61. From Cairo@loc.gov Mon Jan 24 024915 2000 From Library Of German orientalism; Arabic poetry; to 622; history and criticism; Arabic poetry;study and teaching. 4 LCN 99904657 Khuwayyi, Yusuf ibn tahir, Fara id al http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/MiddleEast/Cairo/2000/l2000-060

From cairo@loc.gov Mon Jan 24 02:49:15 2000 From: "Library of Congress, Cairo"

62. From Cairo@loc.gov Thu May 25 084144 2000 From Library Of fi sharh Alfiyat alathar / li-Jalal al-Din Abi al-Fadl Abd al-Rahman ibn Abi Bakral-Suyuti ; tahqiq wa-dirasat Abi Anas Anis ibn Ahmad ibn tahir al-Andunusi http://www.lib.virginia.edu/area-studies/MiddleEast/Cairo/2000/l2000-151

From cairo@loc.gov Thu May 25 08:41:44 2000 From: "Library of Congress-Cairo office"

63. Alamut In Slovenski Nacionalni Interes Najmodrejši med ucenci, ibn tahir, se pritihotapi v tabor oblegovalcev in umorivelikega vezirja Nizama al Mulka, ta pa mu pred smrtjo razodene, kako Hasan http://www.ijs.si/lit/alamut2.html-l2

Miran Hladnik Alamut in slovenski nacionalni interes Tegale spisa sem se lotil, da bi pojasnil nesporazum, ki po mojem tièi za sodobno zalo¾ni¹ko in ¹olsko popularizacijo romana Alamut Vladimirja Bartola. Knjiga je sicer zelo berljiva in vredna poudarjene obravnave v ¹oli in novih ponatisov, tudi v slovenski romaneskni kanon je bila uvr¹èena po pravici, sporna pa se mi zdi argumentacija, ki spremlja njeno sedanjo slavo. Literarni zgodovinarji smo navajeni èlanke zaèenjati s pregledom literarne scene v èasu, v katerem je iz¹lo obravnavano besedilo: bodi tako tudi v tem primeru. 1938 je bilo eno literarno bogatih let, èeprav je bilo obdobje najveèje leposlovne produktivnosti med prvo in drugo svetovno vojno ¾e mimo. Ob Bartolovem romanu Alamut Cvetkova Cilka , Franceta Bevka Kaplan Martin Èedermac , ki ga je avtor podpisal s psevdonimom Pavel Sedmak, in Iva ©orlija "ljudska povest" Veène vezi . Vse ¹tiri so dobile banovinsko nagrado, razpisano za to leto: Bevk je zasedel prvo mesto in zaslu¾il 7000 din, Jalen tretje (3000 din), Bartol je bil z 2000 din na èetrtem mestu in Ivo ©orli z enako vsoto na petem; druga in èetrta nagrada sta ¹li pesnikom. Razpis je klical zlasti po "veèjih pripovednih in dramatskih delih", "ki obravnavajo katerokoli pomembno dobo slovenske zgodovine in narodnega ¾ivljenja ter so va¾na za vzgojo narodne zavesti". Poroèevalcu Tinetu Debeljaku se je v katoli¹kem dnevniku Slovencu (14. 7. 1939, 8) zato zdelo, da Bartol nagrade ni zaslu¾il, saj je njegov roman "odmaknjen povsem slovenskemu svetu pa tudi slovenskemu èloveku ter njegovemu gledanju na stvari". Kritik bi sam med nagrajenci rad videl ¹e domaèijskega pisatelja Jana Plestenjaka, ki je tega leta objavil povest

64. Troje Podob Domaèega In Tujega Najmodrejši med ucenci, ibn tahir, se pritihotapi v tabor oblegovalcev in umorivelikega vezirja Nizama al Mulka, ta pa mu pred smrtjo razodene, kako jih je http://www.ijs.si/lit/troje.html-l2

Miran Hladnik Troje podob domaèega in tujega Sinopsis Skupni imenovalec treh poglavij prispevka, ki si slede v zaporedju akademsko, srednje¹olsko in osnovno¹olsko, je razmerje med domaèim in tujim. Z domaèim je mi¹ljeno slovensko, s tujim pa vse, kar nacionalno prera¹èa ali je z njim v konfliktu. Prvo reflektira ustanovitev Oddelka za slovenistiko na ljubljanski Filozofski fakulteti, naslednji dve pa razlagata dva klasièna teksta kot pripovedi z napotki za zgodovinsko obna¹anje Slovencev: v Alamutu Vladimirja Bartola najde radikalno makiavelistièno sporoèilo, v Levstikovem Martinu Krpanu pa izpostavi slovensko-nem¹ko kulturno rivalstvo. Tole je predavanje o treh med seboj ne prav povezanih slavistiènih in literarnih reèeh. Poiskal sem jim skupni imenovalec, ki usmerja moje literarnozgodovinsko razmi¹ljanje v zadnjih letih in sem ga izpostavil v naslovu, tj. razmerje med domaèim in tujim. Z domaèim je mi¹ljeno nacionalno (slovensko), s tujim pa vse, kar nacionalno prera¹èa ali je z njim v konfliktu. Najprej bom poroèal o ustanovitvi Oddelka za slovenistiko na ljubljanski Filozofski fakulteti, sledila bo alternativna interpretacija maturitetnega romana za drugo leto, Alamuta Vladimirja Bartola, v tretjem delu pa bom ob Levstikovem

65. Tahir Ibn Husayn - Encyclopedia Article About Tahir Ibn Husayn. Free Access, No encyclopedia article about tahir ibn Husayn. tahir ibn Husayn in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. tahir ibn Husayn. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Tahir ibn Husayn

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Tahir ibn Husayn Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Tahir ibn Husayn (d. Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Decades: 770s 780s 790s 800s 810s - Years: 817 818 819 820 821 - Events Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain. Begin of the power struggle between Byzantine Emperor Michael II and Thomas. Rabanus Maurus becomes abbott of Fulda. Click the link for more information. ) was a Persian Persia Persian language Persian literature Persian Gulf Persian cat Persian lamb Persian (Pokémon) Persian (pastry) Click the link for more information. general and governor during the Abbasid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire. The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the throne on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (AD 566-652), one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, in virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of the Prophet as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. Click the link for more information.

66. Tahir Ibn Al-Husayn - Encyclopedia Article About Tahir Ibn Al-Husayn. Free Acces encyclopedia article about tahir ibn alHusayn. tahir ibn al-Husayn in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. tahir ibn al-Husayn. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Tahir ibn al-Husayn

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Tahir ibn al-Husayn Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Tahir ibn Husayn (d. Centuries: 8th century - 9th century - 10th century Decades: 770s 780s 790s 800s 810s - Years: 817 818 819 820 821 - Events Abd-ar-rahman II becomes ruler of Umayyad Spain. Begin of the power struggle between Byzantine Emperor Michael II and Thomas. Rabanus Maurus becomes abbott of Fulda. Click the link for more information. ) was a Persian Persia Persian language Persian literature Persian Gulf Persian cat Persian lamb Persian (Pokémon) Persian (pastry) Click the link for more information. general and governor during the Abbasid Abbasid was the dynastic name generally given to the caliphs of Baghdad, the second of the two great dynasties of the Muslim empire. The Abbasid caliphs officially based their claim to the throne on their descent from Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib (AD 566-652), one of the youngest uncles of Muhammad, in virtue of which descent they regarded themselves as the rightful heirs of the Prophet as opposed to the Umayyads. The Umayyads were descended from Umayya, and were a clan separate from Muhammad's in the Quraish tribe. Click the link for more information.

67. Al-Maqamat Al-luzumiya By Abu L-tahir Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Al-Tamimi Al-Saraqusti, AlMaqamat Al-luzumiya by Abu L-tahir Muhammad ibn Yusuf Al-Tamimi Al-Saraqusti, ibn Al-Astarkuwi (D. 538/1143) Author Monroe, James T. (Professor of Arabic and Comparative Literature, University http://www.netstoreusa.com/aubooks/900/9004123318.shtml

Al-Maqamat Al-luzumiya by Abu L-tahir Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Al-Tamimi Al-Saraqusti, Ibn Al-Astarkuwi (D. 538/1143) English Books German Books Spanish Books Sheet Music ... NEW RELEASES Al-Maqamat Al-luzumiya by Abu L-tahir Muhammad Ibn Yusuf Al-Tamimi Al-Saraqusti, Ibn Al-Astarkuwi (D. 538/1143) Author: Monroe, James T. (Professor of Arabic and Comparative Literature, University of California, Berkeley, USA) Hardback; Book 640 pages Published: October 2001 Brill ISBN: 9004123318 This item non-returnable. Order may not be canceled. This translation of the Maqamat al-luzumiyah by the 12th-century Andalusi author al-Saraqusti makes available to Western scholars of narrative prose a hitherto little-known but important collection of Arabic maqamat. The meaning of the work is discussed, which establishes its organic unity. PRODUCT CODE: 9004123318 USA/Canada: US$ 451.90 Australia/NZ: A$ 329.95 Other Countries: US$ 488.30 convert to your currency Delivery costs included if your total order exceeds US$50. We do not charge your credit card until we ship your order. Government and corporate Purchase Orders accepted without prior account application.

68. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community 4. AbuMansur abd-al-Kahir ibn-tahir al-Baghdadi, Al-Farq Bain Al-Firaq , Translatedinto English by Kate Chambers Seelye, Published by AMS Press, New York http://www.alislam.org/library/links/73-11.html

References 1. Trimizi, Kitabul Eeman 2. Abu Daud, Vol 2, p241 3. Ibn-e-Ma'ja, Vol 1, p163. 4. Abu-Mansur 'abd-al-Kahir ibn-Tahir al-Baghdadi, "Al-Farq Bain Al-Firaq", Translated into English by Kate Chambers Seelye, Published by AMS Press, New York (1966) p22-23. 5. Daily "Nawai Waqt", Lahore Pakistan, 10th October 1974 p4. 6. Daily "The Guardian" (UK), 9th September 1974. 7. "Yanabaiul Muwadat" Part III page 58, by Allama Fazil Saheikh Suleman Ibn Sheikh Ibrahim Alma'aroof NaKhawajah Kalan (Died 1877) Matba'a AL Irfan Saida Bairoot. 8. "Al-Maddad Al Faidh" published by Sharah Deewan Sayedee Umar bin Al-Faridh, Maktabaa Hadhrat Al-Sheikh Ahmad Ali Aimlenji Al-kutabi From Al-Azhar Egypt, 1319 hijra (1901) p38. 9. "Mubda'a o Ma'ad" by Imam Rabbani Mujaddad Alif Thani Sheikh Ahmad Farooqi Naqshbandi Sarhindi Qadas Sirah with Urdu Translation by Hadhrat Maulana Sayed Zawar Hussain Shah Naqshbandi Published by Idarahe Mujaddadiyya, Nazim Abad No. 3 Karachi No. 18 p205. 10. "Al Muraqqatal Mafateeh Sharah Al-Mashkawatal Masabeeh" Lil Muhadith Al-Shaheer Ali bin Sultan Muhammad Al-Qari (Died 1014 hijra) Part I, Maktaba Imdadiyya Multan p248.

69. Ahmadiyya Muslim Community narrations of the same hadith. Talking about the authenticity of thishadith Abu Mansur Abd alKahir ibn-tahir Al-Baghdadi 4 says http://www.alislam.org/library/links/73-03.html

Authenticity of the Hadith Other than Tirmidhi, Ibne Maja [3] gives three independent narrations of the same hadith. Talking about the authenticity of this hadith Abu Mansur Abd al-Kahir ibn-Tahir Al-Baghdadi [4] says: "There are many isnad (independent testimonies) for the tradition dealing with the division of the community. A number of following companions have handed it down as coming from the Prophet (peace be upon him): Anas ibn-Malik, Abu-Hurairah, Abu-l-Darda, Jabir, Abu-Sa'id al-Khidri, Ubai ibn-Ka'b, Abd-Allah ibn-Amr ibn-al-'As, abu-Imamah, Wathilah ibn-al-Aska' and others. It is also handed down that the pious Caliphs mentioned that the community would be divided after them, that one sect only would save itself, and the rest of them would be given to error in this world, and to destruction in the next." So it becomes quite clear that there is no doubt about the authenticity of this hadith and great scholars of Islam like al-Baghdadi regarded this hadith to be an authentic one. While talking about the types of divisions to occur among the Muslim Ummah, Abu-Mansur al-Baghdadi [4] says: Contents Preface Introduction Section 1 ... References 15000 Good Hope Road, Silver Spring MD 20905

70. I900.html Tengku MOHAMMED tahir ibn Badar Shah. Tengku KHAIRUDDIN ibn Mohammed tahir25 MAR 1960 ; Tengku Rahimah binti Mohammed tahir 30 JUL 1961 - ; http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~royalty/malaysia/i900.html

OAS_AD('Top'); Tengku MOHAMMED TAHIR ibn Badar Shah FATHER Tengku Raja Bendahara BADAR SHAH ibn Ala'uddin Shah [18 APR 1893 - 30 OCT 1945] MOTHER Raja Indera binti Raja Ahmad PARTNER Puan Fauziah binti Abdullah Tengku Mariam binti Mohammed Tahir [30 JUN 1954 - ] Tengku KHAIRUDDIN ibn Mohammed Tahir [25 MAR 1960 - ] Tengku Rahimah binti Mohammed Tahir [30 JUL 1961 - ] Tengku MUSTAPHA ibn Mohammed Tahir [25 OCT 1962 - ] Tengku Shahdana binti Mohammed Tahir [13 DEC 1965 - ] Tengku Rozina binti Mohammed Tahir [14 OCT 1967 - ] INDEX HOME PAGE LINKS This page updated on 26 AUG 2003 : Database maintained by Henry Soszynski Generated by Lifelines v3.0.28 (T.T.Wetmore) and Dump_html v1.3 (S.McGee) OAS_AD('Bottom');

71. I904.html Tengku KHAIRUDDIN ibn Mohammed tahir. BORN 25 MAR 1960 FATHER TengkuMOHAMMED tahir ibn Badar Shah MOTHER Puan Fauziah binti Abdullah http://freepages.genealogy.rootsweb.com/~royalty/malaysia/i904.html

OAS_AD('Top'); Tengku KHAIRUDDIN ibn Mohammed Tahir BORN : 25 MAR 1960 FATHER Tengku MOHAMMED TAHIR ibn Badar Shah MOTHER Puan Fauziah binti Abdullah PARTNER Saidatul Faridah bte Abdullah Tengku HARRIS IKHTIARUDDIN ibni Khairuddin [6 AUG 1989 - ] INDEX HOME PAGE LINKS This page updated on 26 AUG 2003 : Database maintained by Henry Soszynski Generated by Lifelines v3.0.28 (T.T.Wetmore) and Dump_html v1.3 (S.McGee) OAS_AD('Bottom');

72. Shawkat Mahmood Toorawa 2004 ibn Abi tahir Tayfur and Arabic Literary Culture A Ninth CenturyBookman in Baghdad (London RoutledgeCurzon) forthcoming. http://www.arts.cornell.edu/nes/Toorawa.0803.CV.html

Shawkat Mahmood Toorawa Department of Near Eastern Studies 408 White Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY Tel Fax Positions Assistant Professor of Arabic Literature and Islamic Studies, Department of Near Eastern Studies Graduate Field: Near Eastern Studies, Medieval Studies Affiliated: Asian Studies, Jewish Studies, Religious Studies, South Asia Program Lecturer in History, Department of Humanities, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius (Promoted to Senior Lecturer, July 2000) College of General Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadedlphia, PA Lecturer in Islamic Civilization, Department of Religion, Duke University, Durham, NC Instructor in Arabic, Asian and African Languages and Literature, Duke University, Durham, NC Teaching Fellow in Arabic, Department of Oriental Studies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA Education University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA PhD in Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (Islamic Near East), with distinction MA in Oriental Studies (Arabic and Islamic Studies) BA (Hons) in Oriental Studies

73. Shawkat Mahmood Toorawa In Wasafiri 30 (Autumn 1999), 2731. 1999 Notes Toward a Biography of ibnAbi tahir Tayfur (d. 893). ibn Abi tahir Tayfur forthcoming. http://www.arts.cornell.edu/nes/SMTCV2.htm

Shawkat Mahmood Toorawa Email smt24@cornell.edu Positions Assistant Professor of Arabic Literature and Islamic Studies, Department of Near Eastern Studies, Cornell University Lecturer in History, Department of Humanities, University of Mauritius, Réduit, Mauritius Lecturer in Islamic Civilization, Department of Religion, Duke University Instructor in Arabic, Asian and African Languages and Literature, Duke University, Durham, NC Teaching Fellow in Arabic, Department of Oriental Studies, University of Pennsylvania Education University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA BA (Hons) in Oriental Studies (Arabic and Islamic Studies), 1985 MA in Oriental Studies (Islamic Near East), 1989 PhD in Asian and Middle Eastern Studies (Islamic Near East), Selected honors and awards 2001 (Fall) Fellowship, ‘Focal Theme: Diaspora,’ Society for the Humanities, Cornell University Fellowship (non-resident), Project on Creolization in the Indian Ocean, Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies, New York University Rockefeller African Humanities Institute Fellowship, W. E. B. Du Bois Institute, Harvard University

74. Ibn Taymiyya/Shah Wali Allah/Ibn `Abd Al-Barr Between the father of Abu tahir (Abu tahir = Muhammad ibn Ibrahim alKurdi al-Madani)and the Hafiz ibn Hajar there are no less than four missing links. http://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/itsw_e.html

HOME quranic hadith fiqh ... email GF Haddad Here is a brief recent Taymiyyan heresiography: Hajj Gibril See also other pages on Ibn Taymiyya: Ibn Taymiyya Ibn Taymiyya and sufism Ibn Jahbal on Ibn Taymiyya Ibn Taymiyah within the Hanbali madhab ... Debate with Ibn Taymiyya: ON TASAWWUF Ibn Ata Allah al-Iskandari document.write('?subject=h-s '); document.write(document.title); document.write('"> email'); v.1.2 home english Last upd: 20 www.livingislam.org

75. "Ibn Khaldun, The Father Of Economics" moral and religious principles on one hand and good government on the other is effectivelyexpounded in his citation and discussion of tahir ibn alHusayn s http://www.georgetown.edu/oweiss/ibn.htm

IBRAHIM M. OWEISS In his Prolegomena (The Muqaddimah), 'Abd al-Rahman Ibn Muhammad Ibn Khaldun al-Hadrami of Tunis (A.D. 1332-1406), commonly known as Ibn Khaldun, laid down the foundations of different fields of knowledge, in particular the science of civilization (al-'umran). His significant contributions to economics, however, should place him in the history of economic thought as a major forerunner, if not the "father," of economics, a title which has been given to Adam Smith, whose great works were published some three hundred and seventy years after Ibn Khaldun's death. Not only did Ibn Khaldun plant the germinating seeds of classical economics, whether in production, supply, or cost, but he also pioneered in consumption, demand, and utility, the cornerstones of modern economic theory. Before Ibn Khaldun, Plato and his contemporary Xenophon presented, probably for the first time In writing, a crude account of the specialization and division of labor. On a non-theoretical level, the ancient Egyptians used the techniques of specialization, particularly in the era of the Eighteenth Dynasty, in order to save time and to produce more work per hour. Following Plato, Aristotle proposed a definition of economics and considered the use of money in his analysis of exchange. His example of the use of a shoe for wear and for its use in exchange was later presented by Adam Smith as the value in use and the value in exchange. Another aspect of economic thought before Ibn Khaldun was that of the Scholastics and of the Canonites, who proposed placing economics within the framework of laws based on religious and moral perceptions for the good of all human beings. Therefore all economic activities were to be undertaken in accordance with such laws.

76. Overzicht Auteur Ibn Gallun, Al-Tahir Zoeken Auteurs Home Overzicht auteur ibn Gallun, altahir Naam reeks, Volgnummer,Titel, Geen, 1, Zoon van haar vader, Info. Geen, 2, Gewijde nacht, Info. http://www.bibliolink.nl/cat/neede/deelwerken/dw.php?dauteur=Ibn Gallun, al-Tahi

77. ASIL CUP 2003 - StraightEgyptians.com ibn Maisa). PhotoMelzer. Photo Gutersohn Senior Champion tahir (Imperial Imdal x Tiffaha). http://www.straightegyptians.com/international/asilcup03/

August 29 - 31, 2003 Marbach/Germany Photo: Toischel Loubna "Best Horse of the Show" Photo: Melzer Click the pictures to enlarge - All Photos by - Alle Fotos von Erwin Escher Doriz Melzer Carola Toischel Thomas Gutersohn Photo: Escher The Asil Cup was held at the historical grounds of the Marbach State Stud in Germany in conjunction with Marbach's popular "Summer Parade". Thousands of visitors lined the arena and cheered on the champion horses. Though the weather wasn't especially nice (sometimes it rained cats and dogs) no one left its place - the performances of the many different riders and horses of the parade was simply too good to be missed. Der Asil Cup fand in diesem Jahr zum ersten und hoffentlich nicht zum letzten Mal auf historischem Boden im Haupt- und Landgestüt Marbach statt - und zwar in Verbindung mit der beliebten Marbacher "Sommerparade". Tausende säumten die Arena und hielten trotz des strömenden Regens tapfer aus - aus Angst etwas von den mitreissenden Vorführungen zu verpassen, die von den "Marbachern" und Asil Club-Mitgliedern zum besten gegeben wurden.

78. IPC Website: History XL 813 AD, The Khorasanian army under tahir ibn AlHussain besieged and conquered Baghdadfor Al-Ma mun. 849 AD, Abdullah ibn Al-tahir of Taherids passes away. http://hometown.aol.com/ahreemanxii/page36.html

Main htmlAdWH('7002679', '234', '60'); IPC History 222 Years of Struggle for Independence of Iran (651 AD - 873 AD) part four Occupation Years (651 AD - 873 AD) Lets review a series of events during occupation years. Opponents of Ottoman (3rd caliph of Rashedin) murdered him at 656 AD. They were basically against his financial and administrative policies. At 656 AD, Ali first Shiite Imam), cousin and son-in-law of the Prophet Muhammad, seat of government in Kufa started his caliphate. Civil war between the party of Ali (Beginning of Shiite Movement) and his opponents from among the Quraysh Tribe, occurred. During 656 AD, Ali was victorious in the "Battle of the Camel" at Basra (North of Persian Gulf, a port on Arvand River). Ali defeated his political Ayesheh . The once child bride of Muhammad the Prophet, wedded to him at age 6 (According to Muhammad, he did not have sex young warrior woman fought bravely against Ali, but Ali was the ultimate symbol of 600 Prisoners of War (POW) in one day (Battle of Kheybar). It is known that Ali of his famous sword lost its sharpness! Ali was a kind of beast, whom his

79. Salaam Knowledge Diary. A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z. BiographicalData Name tahir ibn Al Husayn. Period 822. Biographical http://www.salaam.co.uk/knowledge/biography/viewentry.php?id=1637

80. Islamic History In Arabia And Middle East When, for example, alMamun marched from Khorasan to Baghdad, he left a trustedgeneral named tahir ibn al-Husayn in charge of the eastern province. http://www.islamicity.com/mosque/ihame/Sec7.htm

Islam and Islamic History in Arabia and The Middle East The Golden Age The Message The Hijrah The Rightly Guided Caliphs The Umayyads ... Revival in The Arab East Related Topics The Holy Quran The Faith of Islam Arabic Writing Science and Scholarship in Al-Andalus ... Arabic Numerals THE GOLDEN AGE: The early 'Abbasids were also fortunate in the caliber of their caliphs, especially after Harun al-Rashid came to the caliphate in 786. His reign is now the most famous in the annals of the 'Abbasids - partly because of the fictional role given him in The Thousand and One Nights (portions of which probably date from his reign), but also because his reign and those of his immediate successors marked the high point of the 'Abbasid period. As the Arab chronicles put it, Harun al-Rashid ruled when the world was young, a felicitous description of what in later times has come to be called the Golden Age of Islam. The Golden Age was a period of unrivaled intellectual activity in all fields: science, technology, and (as a result of intensive study of the Islamic faith) literature - particularly biography, history, and linguistics. Scholars, for example, in collecting and reexamining the hadith, or "traditions" - the sayings and actions of the Prophet - compiled immense biographical detail about the Prophet and other information, historic and linguistic, about the Prophet's era. This led to such memorable works as Sirat Rasul Allah, the "Life of the Messenger of God," by Ibn Ishaq, later revised by Ibn Hisham; one of the earliest Arabic historical works, it was a key source of information about the Prophet's life and also a model for other important works of history such as al-Tabari's Annals of the Apostles and the Kings and his massive commentary on the Quran.

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