41. History Of Alexandria: The Ptolemaic Legacy as Archimedes screw, and, in the second century BC, that hypsicles first divided wasavailable in any library worldwide that was not available in alexandria. http://ce.eng.usf.edu/pharos/Alexandria/History/legacy.html

The Ptolemaic Legacy The Mouseion / Library When Ptolemy Soter assumed power, he asked Demitrius Phalerus , a follower of Aristotle , to found a library system at Alexandria that would rival that of Athens. The Alexandrian Mouseion , however, far superseded its Greek prototype to become an intellectual and scientific institution; a university system rather than a bibliotheca. It was here, in the third century BC, that Archimedes invented the pump still in use today and known as Archimedes' screw , and, in the second century BC, that Hypsicles first divided the circle of the zodiac into 360 degrees. Ancient historians claim that the library's 500,000 book collection was so comprehensive that no manuscript was available in any library worldwide that was not available in Alexandria. Mathematics Have you ever heard of Euclidean Geometry? Did you know that Euclid lived, developed his theories, and wrote Elements at the Alexandria Mouseion during the reign of Ptolemy II Philadelphus? In his Elements , Euclid provided a comprehensive analysis of geometry, proportions, and theory of numbers. His other notable contribution

42. Bibliotheca Alexandrina - A History Of The Library Of Alexandria he believed the Earth was round, and knowing the distance between alexandria andAswan Also in the 2nd century BC, hypsicles first divided the circle of the http://www.arabworldbooks.com/bibliothecaAlexandrina.htm

Articles Menu BIBLIOTHECA ALEXANDRINA Home Authors' Home Bookstore Readers' Club ... Links Arab World Books In the Media Services Contact Us Search our Site The ancient library of Alexandria and the re-built of the modern one By: Sameh M. Arab. MD, PhD Click here for our book selections related to the Library Alexandria, the main harbor of Egypt on the Mediterranean, was once called “The pearl of the Mediterranean”. Strabo, the geographer in the 1st century AD, called Alexandria “The greatest emporium of the inhabited world”. The city was supposed to witness the inauguration of its re-built famous library, “Bibliotheca Alexandrina” on 23 April 2002, a date that was postponed due to the ongoing political strains in the Middle East. The word “bibliotheca” comes from the Greek word for “books”, since the ancient library belonged to the Hellenistic period. Alexander the Great built the city in 331 BC, and upon his death his widespread empire was divided among several rulers. Ptolemy, one of his generals, chose Egypt and started a new royal house. Alexandria became the capital of the state, and by the year 200 B.C., it grew into the largest metropolis in the world, and became the world's scientific and intellectual Mecca. The legacy of the Ptolemies was highlighted by major achievements, notably its university, the Great Library, the lighthouse that was considered among the Seven Wonders of the World, as well as the “Temple of Serapis” and the “Heptastadion” that connected the Island of Pharos with Alexandria. Although ancient Egypt had known papyrus libraries as far as 3200 B.C., and Athens had a great library in the 4th century B.C., the “Bibliotheca Alexandrina” was the largest in all antiquity. It was also a part of a research institute, known as the “Alexandrian Museum” or “Mouseion” - a word related to the shrine of the “Muses” which was a customary feature of the Greek schools that attributed philosophic and artistic inspiration to the Muses and science.

43. Fabled Library Of Alexandria Unearthed! the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World), the Library of alexandria, which was usetoday, that Euclid wrote the rules of geometry, that hypsicles first divided http://www.politicscafe.com/forum/index.php?board=15;action=display;threadid=166

44. Mercury News 05/09/2004 University Site At Alexandria Is of the Seven Wonders of the World), the Library of alexandria, which was in use today,that Euclid invented the rules of geometry, that hypsicles first divided http://www.philly.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/8625811.htm

45. Euclid, Elements (ed. Thomas L. Heath) Apollonius. According to another version hypsicles, a pupil of Euclidat alexandria, offered to the king and published Books XIV. http://www.chlt.org/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0086

46. Archaeologists Find University Of Alexandria South Florida Sun the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World the Library of alexandria, which was today,that Euclid invented the rules of geometry, that hypsicles first divided http://www.sun-sentinel.com/news/nationworld/sfl-alexandria09may09,0,2314861.sto

47. Argus Online - Local Regional News the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World), the Library of alexandria, which was today,that Euclid invented the rules of geometry, that hypsicles first divided http://www.theargusonline.com/Stories/0,1413,83%7E1968%7E2137404,00.html

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48. The Telegraph - Calcutta : International alexandria was a tiny fishing village on the northwestern delta of the Nile pump stillin use today, Euclid invented rules of geometry, hypsicles first divided http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040510/asp/foreign/story_3227828.asp

Monday, May 10, 2004 Advertise with us IN TODAY'S PAPER Front Page Nation Calcutta Bengal ... At Leisure CITY NEWSLINES Choose Region Metro North Bengal Northeast Guwahati Jamshedpur Jharkhand Ranchi ARCHIVES Since 1st March, 1999 THE TELEGRAPH About Us Advertise Feedback Contact Us ... International THOMAS H. MAUGH Los Angeles, May 9: A Polish-Egyptian team has unearthed the site of the fabled University of Alexandria, home of Archimedes, Euclid and a host of other scholars from the era when Alexandria dominated the Mediterranean. The team has found 13 individual lecture halls, or auditoria, that could have accommodated as many as 5,000 students, according to archaeologist Zahi Hawass, president of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities. The classrooms are on the eastern edge of a large public square in the the Late Antique section of modern Alexandria and are adjacent to a previously discovered theatre that is now believed to be part of the university complex, Hawass said. All 13 of the auditoria have similar dimensions and internal arrangements, he added. They feature rows of stepped benches running along the walls on three sides of the rooms, sometimes forming a joined “U” at one end.

49. Index Of Ancient Greek Philosophers-Scientists Greek mathematician. It is believed that hypsicles introduced the 360 degreecircle to Greek mathematics. Heron (alexandria, 1st century BC). Engineer. http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/hellinistic_period.html

Hellinistic/Alexandrian period (4th century B.C. - 5th century A.D.) This period marking advances in astronomy, mathematics and medicine. Hellinistic refers to the Greeks and others who lived after Alexander the Great's conquests, during which there existed a mixture of civilizations. Important schools of this period include Epicurianism, Stoiciscm , and Skeptisicm Philosophers-Scientists Epicurus of Samos (341-270 B.C.). Founder of the philosophical school of Epicurianism which, similar to the Atomists, believed that atoms are fundamental parts of the real world. Believed that fate was governed by laws of nature and not some mysterious gods. Straton (Lambsacus, 340-290 B.C.). Greek physicist. Conducted experiments leading him to discover that bodies accelerate when they fall. However, erroneously, he also believes that heavier bodies fall faster. Also studied the lever, but does not find it's law. His work emphasizes the use of experimentation for scientific research. Lived in Alexandria, then moved to Athens to head the Aristitle's Lyceum after Theophrastos. Zenon of Citius (4th century B.C.).

50. Index Of Ancient Greek Scientists Like Plato, he disregarded practicality. Links Euclid of alexandria, Universityof St Andrews, Scotland, Euclid, Encyclopedia Britannica; hypsicles (180 BC). http://www.ics.forth.gr/~vsiris/ancient_greeks/whole_list.html

not complete Agatharchos. Greek mathematician. Discovered the laws of perspectives. Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (480-430 B.C.). Greek philosopher. Believed that a large number of seeds make up the properties of materials, that heavenly bodies are made up of the same materials as Earth and that the sun is a large, hot, glowing rock. Discovered that the moon reflected light and formulated the correct theory for the eclipses. Erroneously believed that the Earth was flat. Links: Anaxagoras of Clazomenae, MIT Anaximander (610-545 B.C.). Greek astronomer and philosopher, pupil of Thales. Introduced the apeiron (infinity). Formulated a theory of origin and evolution of life, according to which life originated in the sea from the moist element which evaporated from the sun ( On Nature ). Was the first to model the Earth according to scientific principles. According to him, the Earth was a cylinder with a north-south curvature, suspended freely in space, and the stars where attached to a sphere that rotated around Earth. Links: Anaximander, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy

51. New Titles Cataloged. Brown University Library. Ruprecht, 1964. 1SIZE AS182 .G812, hypsicles, of alexandria, Hypsikles;die Aufgangszeiten der Gestirne, hrsg. und übersetzt von http://dl.lib.brown.edu/newtitles/PREVIOUS/lcsearch.php?subject=A

52. The Beginnings Of Trigonometry Hipparchus is credited as generalizing hypsicles idea of dividing the ecliptic into BothPappus and Proclus call him Menelaus of alexandria (Heath 260), so we http://www.math.rutgers.edu/~cherlin/History/Papers2000/hunt.html

The Beginnings of Trigonometry Joseph Hunt History of Mathematics Rutgers, Spring 2000 The ancient Greeks transformed trigonometry into an ordered science. Astronomy was the driving force behind advancements in trigonometry. Most of the early advancements in trigonometry were in spherical trigonometry mostly because of its application to astronomy. The three main figures that we know of in the development of Greek trigonometry are Hipparchus, Menelaus, and Ptolomy. There were likely other contributors but over time their works have been loss and their names have been forgotten. "Even if he did not invent it, Hipparchus is the first person of whose systematic use of trigonometry we have documentary evidence." (Heath 257) Some historians go as far as to say that he invented trigonometry. Not much is known about the life of Hipp archus. It is believed that he was born at Nicaea in Bithynia. (Sarton 285) The town of Nicaea is now called Iznik and is situated in northwestern Turkey. Founded in the 4th century BC, Nicaea lies on the eastern shore of Lake Iznik. He is one of the g reatest astronomers of all time. We know from Ptolemy's references that he made astronomical observations from 161 to 127 BC. (Sarton 285) Unfortunately, nearly all of his works are lost, and all that remains is his commentary on the Phainomena of Eudoxos of Cnidos, and a commentary on an astronomical poem by Aratos of Soloi. (Sarton 285) Most of what we know about Hipparchus comes from Ptolemy's

53. Math History - Pre-historic And Ancient Times magnitudes. About 150BC, hypsicles writes On the Ascension of Stars. fractions.About 60, Heron of alexandria writes Metrica (Measurements). http://lahabra.seniorhigh.net/pages/teachers/pages/math/timeline/MpreAndAncient.

54. Greek For Euclid: Contents known of the life of Euclid, except that he worked in alexandria, and is 13 Books(two more were added later, apparently the work of hypsicles, and generally http://www.du.edu/~etuttle/classics/nugreek/contents.htm

Reading Euclid This course combines Greek and Geometry to show how to read Euclid's Elements in the original language "I would make them all learn English; and then I would let the clever ones learn Latin as an honour, and Greek as a treat" Sir Winston Churchill Go immediately to Contents Introduction Eu)klei/dou Stoixei~a , Euclid's Elements, the classical textbook in geometry, is easy to read in the original ancient Greek, but its grammar and vocabulary are not those familiar from the usual course in elementary Greek, with peculiarities that make it difficult for the beginner. The text of the Elements that we have is written in the literary koinh/ typical of the 1st century AD. This course concentrates on exactly what is necessary to read Euclid, both in vocabulary and grammar. Its sole aim is to teach how to read this work, and similar texts in Greek mathematics, and not to compose Greek sentences, nor to read the Iliad or Plato. All necessary information is included in the course. A great amount of scholarship has been devoted to Euclid, mainly in Latin or German, and this course may expose some of it to a larger audience, to whom it has been largely inaccessible. For authoritative details, reference must be made to these sources, since the present one claims no expertise. There are many websites with information on Euclid and geometry. For example, look at the link to Euclid in the Seven Wonders website that is referenced in the Classics Index page, under the heading Pharos of Alexandria. As is typical of education on the Internet, many sites are poor, repetitive or childish, however.

55. The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Site Of Ancient University Found In Egypt It was in alexandria that Archimedes invented the screwshaped fluid pump still inuse today, that Euclid invented the rules of geometry, that hypsicles first http://snipurl.com/6972

Your account Today's news index Weather Traffic ... SERVICES Sunday, May 09, 2004 - Page updated at 12:00 A.M. Site of ancient university found in Egypt By Thomas H. Maugh II Los Angeles Times E-mail this article Print this article Search archive Most e-mailed articles A Polish-Egyptian team has unearthed the site of the fabled University of Alexandria, home of Archimedes, Euclid and a host of other scholars from the era 2,300 years ago when the coastal Egyptian city dominated the Mediterranean. The team has found 13 individual lecture halls, or auditoria, that could have accommodated as many as 5,000 students, according to archaeologist Zahi Hawass, president of Egypt's Supreme Council of Antiquities. The classrooms are on the eastern edge of a large public square in the Late Antique section of modern Alexandria and are adjacent to a previously discovered theater that is now believed to be part of the university complex, Hawass said. The most conspicuous feature of the rooms, he said, is an elevated seat placed in the middle of the "U," most likely designed for the lecturer. The discovery is "incredibly impressive," said Willeke Wendrich, an archaeologist at the University of California, Los Angeles. "We knew it existed and was an extremely famous center for learning, but we knew it only from textual accounts. ... We never knew the site."

56. Table Of Contents The Second Century before Christ. hypsicles (Euclid, book XIV). Nicomedes. Diocles .Perseus. Foundation of trigonometry. HERO of alexandria, circ. 125 BC . http://web.doverpublications.com/cgi-bin/toc.pl/0486206300

American History, American...... American Indians Anthropology, Folklore, My...... Antiques Architecture Art Bridge and Other Card Game...... Business and Economics Chess Children Clip Art and Design on CD-...... Cookbooks, Nutrition Crafts Detective, Ghost , Superna...... Dover Patriot Shop Ethnic Interest Features Gift Certificates Gift Ideas History, Political Science...... Holidays Humor Languages and Linguistics Literature Magic, Legerdemain Military History, Weapons ...... Music Nature Performing Arts, Drama, Fi...... Philosophy and Religion Photography Posters Puzzles, Amusement, Recrea...... Science and Mathematics Sociology, Anthropology, M...... Sports, Out-of-Door Activi...... Stationery, Gift Sets Stationery, Seasonal Books...... Summer Fun Shop Summer Reading Shop Travel and Adventure Women's Studies A Short Account of the History of Mathematics by W. W. Rouse Ball ISBN: 0486206300 Dover Publications Price: $16.95 click here to see this book This text remains one of the clearest, most authoritative and most accurate works in the field. The standard history treats hundreds of figures and schools instrumental in the development of mathematics-from the Phoenicians to such 19th-century giants as Grassman, Galois, Riemann. Table of Contents for A Short Account of the History of Mathematics PREFACE TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. EGYPTIAN AND PHOENICIAN MATHEMATICS.

57. How Greek Science Passed To The Arabs The complete curriculum of the medical school of alexandria was thus made Luqa alBa lbakki,a Syrian Christian, who translated hypsicles, Theodosius Sphaerica http://www.aina.org/aol/peter/greek.htm

Book review: How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs ( online book Peter BetBasoo Title How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs Author De Lacy O'Leary, D.D. Date 1949 (according to the inside title page: "owing to production delays this book was published in 1980") Pages 196 Index Yes Table of Contents I Introduction II Helenism in Asia 1. Hellenization of Syria 2. The Frontier Provinces 3. Foundation of Jundi-Shapur 4. Diocletian and Constantine III The Legacy of Greece 1. Alexandrian Science 2. Philosophy 3. Greek Mathematicians 4. Greek Medicine IV Christianity as a Hellenizing Force 1. Hellenistic Atmosphere of Christianity 2. Expansion of Christianity 3. Ecclesiastical Organization V The Nestorians 1. First School of Nisibis 2. School of Edessa 3. Nestorian Schism 4. Dark Period of the Nestorian Church 5. The Nestorian Reformation VI The Monophysites 1. Beginning of Monophysitism 2. The Monophysite Schism 3. Persecution of the Monophysites 4. Organization of the Monophysite Church 5. Persian Monophysites VII Indian Influence, I: The Sea Route 1. The Sea Route to India

58. How Greek Science Passed To The Arabs hypsicles (circ. 180 BC), of alexandria, may have been the author of what is knownas the fourteenth book of Euclid, containing seven propositions on regular http://www.aina.org/books/hgsptta.htm

How Greek Science Passed to the Arabs By De Lacy O'Leary D.D. First published in Great Britain in 1949 Reprinted three times. This edition first published in 1979 39 Store Street, London WC1E7DD, Broadway House, Newtown Road, Henley-on-Thames, Oxon RG91EN and 9 Park Street, Boston, Mass. 02108, USA Printed in Great Britain by Caledonian Graphics Cumbernauld, Scotland ISBN 7100 1903 3 Assyrian International News Agency Books Online www.aina.org read book review Contents CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION CHAPTER II HELLENISM IN ASIA ... BIBLIOGRAPHY CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION THERE is a certain analogy between civilization and an infectious disease. Both pass from one community to another by contact, and whenever either breaks out, one of our first thoughts is, Where did the infection come from? In both alike there is the unanswered question, Where did it first originate? Do all outbreaks trace back to one primary source, or have there been several independent starting points? In reading the autobiography of that distinguished Orientalist Sir Denison Ross, there is a letter received from some inquirer which contains the sentence remarking what a good thing it would be if we could find out "how, and in what form, the Greek and Latin writers found their way to the ken of the Arab or Persian or Turkish student" (Sir Denison Ross, Both Ends of the Candle

59. This Week The University of alexandria was where Euclid developed geometry and Archimedes describedthe displacement of water. Its scholars also included hypsicles, who http://www.calacademy.org/thisweek/archive/ This Week 2004/20040512.html

NATURAL SCIENCE HIGHLIGHTS May 12, 2004 SUBSCRIBE ARCHIVE Concise coverage of natural science news with an emphasis on stories about California and the West. Items are compiled by the staff of California Wild and the Academy's Biodiversity Resource Center. This Week Quick Guide: Alexander's University Euro Hummers Milky Way Arm Bamboo Bust ... Frog Poison To contact This Week in California Wild, e-mail calwild@calacademy.org or write to Kathleen Wong, This Week in California Wild, California Academy of Sciences, 875 Howard Street, San Francisco, CA 94103 Famed University of Alexandria Found Los Angeles Times Hummingbirds May Have Originated In Europe A pair of hummingbird-like fossils have been found in what is now Europe. Found in southern Germany, the fossils demonstrate that these New World birds may have evolved in Europe. Zoologist Gerald Mayr of the Senkenberg Natural History Museum in Frankfurt, Germany, reports in the journal Science that the long, slender beaks and delicate wings of the fossils are startlingly similar to those of the modern hummingbird genus Trochilus. These 30-million-years old fossils are not only the first record of these birds found outside the Americas, but are also the oldest known examples of modern hummingbirds yet found. The announcement has also excited botanists, who believe the presence of hummingbirds in Europe may explain the shape of some Old World flowers today.

60. Syriac Christians Passed Greek Science To The Arabs The complete curriculum of the medical school of alexandria was thus made Luqa alBa lbakki,a Syriac Christian, who translated hypsicles, Theodosius Sphaerica http://phoenicia.org/xtiantranslateforarabs.html

A Bequest Unearthed Phoenicia Encyclopedia Phoeniciana Syriac Christians Passed Greek Science to the Arabs by De Lacy O'Leary, D.D. 900 pages on Phoenicians Search Phoenicia Get a Search Eine For Your Site TRANSLATE this page Translation of Greek knowledge to Arabic by Syriac (Phoenician) Christians was the corner stone in civilizing the Arabs and jump-starting their contribution to Western thought. Table of Contents I Introduction II Helenism in Asia 1. Hellenization of Syria 2. The Frontier Provinces 3. Foundation of Jundi-Shapur 4. Diocletian and Constantine III The Legacy of Greece 1. Alexandrian Science 2. Philosophy 3. Greek Mathematicians 4. Greek Medicine IV Christianity as a Hellenizing Force 1. Hellenistic Atmosphere of Christianity 2. Expansion of Christianity

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