21. Curricular Affairs Tychyna, Mykola Khvylovy, Lina Kostenko, Yuri Andrukhovych, etc.); paintings andart works (icons, the works of Dmytro levytsky, volodymyr Borovykovsky, Ilya http://psula02.la.psu.edu/laus/curraff.nsf/0/3ab65d15aa49bc5385256c30006cb5d2?Op

22. St Andrew's Ukrainian Catholic Church - Lidcombe They bear colourful designs painted by the Ukrainian artist Myron levytsky of Toronto theDeacon s Door and the Royal Doors appear St volodymyr (the monarch who http://members.optushome.com.au/standrew/St Andrew Church Building.htm

Ukrainian Catholic Parish of St Andrew in Sydney 57 Church Street, Lidcombe NSW, Australia 2141 Phone: (02) 9649 9975 Fax: (02) 9649 5625 The interior of the church, adorned with magnificent murals, has in the Byzantine tradition, an Iconostasis (wall of Icons) separating the Sanctuary from the nave. Our Iconostasis is unusual as the icons are made of cut coloured glass set in fibreglass in aluminium frames. They bear colourful designs painted by the Ukrainian artist Myron Levytsky of Toronto, Canada who is also the creator of all pictures and murals in the church. The interior of the church reminds the faithful of their relation to God. The Iconostasis tells of salvation, the cupola symbolises heaven and the murals depict scenes from church history and from the lives of the Saints. In the Sanctuary can be seen an unusual pictorial representation of the institution of the Holy Eucharist: Christ and the Apostles are standing and the Blessed Virgin Mary is also present. A Dove, the symbol of the Holy Spirit, dominates the Sanctuary from the ceiling.

23. AMBASSADE D'UKRAINE Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Ivan Nechuilevytsky, Pavlo Hrabovsky Manywriters-patriots - among them volodymyr Vynnychenko, Pavlo Tychyna http://www.ukraine.be/ukraine/culture.html

CULTURE National traditions and rituals Ukrainian national traditions, customs, and oral folk literature reflect Old Ukrainian pre-Christian, and Christian cultures. The rituals derive from the folk calendar, religious celebrations like Christmas, Easter and Whitsuntide, Ivana Kupala (St.John's Eve), New Year, and the autumn folk festivals dedicated to the end of the agricultural work. Ukrainians have typical wedding habits, family traditions connected with crafts and jobs (the first day of sowing, beginning of the harvest), along with traditional symbols (straw didukh, decorated pysanka Easter eggs, holy water, and traditional dishes like kutia (boiled wheat with honey and poppy seed), paskha Easter bread, varenyky (something like ravioli), and pancakes. The rituals include folk dances, carols, fortune-telling, and blessing with water. Literature The literature of Kyivan Rus' is represented by numerous Old Churtch Slavonic documents. About 1500 manuscripts have been found so far, among them wellknown autobiographies of the first prelates of Rus', Olha and Volodymyr; biographies of the great martyrs Borys and Hlib; the first collection of laws, the Ruska Pravda; historical chronicle Povist' vrem'ianykh lit (Tale of Bygone Years); and Slovo o polku Ihorevim (Lay of the Host of Ihor). The Middle Ages also left a legacy of hundreds of dumy (historical songs), lyrical folk poetry, and tales. The first printings shops appeared in the sixteenth century and during the next two centuries thirteen printing houses were established in Kyiv, Chernihiv, Lviv, Lutsk, Kremenets, Uman, etc. The first Ukrainian newspaper Gazette de Leopol was first published in 1776.

24. Culture And Art In Ukraine Ivan Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, IvanNechuilevytsky, Pavlo Hrabovsky Manywriters-patriots - among them volodymyr Vynnychenko, Pavlo Tychyna http://www.ukrtravel.com/culture_in_ukraine.htm

Ukraine Travel Information Select your destination Dnepropetrovsk Donetsk Ivano-Frankivsk Kiev Kharkiv Lugansk Lviv Odessa Sevastopol Yalta Information about Ukraine General information Geography and maps People in Ukraine Culture and Art ... Travel tips Travel to Ukraine Visa requirements Ukraine Embassies Getting to Ukraine Customs rules ... Car rentals Information about Kiev About Kiev Kiev sightseeing Kiev hotels Kiev apartments ... Sport in Kiev Culture and Art in Ukraine Cinema The directing career of Oleksandr Dovzhenko was one of the landmarks in twentieth century world cinematography. His works have entered the golden heritage of the Ukrainian and world cinema. In 1958 at the International exhibition in Brussel his film Earth (1930) has been recognized as one of the best twelve films of all times and nations. From the 1960s to the 1990s, the Ukrainian schools of poetic, historical, and documentary films were the focus of attention. Films by Ukrainian directors have enjoyed success at international festivals and contests.

25. Levytsky Portrait volodymyr levytsky. JOC/EFR February 2000 The URL of this page is http://mirror.math.nankai.edu.cn/mirror/www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Pic

Volodymyr Levytsky JOC/EFR February 2000 The URL of this page is: School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Levytsky.html

26. Aa, Personal , Ahmet Kaya ,Þebnem Ferah , Göksel , Ebru Gündeþ Leucippus (768) Levi ben Gerson (268) LeviCivita, Tullio (418*) Levinson, Norman(2320*) Levy, Hyman (741) Lévy, Paul (714*) levytsky, volodymyr (296*) Lexell http://www.newturk.net/index111.html

English Turkish German French ... Spanish Top20 Free 1. Sexy toplist 3. Hitboss 4. Top20 Free 6. Webservis 7. ErciToplist 8. Sorf Toplist DO YOU WANT TO GET A FREE ALBUM Than click here. This is the easiest and free way. Create your own digital foto album. Click here and download it free. FLIPALBUM creates wicked 3D page-flipping photo album instantly and automatically. ALL FUN! NO HASSLE! Get your FREE TRIAL DOWNLOAD! HOVERFLY-2 INDOOR HELICOPTER Hoverfly is a great little helicopter. It comes attractively finished and ready to fly. It’s small, tough and quiet - and it flies indoors. Yet it handles just like its bigger brothers. You have a web site and you want to earn money, then click here. We recommend you the Otherlandtoys.co.uk, Commission Junction Program WWW Google Altavista document.write(""); document.write(""); document.write(""); document.write(""); var isjs=0, site=665, icon=3; var id = 100 document.write(""); var isjs=0, site=1780, icon=1; Search Web Auctions Forums Jobs for Free Mail UK Banner X Rate this site at CMATHER.COM Top 100! 10- Best 1- Worst Rate this site!

27. Êóëüòóðà Franko, Lesia Ukrainka, Mykhailo Kotsiubynsky, Ivan Nechuilevytsky, Pavlo Hrabovsky,et Many writers-patriots among them volodymyr Vynnychenko, Pavlo Tychyna http://www.5ci.lt/ukrembassy/Culture/Eng/culture_main.htm

Education in early Middle Ages Development of education in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries Ukraine’s contemporary educational systemó÷àñíà ñèñòåìà îñâ³òè Óêðà¿íè National traditions and rituals ... Religion The alphabet of Cyril and Methodius (ninth century) greatly influenced the development of written language among the Eastern Slavs. Soon thereafter, education came to Kyivan Rus’. Beginning in the tenth century, schools were opened by churches, monasteries, and princely courts where writing, reading, and choral singing were taught. Education in early Middle Ages After the fall of Kyivan Rus’, education came from Jesuit and Orthodox schools and have remained since then the subject of political and religious conflict, because such schools were developing the national consciousness of Ukrainians. The most famous of them were the Ostroh Academy established in 1576, the Lviv Brotherhood, the Kyiv Academy (1615), and the Lutsk Academy (1620). In 1632, Archbishop Petro Mohyla united the Kyiv Brotherhood and Lavra schools in order to establish the first Ukrainian institution of higher learning, the Kyiv Mohyla Collegium (later known as the Kiev-Mohyla Academy). Foreigners visiting Ukraine were impressed by the educational level of population: almost everywhere there were primary schools. Development of education in nineteenth and early twentieth centuries The Ukrainian population had the opportunity to study in parish schools and high schools. In Kharkiv, the first university was opened in 1805, Kyiv University was established in 1834. In 1914, Ukraine had 2,600 secondary schools, 88 secondary specialized schools, and 27 institutes. During the 1920s-1930s, all social classes in Ukraine attained virtually universal literacy, and Ukraine became one of the best educated countries in the world.

28. Search Results Page 2 Lviv s Kurbas Theater presents volodymyr Klymenko s Bohdan, based on the life of NatalkaDubyna s Kaidashi, based on Kaidasheva sim ia by Ivan Nechuilevytsky. http://www.brama.com/cgi-bin/webdata_events.cgi?region=Ukraine&pagenum=2&cgifunc

29. Ukrainian Research Institute, Harvard University letters give some information about his involvement with volodymyr Blavatsky and Vilnyisvit); Mykhailo Pohoretsky, V. Martynets, and V. levytsky (Novyi shliakh http://www.huri.harvard.edu/lib/archives/ponedilok.html

Ponedilok Collection Scope: 1947-1975 Bulk: 1960-1969 Size: 4 c.f. Language: Ukrainian Books and Serials Current Serial Acquisitions Special Collections Bibliographies ... Reproduction of Library Material Donated by the estate of the late Mykola Ponedilok (see Harvard Ukrainian Studies Newsletter, Vol. VII, Nos. 3-4 (January-April 1976) Collection description The bulk (3 c.f.) of the collection is comprised of correspondence to Mykola Ponedilok which is arranged chronologically. Most of the letters were written to him once he had emigrated to the United States. There is however one folder of correspondence dating from his time as a displaced person in Germany (1947-1948). Although few in number, these letters give some information about his involvement with Volodymyr Blavatsky and Yosyp Hirniak's theater groups. Among the letters, there is one from Ivan Bahriany encouraging Ponedilok to write, several from Hirniak asking for translations, and one from Bohdan Pazdrii about the premiere of Lucretia in Regensburg, as well as others. Biography Mykola Ponedilok was born on September 24, 1922 in Novomyrhorod, Yelysavethrad (Kirovohrad) county, Kherson guberniia. His parents were Vasyl and Dariia Ksenofontivna Panasenko. After completing middle school in 1939, he entered the philology department at Odessa University. His studies were interrupted in Spring 1941 when he was called up to serve in the army. From 1943 he resided in Germany until coming to the United States in 1949. In the United States, he settled in New York City and worked odd jobs there until 1955 when he was employed by an international bookseller, Stechert Hofner.

30. Culture Gallery This feature incorporates passages from works by Joseph Lynch, Ivan Nechuilevytsky,Ivan Ohiyenko, volodymyr Solovyov, and Nataliya Yakovenko. http://www.artukraine.com/historical/together_forev.htm

Culture Gallery back CHURCH: KYIV AND MOSCOW CHURCHES: "TOGETHER FOREVER" By Klara Gudzyk, The Day, The Day Weekly Digest, Kyiv, Ukraine, January 27, 2004 The Council [Treaty] of Pereyaslav determined Ukrainian nation's history for several centuries, and its impact remains. It also exerted a fatal influence on the political and social order, culture, education, and last but not least, on religious life, the Orthodox Church of what was then known as Little Russia. The treaty with Moscow eventually resulted in a Church union with all its consequences. Some historians hold that Bohdan Khmelnytsky from the outset of talks with Moscow was willing to join the Ukrainian Church to the Moscow Patriarchate, although the Ukrainian Church had since AD 988 remained under the Constantinople See. And that, prior to the Council of Pereyaslav, he wrote to Patriarch Nikon, addressing him as the "Supreme Shepherd." However , the accords made in the spring of 1654 had no clause on the subordination of the Kyiv Diocese to the Patriarch of Moscow . It was only after the Hetman' s death that the Moscow government claimed the clause was there and proceeded to wage a consistent, persistent, and often treacherous policy aimed at absorbing the Kyiv metropolis, relying on the principle of the end justifies the means. The Moscow tsar and the Russian Church were eager to get hold of the ancient Kyiv Diocese, knowing that Christianity had spread over all of Eastern Europe through it, with the shining Hagia Sophia of Kyiv and saints of the Kyiv Pechersk Lavra (Monastery of the Caves), numerous monasteries, theological institutions, learned clergy, and large pious congregations.

31. Build Ukraine of the speaker and deputy speaker of the Supreme Council, volodymyr Lytvyn and inhonor of nationalist events or historical figures.Marco levytsky, editor of http://www.artukraine.com/buildukraine/ukr_rep29.htm

Build Ukraine table of contents "UKRAINE REPORT 2003 "The Art of Creating A Strong Market Economy And Rule Of Law In Ukraine" "Ukraine Report 2003," Number 30 Ukraine Market Reform Group Kyiv, Ukraine and Washington, D.C. FRIDAY, April 18, 2003 INDEX OF ARTICLES: 1. EXPANDING EU WOOS RUSSIA AND UKRAINE 'Wider Europe' plan seeks to pacify those left outside club By Ian Black, European Editor, The Guardian, UK; Apr 18, 2003 2. UKRAINIAN GOV'T PROGRAM APPROVED, PARLIAMENT Interfax-Ukraine news agency, Kiev, in Russian, 17 Apr 03 BBC Monitoring Service In English, UK, Apr 17, 2003 3. UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT KUCHMA MEETS SEVERAL EUROPEAN LEADERS IN ATHENS Ukrainian Television first programme, Kiev, in Ukrainian, 17 Apr 03 BBC Monitoring Service in English - United Kingdom; Apr 17, 2003 4. UKRAINIAN LADY RECEIVES SURGERIES IN COLORADO, USA TO MEND FACIAL DEFORMITY Doctor helps Ukrainian woman born with massive facial tumor By Bazi Kanani, 9News, The Denver Post, Denver, Colorado, April 16, 2003 5. INFLATION IN UKRAINE MAY REACH 8% IN 2003 ACCORDING TO THE ECONOMICS MINISTRY Interfax-Ukraine, Kyiv, April 14, 2003

32. Art Gallery / Articles Yakiv Hnizdovsky, Omelian Mazuryk and Rostyslav Gluvko Myron levytsky is a Itincludes Olexandr Melnyk, Petro Honchar, volodymyr Fedko, Mykola and Petro http://art.sumix.com/articles/article_11.html

Search: Articles Catalog Alphabetical Index By authors By titles Period of time 15th-18th Centuries 19th-Early 20th Century 20th Century Genre Ukrainian Icons Graphic Art Totalitarian art Decorative Art ... Modern Art Regions Lvov Kharkiv "Togetherness. "And I saw a new heaven and a new earth "" by D. Stepovyk, L. Hopanchuk "RETURNING FROM EGYPT " Artists who had left Ukraine proceeded in the distant climes with their work, which had come to a stop at home. In prewar time only scarce professional painter created in the domain of sacral art of pre-war period, however, they formed a tendency, which was outlined only after the WWII: a retro style or revival of former artistic styles of icons in Ukraine, though in new combination and interpretation. Combining styles is an intricate and responsible creative process. To avoid rough eclecticism, one needs talent and feeling of old and contemporary icon. That is why authentic masters, "patriarchs" of our painting, did successful attempts of stylistic combinations in Ukrainian sacral art in the West. Petro Kholodiny, Yuriy Novosilsky, Stanislav Konash-Konashevych, Sviatoslev Hordynsky and Yuvenaliy Mokrytsky to name a few.

33. Art Gallery / Articles nos. 92, 93), Vladimir (volodymyr) Burliuk, Alexandra Exter (Oleksandra Ekster)(ex. of future artists such as R. Chornii, S. Hordynsky, M. levytsky, M. Moroz http://art.sumix.com/articles/article_19.html

Search: Articles Catalog Alphabetical Index By authors By titles Period of time 15th-18th Centuries 19th-Early 20th Century 20th Century Genre Ukrainian Icons Graphic Art Totalitarian art Decorative Art ... Modern Art Regions Lvov Kharkiv "The Modern Period" by Daria Zelska-Derawych While the artists in Western Ukraine remained under the influence of Western European art movements, many of those working in Kiev, Kharkiv, and Odessa retained ties with Moscow and Leningrad. Yurii Narbut, who explored the possibilities of adapting folk ornamentation in his work, and P. Volokydin were influenced by the World of Art Movement while P. Kholodny created symbolist paintings (ex. cat. no. 72). During the period of Ukrainization in the 1920s, however, a variety of styles flourished, as did a number of different artistic groups. Some of the artists that followed modern trends and participated in the avant-garde were concerned with Cubo-Futurism and Con-structivism like V. Ermilov (ex. cat. no. 94) in Kharkiv, and O. Bohomazov (ex. cat. no. 84), V. Palmov (ex. cat. no. 89), and A. Petrytsky (ex. cat. no. 87) in Kiev. Petrytsky, an avant-garde theatrical designer, painted over a hundred portraits of Ukrainian personalities, most of which were destroyed in the 1930s. Others like V. Meller (ex. cat. no. 85) and K. Sikorsky experimented with abstraction, while M. Zhuk, and Yu. Mykhailiv, who was fascinated by mythology, continued the traditions of the Symbolists. In Western Ukraine under the domination of Poland, the most prominent Lviv artist was O. Novakivsky, a graduate of the Academy of Fine Arts in Cracow, who began with Impressionism, but was attracted by French Post-Impressionism and Expressionism. He painted numerous self-portraits (ex. cat. no. 73), portraits of his wife and friends, as well as legendary figures (Dovbush, 1931), landscapes (Mount Hregit, 1931), and still life compositions in vibrant colors and with swirling brushstrokes. Through his art school in Lviv under the patronage of Metropolitan Sheptytsky, from 1923 to 1935, Novakivsky shaped a whole generation of future artists such as R. Chornii, S. Hordynsky, M. Levytsky, M. Moroz, Ivanna Nyzhnyk-Vynnykiv, and others, who went on to explore a variety of modern trends in art.

34. Telephone Book Ministry Of Education And Science Of Ukraine Head of Administration, DOLGOPOLY volodymyr Grigorovych, 778 23 - 54 778 - 23- 53, Deputy Head of Administration, levytsky Georgiy Yosypovych, 37 - 26 - 24, http://education.gov.ua/pls/edu/docs/common/dov12e.html

Telephone book Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine Telephone book Ministry of Education and Science of Ukraine 10, Peremohy blvd, 01135, Kyiv, Ukraine phone 216 - 24 - 42, fax 274 - 10 - 49 Position Surname, name, patronymic City phone Room number Ind. 1 Division of administrative work and control Head of the Division DOMASHENKO Anatoly Vasyliovych Minister’s service First Deputy Head of the Division - Head of Minister Service HANIUK Volodymyr Andriyovych Assistant to Minister SAVYZKA Olga Ivanivna Assistant to Minister MATSAN Valentyna Petrivna Counsel of Minister on International and Law Issues SHIK Vasyl Petrovych Press-Secretary of Minister DOLGANOVA Liliya Georgyivna Head of Press-Center GERGEL Olga Dmytrivna Department of organizational work Deputy Head of the Division - Head of the Department PUZHAILO Vira Grygorivna Senior specialist - Secretary of Collegium LYSENKO Svitlana Ivanivna Leading specialist TSILOVANSKA Olena Volodymyrivna General department Deputy Head of the Division - Head of the Department POSLAVSKY Ivan Volodymyrovych Senior specialist VASYLENKO Olena Myhaylivna Leading specialist VOLOVIK Nadiya Myhaylivna Leading specialist SCHERBATIUK Valentyna Olexandrivna Specialist of the 1 st category LISOVSKA Valentyna Olexandrivna Specialist of the 2 nd category PONIATOVSKA Liudmyla Stepanivna Head of Expedition SCHEVCHENKO Iryna Volodymyrivna Department of control Head of the Department GREBNYTSKY Grygoriy Myhaylovych Senior specialist ANTONIUK Natalia Ivanivna Leading specialist AVAKUMOVA Liudmyla Vladyslavivna

35. Famous Mathematicians With An L Leibniz Emile Lemoine Leonardo da Vinci Jean Leray Mathias Lerch Stanislaw LeshniewskiJohn Leslie Norman Levinson Hyman Levy volodymyr levytsky Anders Lexell http://www.famousmathematician.com/az/mathematician_L.htm

Mathematicians - L Sylvestre Lacroix Christine Ladd-Franklin Thomas de Lagny Joseph-Louis Lagrange Edmond Laguerre Ivo Lah Imre Lakatos Horace Lamb Gabriel Lame Bernard Lamy Cornelius Lanczos Edmund Landau Lev Landau John Landen Georg Landsberg Robert Langlands Philippe van Lansberge Pierre-Simon Laplace Sir Joseph Larmor Emanuel Lasker Edna Kramer Lassar Mikhail Lavrentev Jean Le Fevre Constantin Le Paige Urbain Le Verrier Henri Lebesgue Walter Ledermann John Leech Magnus Mittag-Leffler Solomon Lefschetz Adrien-Marie Legendre Emile Leger Gottfried von Leibniz Emile Lemoine Leonardo da Vinci Jean Leray Mathias Lerch Stanislaw Leshniewski John Leslie Norman Levinson Hyman Levy Volodymyr Levytsky Anders Lexell Wilhelm Lexis Simon Lhuilier Sophus Lie Evgenii Lifshitz Sir James Lighthill Ernst Lindelof Ferdinand von Lindemann Yuri Linnik Pierre-Louis Lions Jacques-Louis Lions Rudolf Lipschitz Jules Lissajous

36. Ukrainian Daily Newspaper "The Day" By volodymyr PANCHENKO, Doctor of Philology; Professor, Vicepresident, National alsotwo authors, Mykhailo Starytsky and Ivan Nechui-levytsky, who “compiled http://www.day.kiev.ua/DIGEST/2004/03/culture/cul1.htm

Bare-Tail Is Coming! Mykhailo Starytsky’s comedy Chasing Two Hares as a national hit By Volodymyr PANCHENKO, Doctor of Philology; Professor, Vice-president, National University of Kyiv Mohyla Academy Photo from UKRAINE: MILESTONES OF HISTORY OLEG BORISOV AND MARGARYTA KRYNYTSYNA IN IVANOV’S FILM CHASING TWO HARES Whoever comes to feast their eyes on St. Andrew’s Church, Rastrelli’s masterpiece in Kyiv, is sure to see an eccentric “couple” — Pronia Prokopivna Sirko-Serkova and Svyryd Petrovych Holokhvosty-Golokhvastov heroes of Mykhailo Starytsky’s comedy Chasing Two Hares (an allusion to the Ukrainian proverb “If you chase two hares, you will catch neither.” This sculpture was built here, next to Old Rus’ monuments, at the very end of the twentieth century. Ostap Bender had already stood in Odesa and Panikovsky was hoofing it down Prorizna Street in Kyiv (both are heroes of The Golden Calf by Ilf and Petrov — Ed. )... Pronia and Golokhvastov (a “polite” Russian evasion for Ukrainian Holokhvosty, “bare-tailed” — Ed.

37. Krawtchouk Another faculty member at the department was volodymyr Kistiakowsky, a Ukraine, andacademic contacts with Tchaikovsky and levytsky, Ukrainian mathematicians http://mason.gmu.edu/~ikatcha1/Krawtchouk.html

Krawtchouk story : How a scientist received a job offer from the American Mathematical Society, was accused of being a foreign spy, and sent to GULAG This true story has connections to the politics and work of leading mathematicians and Noble prize winners from European countries and the United States, the Great Terror in Soviet Ukraine, the history of the relativity theory, nuclear bomb, space exploration and aviation, prisoner's dilemma, Lindbergh, and Arthur Koestler's best-seller. French transliteration of the Ukrainian mathematician's name, education and start of his academic career Invitations to the US and contacts with foreign scholars Job offers, International Congress of Mathematicians in Bologna (Italy) ... Photos of Krawtchouk, Levi-Civita, Grave, and others, and the leadership of the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Crime evidence: Krawtchouk's article content of the journal book recommendation to Levi-Civita's wife, Krawtchouk's refusal to take part in a show trial of Ukrainian intellectuals and his contacts with Ukrainian mathematicians from Poland ... Prisoner's dilemma in theory and reality , a book on Schmidt's expedition Lindbergh's intelligence trip Stalin, scholars and one investigation in Ukraine

38. RADIO Olya Pavlyshyn talks to Mr volodymyr Holovko, conductor of the Cheremosh choir documentarywas made about a Ukrainian artist called Myron levytsky, who made http://203.15.102.140/news/languageGroup/lgCurDisp.php3?vlang=Ukrainian

39. A Skewed Intellectual History Of Ukraine essays by Ivan Nechuilevytsky and Stepan Kachala seems to indicate it was thelatter. The absence of the prominent bio-geologist volodymyr Vernadsky, the http://archive.tol.cz/transitions/askewed1.html

40. UBC - Kobzari and Hryhory Kytasty, Petro Honcharenko, V. Kachurak, Zinovij Shtokalko, V. levytsky,V. Lutsiv Kubijovyc, volodymyr (Ed) Encyclopedia of Ukraine (Toronto 1988). http://www.bandura.org/bandura_kobzari.htm

Kobzari Kobzars (kobzari). Wandering folk bards who performed a large repertoire of epic-historical, religious, and folk songs while playing a kobza or bandura . Kobzars first emerged in Kyivan-Rus and were popular by the 15th century. Some (e.g., Churylo and Tarashko) performed at Polish royal courts. They lived at the Zaporozhian Sich and were esteemed by the kozaks , whom they frequently accompanied on various campaigns against the Turks, Tatars, and Poles. The epic songs they performed [ duma ] served to raise the moral of the Kozak army in times of war, and some (e.g., P. Skryaha, V. Varchenko, and Mykhajlo 'Sokovy's son-in-law') were even beheaded by the Poles for performing dumas that incited popular revolts.

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