C.E.) The Art of War

53. Kairouz We observe, too, the Pythagorean diatonism clearly described in thesecond century by nicomachus of gerasa and Theon of Smyrna. http://www.keyrouz.com/engmelkite.html

CD SACRED MELKITE CHANT The chant of the melkite Church - the arabic name for the imperial Byzantine Church, derived from the syriac malka , king - belongs to the liturgies of the Near East : it is, therefore, practiced in a region constituting a veritable mosaic of civilizations. We should remember that this Phonician Greek Church came into existence in a place of intense religious, philosophical, poetic, judicial, grammatic, rhetorical and philological activity where Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin and Arabic rubbed shoulders even in the streets, and in which the civilisations of Antiquity, both Eastern and western, were still trying to survive, in spite of time, and unknown to men. These poetic texts, taken from the Canons of the Church Fathers (9th Ode) and dedicated to the Mother of God, are attached in various ways to extremely ancient traditions. Whether the text is in Greek or in Arabic, we find the micro-intervals characteristic of antique musical theories, which would have been translated into Syriac, then from Syriac into Arabic, or directly from Greek into Arabic. We observe, too, the Pythagorean diatonism clearly described in the second century by Nicomachus of Gerasa and Theon of Smyrna. the sound is never rigidly set; like a cell,As if sister Marie Keyrouz were following the treatise of Porphirius of Tyre (Bar Malkan, 3rd cent.), it expands, contracts, varies in color.

54. Summary Of Pythagorean Theology I: Introduction summary. nicomachus of gerasa (fl. 130) is especially known for hisdevelopment of Pythagorean numerology. Numenius of Apamea (fl. http://www.cs.utk.edu/~mclennan/BA/ETP/I.html

A Summary of Pythagorean Theology Part I: Introduction May Hermes, the God of Eloquence, stand by my side to aid me, and the Muses also and Apollo, the Leader of the Muses..., and may They grant that I utter only what the Gods approve that people should say and believe about Them. Julian (Oration IV) Contents History Theogony Triadic Structure History This document presents a summary and synthesis of the theology of Pythagoreanism, a spiritual tradition that has been practiced continuously, in one form or another, for at least twenty-six centuries. But first, a little history. (Note: I will refer to all of the following philosophers and theologians as Pythagoreans or Platonists, which is what they usually called themselves, for the terms "Neo-Pythagorean" and "Neo-Platonist" are modern inventions. This history is of necessity incomplete and superficial.) According to ancient Greek tradition, Pythagoras (572-497 BCE) studied with the Egyptians, Phoenicians, Chaldeans, Brahmans, and Zoroastrians, and was initiated into all their mysteries. He is supposed to have met with Zoroaster (Zarathustra), but, since scholars now believe that Zoroaster probably lived in the second millennium BCE, it is likely that the Greek tradition reflects a meeting between Pythagoras and Zoroastrian Magi. In any case, there are many traces of Zoroastrianism in Pythagorean doctrine. In particular, there are similarities between the central Duality of Pythagoreanism and the dual Gods of Zoroaster (Ahura-Mazda and Ahriman). However, there are also connections to

55. Into The Dark Ages With Boethius His early works on arithmetic and music are extant, both based on Greek handbooksby nicomachus of gerasa, a 1stcentury-AD Palestinian mathematician. http://www.mediamusicstudies.net/tagg/zmisc/boethius.html

Plunging into the dark ages with Notes on/extracts from (CD-ROM 1999) [2] David Ewing Duncan: The Calendar (London: Fourth Estate, 1996) Short biography About the Consolation Excerpt from ... The Consolation Short biography Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus (b. AD 470-475?, Rome? d. 524, Pavia?), Roman scholar, Christian philosopher, and statesman, author of the celebrated De consolatione philosophiae , a largely Neoplatonic work in which the pursuit of wisdom and the love of God are described as the true sources of human happiness. Cassiodorus (B's biographer) says B was accomplished orator who delivered a fine eulogy of Theodoric, king of the Ostrogoths who made himself king of Italy. Cassiodorus also mentioned that Boethius wrote on theology, composed a pastoral poem, and was most famous as a translator of works of Greek logic and mathematics. From ancient Roman family of the Anicii, which had been Christian for about a century and of which Emperor Olybrius had been a member. Boethius' father had been consul in 487 but died soon afterward, and Boethius was raised by Quintus Aurelius Memmius Symmachus, whose daughter Rusticiana he married. He became consul in 510 under the Ostrogothic king Theodoric.

56. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 62 CE) (Hero) *SB *MT 100 CE. Balbus (fl. c. 100) *SB; Menelaus ofAlexandria (c. 100 CE) *MT *SB; nicomachus of gerasa (c. 100) *SB; http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

57. History Of Mathematics: Greece c. 62 CE) (Hero); Theodosius of Tripoli (c. 50? CE?); Menelaus of Alexandria(c. 100 CE); nicomachus of gerasa (c. 100); Theon of Smyrna (c. 125); http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/greece.html

Greece Cities Abdera: Democritus Alexandria : Apollonius, Aristarchus, Diophantus, Eratosthenes, Euclid , Hypatia, Hypsicles, Heron, Menelaus, Pappus, Ptolemy, Theon Amisus: Dionysodorus Antinopolis: Serenus Apameia: Posidonius Athens: Aristotle, Plato, Ptolemy, Socrates, Theaetetus Byzantium (Constantinople): Philon, Proclus Chalcedon: Proclus, Xenocrates Chalcis: Iamblichus Chios: Hippocrates, Oenopides Clazomenae: Anaxagoras Cnidus: Eudoxus Croton: Philolaus, Pythagoras Cyrene: Eratosthenes, Nicoteles, Synesius, Theodorus Cyzicus: Callippus Elea: Parmenides, Zeno Elis: Hippias Gerasa: Nichmachus Larissa: Dominus Miletus: Anaximander, Anaximenes, Isidorus, Thales Nicaea: Hipparchus, Sporus, Theodosius Paros: Thymaridas Perga: Apollonius Pergamum: Apollonius Rhodes: Eudemus, Geminus, Posidonius Rome: Boethius Samos: Aristarchus, Conon, Pythagoras Smyrna: Theon Stagira: Aristotle Syene: Eratosthenes Syracuse: Archimedes Tarentum: Archytas, Pythagoras Thasos: Leodamas Tyre: Marinus, Porphyrius Mathematicians Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550)

58. A Second Summary Of Great Books Galen On the Natural Faculties Euclid The Elements Archimedes Collected worksApollonius of Perga Conic Sections nicomachus of gerasa Introduction to http://www.radix.net/~bobg/books/summary2.html

... and here's another summary of lists of great books. See also the first (to me, that is). Robert Grumbine bobg@radix.net Return to bobg books page Return to bobg main page bobg@radix.net

59. Mathematics And Religion Augustine’s school texts may have included the Greek text IntroductioArithmetica of nicomachus of gerasa (ca. 100 AD), which http://www.aug.edu/dvskel/Luoma2002.htm

Mathematics and Religion: An Augustinian Synthesis Keith Luoma Augusta State University Saint Augustine, Bishop of Hippo, was a prolific writer who produced numerous books and maintained a voluminous correspondence. He wrote on a wide variety of subjects, including but not limited to philosophy, theology, education, music, history, and Biblical commentary. Two of his works, the Confessions and The City of God, are considered classics in world literature, and a number of others are still read for their theological insights. Not as well known is the extent of Augustine’s appreciation for mathematics, or his frequent use of mathematical arguments and metaphors. The purpose of this article is to examine several passages of a mathematical nature from Augustine’s works, and to consider their significance to religion, philosophy, and mathematics. Historical background Augustine was born in 354 A.D. at Thagaste, a city in what is now eastern Algeria. His parents, although of modest means, saw to it that he received an education. After gaining a mastery of Latin literature and rhetoric, he held teaching posts at Carthage, Rome, and Milan. A passion for knowledge led him to embrace a number of different philosophical and religious systems, including Manicheanism, Academic Skepticism, and the mystical Neoplatonism of Plotinus and Porphyry. He eventually found peace in the Catholic Church, and was baptized by St. Ambrose in 387. Within five years, he was ordained Bishop of Hippo, a position which he held until the end of his life (430).

60. Jay Kappraff 6. Kappraff, J. “The Arithmetic of nicomachus of gerasa and its.Applications to Systems of Proportion”Nexus Network Journal (an. http://web.njit.edu/~kappraff/personal.html

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