41. Menelaus Of Alexandria - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia ONE BOOK, 1393 YEARS A history of the Almagest philosophical standpoint. His geometrical methods came from Euclid.His spherical geometry was from menelaus of alexandria. He drew http://www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menelaus_of_Alexandria

Menelaus of Alexandria From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Menelaus of Alexandria (born ca. ; died ca. ) was a mathematician and astronomer edit External links Menelaus of Alexandria http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Menelaus.html This article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it Views Article Discussion Edit History Personal tools Log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages Other languages This page was last modified 05:24, 20 Mar 2004. All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details). About Wikipedia

42. Read This: Geometry: Our Cultural Heritage of Miletus, Pythagoras, Plato, Archytas, Euclid, Archimedes, Eratosthenes, Nicomedes,Apollonius, Heron of Alexandria, menelaus of alexandria, Claudius Ptolemy http://www.maa.org/reviews/holmegeom.html

Read This! The MAA Online book review column Geometry: Our Cultural Heritage by Audun Holme Reviewed by Mihaela Poplicher This is a wonderful book based on lectures on geometry given by the author to undergraduate students at the University of Bergen, Norway. The book is intended both for the use of undergraduate students (especially future teachers of mathematics) and for the informed public interested to learn more about geometry viewed as part of our "cultural heritage." To attain this goal, the author divided the text in two distinct parts, very different and at the same time very well connected to each other. Part 1 is called "A Cultural Heritage" and contains material usually not included in a mathematical book; it is not a history of geometry, but it refers to some stories and historical connections with the goal of explaining the beginnings, "the roots of the themes to be treated in Part 2." Although this first part of the book is intended for the general public, it has some rigorous mathematical treatments (many of them not quite complete). Certainly the "walk through geometry" offered by this first part of the book is very interesting and fun to read and provides a very appealing and concise view of the development of geometry, without using many deep mathematical arguments (which might discourage a reader not interested too much in the rigorous mathematical treatment of geometry.) Part 2, "Introduction to Geometry", is a true mathematics textbook that develops geometry beginning with Euclid's postulates and ending with fractal geometry and catastrophe theory. It has 12 chapters: "Axiomatic Geometry", "Axiomatic Projective Geometry", "Models for Non-Euclidean Geometry", "Making Things Precise", "Projective Space", "Geometry in the Affine and the Projective Plane", "Algebraic Curves of Higher Degrees in the Affine Plane ", "Higher Geometry in the Projective Plane", "Sharpening the Sword of Algebra", "Construction with Straightedge and Compass", "Fractal Geometry", "Catastrophe Theory."

43. Cut The Knot! menelaus of alexandria worked in the 1 st century AD Giovanni Ceva (16481734)was an Italian engineer and geometer who lived some 16 centuries later. http://www.maa.org/editorial/knot/CevaPlus.html

Search MAA Online MAA Home Cut The Knot! An interactive column using Java applets by Alex Bogomolny A Matter of Appreciation October 1999 I have a recollection. Years ago, a childhood friend of mine, Boris, shared with me with excitement an unusual experience he had on a visit to the Tretj'yakov Art Gallery in Moscow. He was accompanied by a professional painter, a good acquaintance of his older sister. While Boris was making a round in one of the halls, he observed that the painter remained all that time on the same spot studying a certain picture. Curious, my friend asked the painter what was it about the picture that kept him interested in it for so long. According to Boris, the painter did not reply directly, but, instead, stepped over to the picture and covered a spot on the picture with a palm of his hand. "Have a look at the picture and think of what you see," he requested. After a while, he uncovered the spot, stepped back and asked Boris to have another look. Well, almost 4 decades later, with the names of the painter and the picture long forgotten, I still vividly remember Boris' excitement when he told me of how entirely different, deeper and more beautiful, the picture appeared to him then. This recollection is haunting me. In retrospect, I regret to have never arranged with Boris to visit the gallery and learn how to really

44. Re: Isidoros And Anthemios - Great Buildings Online - Architecture Forum of Pitane (Turkey), Diophantus of Alexandria (Egypt), Eudoxus of Cnidus (Turkey),Hero(n) of Alexandria (Egypt), menelaus of alexandria (Egypt), Pappus of http://www.designcommunity.com/discussion/24882.html

Design Community Architecture Discussion Message - Re: Isidoros and Anthemios - Great Buildings Online Responses Architecture Forum Architecture Students Architecture Scrapbook ... ArchitectureWeek Posted by Just a visitor on January 16, 2003 at 10:21:21: In Reply to: Re: Isidoros and Anthemios - Great Buildings Online posted by Kevin Matthews on November 23, 1999 at 00:22:59: Dear Mr. Matthews, I would like to support what Mrs. Grigoris said about the unfortunate way in which Anthemios And Isidoros are presented. One gets a very strong impression, that those architects were of Turkish origin, after reading the biography of them presented in http://www.greatbuildings.com/architects/Isidoros_and_Anthemios.html I would like to provide you with a few references that should help you correct this: 1) John Warren, Greek mathematics and the architects to Justinian, Coach Publishing House, Sussex, England, 1971 2) Heath, Sir Thomas Little, A History of Greek Mathematics (2 Vols.) Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1921. Reprint: Dover Publ., New York, 1981 3)G.L. Huxley, Anthemius of Tralles, A study of later Greek Geometry, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1959

45. Ceva's Theorem: A Matter Of Appreciation menelaus of alexandria worked in the 1 st century AD, Giovanni Ceva (16481734)was an Italian engineer and geometer who lived some 16 centuries later. http://www.cut-the-knot.org/Generalization/CevaPlus.shtml

CTK Exchange Front Page Movie shortcuts Personal info ... Recommend this site Cut The Knot! An interactive column using Java applets by Alex Bogomolny A Matter of Appreciation October 1999 I have a recollection. Years ago, a childhood friend of mine, Boris, shared with me with excitement an unusual experience he had on a visit to the Tretj'yakov Art Gallery in Moscow. He was accompanied by a professional painter, a good acquaintance of his older sister. While Boris was making a round in one of the halls, he observed that the painter remained all that time on the same spot studying a certain picture. Curious, my friend asked the painter what was it about the picture that kept him interested in it for so long. According to Boris, the painter did not reply directly, but, instead, stepped over to the picture and covered a spot on the picture with a palm of his hand. "Have a look at the picture and think of what you see," he requested. After a while, he uncovered the spot, stepped back and asked Boris to have another look. Well, almost 4 decades later, with the names of the painter and the picture long forgotten, I still vividly remember Boris' excitement when he told me of how entirely different, deeper and more beautiful, the picture appeared to him then.

46. Dr. Matrix' Discussion Of Mathematics methods were developed for solving problems involving plane triangles, and a theoremnamedafter the astronomer menelaus of alexandria was established for http://scientium.com/drmatrix/sciences/mathref.htm

Mathematics From an encyclopaedia essay by J. Lennart Berggren, Hyperlinked by Dr. Matrix Mathematics , the study of relationships among quantities, magnitudes, and properties and of logical operations by which unknown quantities, magnitudes, and properties may be deduced. In the past, mathematics was regarded as the science of quantity, whether of magnitudes, as in geometry , or of numbers, as in arithmetic , or of the generalization of these two fields, as in algebra . Toward the middle of the 19th century, however, mathematics came to be regarded increasingly as the science of relations, or as the science that draws necessary conclusions. This latter view encompasses mathematical or symbolic logic, the science of using symbols to provide an exact theory of logical deduction and inference based on definitions, axioms, postulates, and rules for combining and transforming primitive elements into more complex relations and theorems. This brief survey of the history of mathematics traces the evolution of mathematical ideas and concepts, beginning in prehistory. Indeed, mathematics is nearly as old as humanity itself; evidence of a sense of geometry and interest in geometric pattern has been found in the designs of prehistoric pottery and textiles and in cave paintings. Primitive counting systems were almost certainly based on using the fingers of one or both hands, as evidenced by the predominance of the numbers 5 and 10 as the bases for most number systems today. Ancient Mathematics The earliest records of advanced, organized mathematics date back to the ancient

47. The Foundations Of Christianity menelaus of alexandria wrote on mathematics. Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) wrotethe astronomical masterpiece the Almagest (the Greatest) in Alexandria. http://members.iinet.net.au/~quentinj/Christianity/EarlyWriters.html

The Early Evidence The first one-and-a-half centuries of Christianity. There is a list found in many places on the Internet, citing authors who lived at the time of Jesus or within a century of him. This list apparently comes from John E. Remsburg's The Christ: A Critical Review and Analysis of the Evidence of His Existence . This page is inspired by that list and my wish to see it expanded, updated and corrected. I present a chronological listing of the writers from the Roman and Greek world of the first century and a half after the alleged crucifixion. The more contemporary and/or important references are given more space, and colour provides a simple classification: Surprising failures of contemporary writers to mention Jesus or the early Christians. Authors who could reasonably be expected to at least mention Jesus or Christianity Non-supporting or suspect or uncertain references sometimes cited as evidence for Jesus. Authors who could not be expected to mention Jesus or Christians. Reliable references to Jesus or Christ Plain coloured text indicates authors who were in a position to mention or describe Jesus and/or the early Christians but did not.

48. Mathem_abbrev Nicolas, Mandelbrot, Benoit Mansur ibn Ali, Abu Margulis, Gregori Mauchly, JohnMaxwell, James Clerk Menaechmus menelaus of alexandria Menshov, Dmitrii Milnor http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

49. Wikia: Search Results: Alexandria cyril of alexandria, eusebius of alexandria, lighthouse of alexandria, hypatia ofalexandria, menelaus of alexandria, alexandria aces, hero of alexandria, alexandria http://www.wikia.com/search/?q=alexandria

50. Islamic Astronomy By Owen Gingerich The method Ptolemy used to solve spherical triangles was a clumsy onedevised late in the first century by menelaus of alexandria. http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/phys/alshukri/PHYS215/Islamic astronomy.htm

Islamic astronomy by Owen Gingerich Scientific American , April 1986 v254 p74(10) Historians who track the development of astronomy from antiquity to the Renaissance sometimes refer to the time from the eighth through the 14th centuries as the Islamic period. During that interval most astronomical activity took place in the Middle East North Africa and Moorish Spain. While Europe languished in the Dark Ages, the torch of ancient scholarship had passed into Muslim hands. Islamic scholars kept it alight, and from them it passed to Renaissance Europe. Two circumstances fostered the growth of astronomy in Islamic lands. One was geographic proximity to the world of ancient learning, coupled with a tolerance for scholars of other creeds. In the ninth century most of the Greek scientific texts were translated into Arabic, including Ptolemy's Syntaxis , the apex of ancient astronomy. It was through these translations that the Greek works later became known in medieval Europe . (Indeed, the Syntaxis is still known primarily by its Arabic name, Almagest, meaning "the greatest.")

51. - Great Books - Ptolemy compared his catalogue with those of Aristil, Timocharis, Hipparchus andthe observations of Agrippa and menelaus of alexandria from the early 1st http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_639.asp

Hipparchus (c. 190 BC-c. 125 BC) Hipparchus (Greek: Hipparcos), Greek astronomer, mathematician and geographer, born: 190 B.C., Antigoneia since the year 30 Nicaea (Greek: Nikaia ) when Cisimah gave its name, ancient district Bithynia, (modern-day Iznik) in province Bursa, in modern day Turkey, died: 120 B.C., probably the island of Rhodes. The exact dates of his life are not known for sure, but he is believed to have observed from 162 to 126 B.C. Date of his birth was calculated by J. B. J. Delambre, based on clues in his work. We don't know anything about his youth either. Most of what is known about Hipparchus is from Strabo 's Geographica (Geography), from Pliny the Elder's Naturalis historia (Natural sciences) and from Ptolemy 's Almagest . He probably studied in Alexandria. His main original works are lost. His only preserved work is the Commentary on Aratus , a commentary on a poem by Aratus which describes the constellations and the stars which comprise them. This work contains many measurements of stellar positions. For his accession he holds the place of originator and father of scientific astronomy. He is believed to be the greatest Greek astronomer observer and he is at the same time entitled the greatest astronomer of ancient times, although Cicero still though about Aristarchus of Samos. Some put on this place also

52. APO Contents Table of Papyri. I. Theoretical and Instructional Texts 4133 menelaus of alexandria(?), Treatise on planetary theory; 4134 Procedure text for planet? http://www.chass.utoronto.ca/~ajones/oxy/papindex.html

Return to Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus Table of Papyri I. Theoretical and Instructional Texts Menelaus of Alexandria (?), Treatise on planetary theory Procedure text for planet? Procedure text for Venus Procedure text for the moon Predictions of lunar eclipses, A.D. 56 and 57 On eclipse prediction Treatise on eclipse prediction Treatise on lunar periods Tabulated lunar phenomena On latitudes of a planet Instructions for Ptolemy's Handy Tables Instructions for Ptolemy's Handy Tables Treatise on kinematic models Procedure text Procedure text Procedure text II. Primary Tables Epochs of the sun, A.D. 161-237 Epochs of the moon, A.D. 96-166 Epochs of the moon, A.D. 187-198, and template Epochs of the moon, A.D. 217-254 Epochs of Mercury Epochs of Mercury, A.D. 206-215 Epochs of Mercury Epochs of Mercury Epochs of Mercury Epochs of Mercury Epochs of Mercury Epochs of Venus Epochs of Venus, A.D. 106-121 Epochs of Mars, A.D. 271-325 Epochs of Mars, A.D. 225-235 Epochs of Mars, A.D. 101-133 Epochs of Jupiter, A.D. 57-80 Epochs of Jupiter, A.D. 6-13

53. List Of Mathematicians Definition Meaning Information Explanation McMullen (USA, 1958 ); menelaus of alexandria (Egypt ca 70- ca 140);Karl Menger (Austria/USA, 1902 - 1985); Marin Mersenne (France http://www.free-definition.com/List-of-mathematicians.html

A B C D ... Contact Beta 0.71 powered by: akademie.de PHP PostgreSQL Google News about your search term List of mathematicians The famous mathematician s are listed below in English alphabetical transliteration order (by surname). Inhaltsverzeichnis 1 A 2 B 3 C 4 D ... 1 External links A Niels Henrik Abel (Norway, Ralph H. Abraham (USA, University of California, Santa Cruz Wilhelm Ackermann (Germany, Maria Gaetana Agnesi (Italy, Lars Valerian Ahlfors , (Finland, Ahmes , (Egypt, roughly around 17th century BC Jean le Rond d'Alembert (France, Abu Ja'far Muhammad Ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi (Persia, Alexander Anderson (Scotland, Andr©-Marie Ampere , (France, Apollonius of Perga (Asia Minor, 265 B.C. 170 B.C. Antoine Arbogast (France, Archimedes (Syracuse, 287 B.C. 212 B.C. Aristotle (Greece, 384 B.C. 322 B.C. Vladimir Arnol'd (Russia, Emil Artin (Austria, Arzachel (Al-Zarqali) (Muslim Spain, Michael Francis Atiyah (Britain, George Atwood (Britain, B Charles Babbage (United Kingdom, John Baez Alan Baker (Britain, Stefan Banach (Poland, Grigory Isaakovich Barenblatt (Russia, USA, Charlotte Barnum Isaac Barrow (England

54. Self-Service Science Forum Message elliptic geometry. Spherical geometry was studied by menelaus of alexandriaabout AD 100 and by the Arabs about 1000. Its most famous http://www2.abc.net.au/science/k2/stn/february2000/posts/topic40063.shtm

55. Greek Mathematics Mechanics. menelaus of alexandria (70130 AD) is the first to treatspherical triangles, ie triangles in Spherical Geometry. He http://members.fortunecity.com/kokhuitan/greek.html

Era of Greek Mathematics The Greeks are responsible for initial explosion of Mathematical ideas. For several centuries, Greek mathematics reign the mathematical world, with great advances in Number Theory, the Theory of Equation, and in particular Geometry. The first great Greek mathematician is Thales of Miletus (624-547 BC). He brought the knowledge of Egyptian Geometry to the Greeks and discovered several theorems in elementary Geometry. He predicted a Solar Eclipse in 585 BC and could calculate the height of a pyramid, as well as how far a ship is from land. One of his pupils, the Greek philosopher, Anaximander of Miletus (610-546 BC), is considered the founder of Astronomy. Perhaps the most prominent Greek mathematicians is Pythagoras of Samos (569-475 BC). His ideas were greatly influenced by Thales and Anaximander. His school of thought practiced great secrecy and he (and his followers, called Pythagoreans) believe everything in the world can be reduced to numbers. This idea stemmed from Pythagoras' observations in Music, Mathematics and Astronomy. E.g. Pythagoras noticed that vibrating strings produce harmonics in which the lengths of the strings are in ratios of whole numbers. In fact, he contributed greatly to the mathematical theory of music. He had the notion of Odd and Even Numbers, Triangular Numbers, Perfect Numbers, etc. In particular, he is well known today for his Pythagoras Theorem. Although this theorem is known to the Babylonians and Chinese long before Pythagoras, he seemed to be the first person to provide a proof of it.

56. Trigonometric Functions - Fairy Tales Antien Greek mathematicians Hipparchus (166125 BC) and about hundred years latermenelaus of alexandria (famous for his earliest theorems on spherical http://www.xmath.sjf.stuba.sk/diff/practise/tales/tale11.htm

Trigonometric functions In the ancient times mathematicians described the relation between the angle formed by two radii of a circle and the length of the line segment determined by the endpoints of the two radii on the circle. Antien Greek mathematicians Hipparchus (166-125 BC) and about hundred years later Menelaus of Alexandria (famous for his earliest theorems on spherical trigonometry) measured the lenght of the chords in the above configuration for different angles and calculated their ratio to the circle radius. These measures of chords were in fact double values of our nowadays sine function. These calculations were published in the famous book " Almagest - Syntaxis mathematica " by Greek Ptolemy Claudius (2 nd century AD) , where tables with chord measures for angles within to 360 degrees in the 30-minute steps order appeared together with a clear description of just how the table was constructed. In the 9 th century, Arabic mathematicians started to use halfs of the presented numbers only, that means half-sections. The name "sine" appeared in the 12 th century, after a non-proper translation of the arabic word "el dzeib", which means section - intersection, but also a bay.

57. LDAB quotation, edition, A. Jones, Astronomical Papyri from Oxyrhynchus P.Oxy. 0614133, authorname, menelaus of alexandria ? archive, pagination, 14, ID, LDAB 7191, http://ldab.arts.kuleuven.ac.be/detail.php?theID=LDAB 7191

58. ChuckIII's College Resources - Mathematics - History Of Math - Free Term Papers, methods were developed for solving problems involving plane triangles, and a theoremnamedafter the astronomer menelaus of alexandria-was established for http://www.chuckiii.com/Reports/Mathematics/History_Of_Math.shtml

We are dedicated to helping students with their everyday College needs. If you have any questions or comments Please feel free to e-mail us @ feedback@ChuckIII.com Thanks to students like YOU! Please, Keep them coming and help us grow History Of Math By: Anonymous Word Count: 2945 Research Help HOME Custom Term Papers Free Term Papers Free Essays ... Citing Sources Pay Sites Research Assistance Search 100,000 Papers @ DirectEssays.com Search 97,000 Papers @ MegaEssays.com Search 101,000 Papers @ Example Essays.com Free Essay Sites Term Paper Sites College Term Papers Net Essays Free College Essays ... Planet Papers Links Term Paper Sites College Links Top 100 Term Paper Sites Top 25 Essay Sites ... Top 50 Essay Sites College Resources BustedTees.com All Posters.com Dorm Check list QuikDeals Comments What would you like to see at ChuckIII's College Resources? Contact Us Info Advertising Info Jobs / Volunteers

59. Salem Press Catalog 775 Melanesia, 775 Meleager of Gadara, 777 Menander (GrecoBactrian king), 778 Menander(playwright), 779 Mencius, 780 menelaus of alexandria, 780 Menippus of http://www.salempress.com/display.asp?id=301&column=Table_of_Contents

60. 4Reference || Menelaus I often grieve, as I sit here in my house, for one and all of them. Seealso menelaus of alexandria (about 70 about 140), mathematician. http://www.4reference.net/encyclopedias/wikipedia/Menelaus.html

Front Page Encyclopedias Dictionaries Almanacs ... Quotes Menelaus Menelaus , in Greek mythology , was a king of Sparta and son of Atreus and Aerope . Atreus was murdered by his brother, Aegisthus , who took possession of the throne of Mycenae and ruled jointly with his father Thyestes . During this period Menelaus and his brother, Agamemnon took refuge with Tyndareus , king of Sparta, whose daughters Clytemnestra and Helen they respectively married. Helen and Menelaus had one daughter, Hermione . Menelaus succeeded Tyndareus (whose only sons, Castor and Polydeuces became gods), and Agamemnon, with his brother's assistance, drove out Aegisthus and Thyestes, and recovered his father's kingdom. He extended his dominion by conquest and became the most powerful prince in Greece. When it was time for Helen, Tyndareus' daughter, to marry, many Greek kings and princes came to seek her hand or sent emissaries to do so on their behalf. Among the contenders were Odysseus , Menetheus, Ajax the great Patroclus and Idomeneus , but Menelaus was the favorite though, according to some sources, he did not come in person but was represented by his brother Agamemnon. All but Odysseus brought many and rich gifts with them. Tyndareus would accept none of the gifts, nor would he send any of the suitors away for fear of offending them and giving grounds for a quarrel. Odysseus promised to solve the problem in a satisfactory manner if Tyndareus would support him in his courting of Penelope , the daughter of Icarius . Tyndareus readily agreed and Odysseus proposed that, before the decision was made, all the suitors should swear a most solemn oath to defend the chosen husband against whoever should quarrel with the chosen one. This stratagem succeeded and Helen and Menelaus were married. Following Tyndareus' death, Menelaus became king of Sparta because the only male heirs

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