81. Outline - Post-Classical Science - History Of Science Study Guide - Dr Robert A. 3. hunayn ibn ishaq (c. 850) translations of Galen, Ptolemy s astronomy,Euclid s geometry, other technical treatises. C.Mathematics. http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-S

POST-CLASSICAL SCIENCE: AN OVERVIEW I. Alexandrian-Hellenistic Science A. The Museum of Alexandria and the institutionalization of knowledge. Center of Classical research which provided the beginnings of institutional science. Emphasis placed on scholarship and textual criticism. Strong neo-platonic bent (that is, more mystical interpretation of Plato) Important scientific thinkers. a. Ptolemy: synthesis of mathematical-observational astronomy. b. Diophantus: development of algebra. c. Galen: medical thought, anatomy, physiology. II. Roman Science A. A rather superfical record-keeping encyclopedic tradition (pliny, Seneca, Boethius, Varro, etc.). B. A dilettantish approach to Greek science among the elite, typified by handbooks dealing only with the product of Greek inquiry; emphasis on rhetoric. C. Lack of origional scientific-philosophic though. D. Some translations to Latin of Greek mathematics and Aristotelian metaphysics (Boethius). E. Emphesis was on technology: aquaducts, water wheel (Vitruvius), military applications, agriculture. F. Apparently no conscious decision to apply scientific thought and knowledge to social problems accompanied this technology.

82. Midterm Exam Study Questions Be prepared to give illustrations of your argument with reference to the followingArab medical writers hunayn ibn ishaq (Johannitius), alRazi (Rhazes), Ibn http://www.nmsu.edu/~honors/304_midqu.html

History 304 Midterm Exam Study Questions The midterm exam will consist of 3 parts for a total of 100 points: Identifications (5) 25 points Descriptive essay that may be from the readings, class discussions and/or sourcebook. 25 points. Interpretive essay requiring integration of factual information with interpretation and the development of a thesis or argument. 50 points The following questions are intended to help guide your study for the midterm. The midterm exam question will not be one of the study questions exactly as worded, but may be a variant of one or a combination of more than one. If you study for these questions you will be prepared for the midterm. (1) Explain the Hippocratic conception of health and disease. What changes did Galen make to the Hippocratic medicine and what was the significance of these changes? (2) Be able to identify and explain the historical significance of these important ancient Greek and Roman medical personalities: Hippocrates, Galen, Celsus, Dioscorides. (3) What was the significance of Hippocrates's analysis of the so-called "sacred disease"? Be prepared to give a detailed analysis of Hippocrates's treatise

83. Title Harvey. hunayn ibn ishaq (died 873 AD), was a professional opticianmany years before Anton Van Leeuwenhoek and Galileo. Sholto http://my.cybersoup.com/africanchurch/digest.html

Editor: Bhekizifundiswa Ngidi AFROCENTRIC DIGEST Afrocentric Sites Africa 2000 African By Nature Black Mind U.N.I.A. ... Vusezakithi Blackonomics Abantu Art Family Tree Records Ifama Jackson Izwelethu Tours ... Sweet Unity Farms People Aime Cesaire Carlos Cooks Chancellor Williams Edward W. Blyden ... War Correspondent Health Vitamin Therapy The X Files Religion Afrocentric Fellowship Conscious Rasta Events African Study Groups Email Us Top Story: Volume 1, Number 1 White Supremacy - Michael Moore Central to colonialism and imperialism, has been the myth of white European superiority. Unless the Africans and Asians could be considered as lesser human beings, it was difficult to justify their treatment under colonialism. Full Story Other News: Black Skin - Juliannah Peters A leading independent biologist claims that Black skin could be better at protecting against disease than white skin. Full Story - Junious Ricardo Stanton "The closing of the Egyptian temples by the order of Emperor Justinian in the fifth century A.D. anticipated and symbolized the "2000 seasons" of the attempt to destroy African civilization. In the name of "the only true religion" or "higher civilization" or "progress" century after century has witnessed the dismantling, deforming and defaming of African institutions, a necessary precondition for the more perfect exploitation of African peoples and resources. Full Story Western history of voter rigging - Thami kaPlaatje The elections in Zimbabwe have been followed by unrelenting and sometimes, irrational condemnations on the part of western powers and their apologists. At the root of the noise has been the denouncement of the Zimbabwean elections as having been unfree and unfair. The Zimbabwean Elections have brought to the international or even continental attention the critical issue of the role of election monitors and observers.

84. Islamset - Characterstics Of Islamic Civilization His student hunayn ibn ishaq (d. 260 AH) known also as Yohanitus orJoannitus continued his studies in Rome, Alexandria and Persia. http://www.islamset.com/islam/civil/charac.html

Home Islam Islamic Civilization Characterstics of Islamic Civilization The Abbasid State depended on natives of the conquered countries affiliated to deep-rooted civilizations like the Sasanids in Iraq and Persia. This civilization contained a special Asian legacy with Chinese and Indian contributions. The Byzantine civilization also contributed in countries surrounding the Mediterranean with Greek origins because the Byzantines and Romans were students of the Greeks in the major cultural centres in Alexandria, Harran, Raha, Antioch, and Nseiben. The Arabs had an ancient legacy from Ma'in, Saba' and Himyar in Yemen, and a civilization in the Hejaz that was well-known for its commercial and religious activities. However, they found in the conquered countries developed civilizations with organized governments, advanced economic systems in agriculture, irrigation and industry and in sciences such as mathematics, astronomy and physics. By incorporating those peoples, the Abbasid state forged them into an Islamic culture. This unification underlies the striking scientific progress extending from the beginning of the Abbasid state to the end of the fourth Hijri century. And if the Arab Islamic state in early Islam take credit for conquest, expansion and contact with ancient civilizations, the Abbasid state also preserved the origins of these civilizations and took advantage of their development and prosperity. Muslims copied, translated and Arabized this ancient legacy. Starting with assimilation, they continued with their own innovation and development to give the world what is known as Arab-Islamic civilization that combines three elements found only in major civilizations: excellence, originality and the development of humanity.

85. Abstracts Vol.2 No.2, 2000 in the work of the medieval biographer, Ibn Abi Usaybi`a, the famous ninthcenturytranslator of Greek sciences into Arabic, hunayn ibn ishaq, reports on http://www.riifs.org/abstracts/Abstractsvo2no2.htm

About RIIFS Publications Journal (BRIIFS) Nashra ... Contact us ALL Abstracts [ Royal Institute for Inter-Faith Studies Submissions to BRIIFS BRIIFS Subscription BRIIFS Contents Abstracts Essays Abstracts BRIIFS Volume 2, Number 2 (Autumn 2000) Hastings Donnan Private Acts and Public Violence: Interfaith Marriages in Northern Ireland Sharifah Zaleha Syed Hassan Islamic Revivalism and Social Cleavages in an Urban Community in Malaysia Samir Seikaly Christian Contributions to the Nahda in Palestine Prior to World War I Douglas H. Johnson Religion and Communal Conflict in the Sudan: The War against Paganism George Saliba Competition and the Transmission of the Foreign Sciences: Hunayn at the Abbasid Court Ali S. Asani Muslims in South Asia: Defining Community and the 'Other' L. Michael Spath De Lege Sarracenorum according Toriccoldo da Monte Croce Elizabeth Koepping Family, State and Religious Conversion: Multiple Discourses from Malaysia and South Australia

86. Different Aspects Of Islamic Cultures: International Scientific Committee Cultures, 1997 Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, Boston, London, 1997, HelaineSelin, ed, papers on Ibn alNafis (pp.409-410), hunayn ibn ishaq (pp. http://www.unesco.org/culture/aic/html_eng/comite.htm

description of project International Scientific Committee authors online chapter bibliography and references photo gallery Dr Idris El-Hareir (Chairman) Author of about 25 studies in History. Since 1998, he is the Delegate of the World Islamic Call Society to UNESCO. http://www.islamic-call.org/ , World Islamic Call Society Professor A. Bouhdiba Professor of Law at De Paul College, Chicago. Secretary-general of the International Association of Penal Law. President of the International Institute of Criminal Science. Author of numerous publications, including The Islamic Criminal Justice System. http://www.depaul.edu/ , De Paul College, Chicago Professor A.Y. al-Hassan Educated in Jerusalem, Cairo and London, with a Ph.D. in Mechanical Engineering. He was Dean of Engineering, President of the University of Aleppo, and Minister of Petroleum, Electricity and Mineral Resources in Damascus. He established in 1974 the Institute for the History of Arabic Science at the University of Aleppo, and was its first Director. He was for some years Visiting Professor at the Department for the History and Philosophy of Science, University College, London, and Visiting Professor at the Department of Middle East and Islamic Studies, University of Toronto. He is an Associate of the Institute for the History and Philosophy of Science and Technology at the University of Toronto. He is an editor of the

87. Hunayn Ibn-Ishaq: A Forgotten Legend hunayn ibnishaq A Forgotten Legend Born to a Nestorian druggist in al-Hira near BabyIon hunayn ibn-ishaq followed in the footsteps of his father http://www.assyrianms.com/Hunaynibnishaq.html

Hunayn ibn-Ishaq: A Forgotten Legend SAMIR JOHNA, M.D., F.A.C.S. From the Department of Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, California IT DOES NOT MATTER whether we like the history of science or not. If we were to understand the continuity of medical science progress we must study the science of the ancient times, the Middle Ages, and the Renaissance because they are not exclusive but rather overlapping. The Greek miracle of marvelous arts, science and culture over two centuries before the Christian era came very close to perishing if it were not for its transmission through the dark ages. Perhaps it is best stated by Sarton'. "Transmission is as important as discovery." If all of the ancient science had been hidden instead of published or had been lost in transmission it would be almost as if it had never been.z With the revolution in communications today the transmission of science is almost automatic and instantaneous providing an easy access for the exchange of expertise. This was not the case in earlier ages. Scientists faced enormous economic, logistic, and political difficulties that made the exchange of expertise very slow and limited. Most of the discoveries had to migrate from one continent to another or had to be translated from a language to another before they became integrated in our intellectual patrimony. Thanks to the Nestorian (Christian) schools and scholars in Mesopotamia (Edessa and Gondi-Shapor) the translations took place from Greek into Syriac or Aramaic and from the Syriac into Arabic during the third to seventh centuries of the Christian era.

88. Hunein Ibn Ishak Hunein ibn Ishak (809 - 873 or 877) By Fred Aprim It is written that it would bea rearity to find any Arabic hunayn bin (son of) ishaq s (Iskhaq in Syriac http://www.nestorian.org/hunein_ibn_ishak.html

Hunein Ibn Ishak - (809 - 873 or 877) By Fred Aprim It is written that it would be a rearity to find any Arabic translation of the most popular Greek medicine and philosophy publications without discovering that Syriac was the mean through which the translation took place. Most of the Greek work was translated to Syriac first and then from Syriac into Arabic language. Hunayn bin (son of) Ishaq's (Iskhaq in Syriac / Isaac in English) outline of life and work are well known from his autobiography written in the form of letters to 'Ali bin Yahya. (Text from two manuscripts in the Aya Sofia Mosque at Istanbul, with translation by G. Bergestrasser, Leipzig, 1925) He was a native of Hira, near Baghdad, and the son of a Nestorian druggist (Pharmacist). He is endorsed by his name 'Abadi, which shows that he belonged to the subject people of Hira. Hunayn followed in the footsteps of other Nestorian physicians like Jirgis (Giwargis) bin Bakhtishu (ca. 771) the dean of the Jundi-Shapur hospital (south-western Persia). Jundi-Shapur was noted for its academy of Medicine and Philosophy founded about AD 555. Nothing is known though of the Bakhtishu who was the father of this Jirjis, but the name occurs several times in the course of the history of Baghdad. In AD 765 the Caliph Al-Mansur, afflicted with a stomach disease which had baffled his physicians, summoned for Bakhtishu, who soon won the confidence of the caliph and became the court physician, though he retained his Nestorianism. Invited by the caliph to embrace Islam his retort was that he preferred the company of his fathers, be they in heaven or in hell. Bakhtishu became in Baghdad the founder of a brilliant family which for (6) or (7) generations, covering a period of (2 1/2) centuries, exercised an almost continuous monopoly over the court medical practice. Jibril (Gabriel) bin Bakhtishu, in AD 801 became chief physician of the Baghdad hospital under the Caliph Al-Rashid and in AD 805 the caliph's private physician until his death in AD 829. The Bakhtishu family played an important part in the cultural education of the Arabs.

89. 'Biography Of Muhammad' By Ibn Ishaq The earliest biography of Muhammad, by ibn ishaq. early_life work has survived. ibn ishaq was born in Medina about No copy of ibn ishaq's biography in its original form http://www.hraic.org/hadith/ibn_ishaq.html

The earliest biography of Muhammad, by ibn Ishaq khadija revelation hijra medina ... byzantium INTRODUCTION It is always extremely difficult to be objective about the life of the founder of a great religion - his personality is inevitably blurred by an aura of the miraculous. Early biographers are preoccupied, not with historical fact, but with glorifying in every way the memory of one they believe to have been a Messenger of God or even God Himself. Consequently, there is a rich accretion of myth and miracle, mysterious portents and heavenly signs of residues from other religious beliefs and traditions, the propaganda, in fact, of an expanding faith. All these will be found in the biography of Muhammad which follows. But behind the legendary Muhammad there lies one of the great figures of history, and, although very little is known about his early years - the first certain date being that of the migration from Mecca to Medina, which took place in AD 622 - it is possible to build up the events of his real, as distinct from his symbolic, life. Muhammad was born at Mecca about AD 570 into a poor family of the Quraysh tribe. When he was twenty-five years of age he was employed by Khadija, a wealthy widow, to go with one of her trading caravans to Syria. On the successful completion of the journey, Muhammad married Khadij a, who was some fifteen years older than he. Two sons and four daughters were horn of this marriage. The two boys died in infancy, but one of the daughters, Fatima, married Muhammad's cousin Ali, and it is the descendants of Fatima and Ali who are said to be the true heirs of the Prophet.

90. IBN AL-NAFIS,IBN AL NAFIS, AL NAFIS,great Muslims,great Moslems,famous Muslims,f Qanun, which are still extant. Likewise he wrote a commentary on HunaynIbn ishaq s book. Another famous book embodying his original http://www.famousmuslims.com/IBN AL-NAFIS.htm

Home Page Scientists Discoverer of Pulmonary Circulation : IBN AL-NAFIS Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Dimashqi (known as Ibn Al-Nafis) was born in 1213 A.D. in Damascus. He was educated at the Medical College Hospital (Bimaristan Al-Noori) founded by Noor al-Din Al-Zanki. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learned jurisprudence, literature and theology. He thus became a renowned expert on the Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence as well as a reputed physician. In 1236 Ibn Nafis moved to Egypt and worked in Al-Nassri Hospital then in Al-Mansouri Hospital where he became chief of physicians and the Sultan’s personal physician. When he died in 1288 A.D. he donated his house, library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital . The most voluminous of his books is Al-Shamil fi al-Tibb, which was designed to be an encyclopedia comprising 300 volumes, but was not completed as a result of his death. The manuscript is available in Damascus. His book on ophthalmology is largely an original contribution and is also extant. His book that became most famous, however, was Mujaz al-Qanun (The Summary of Law) and a number of commentaries that were written on this same topic. His commentaries include one on Hippocrates' book, and several volumes on Ibn Sina's Qanun, which are still extant. Likewise he wrote a commentary on Hunayn Ibn Ishaq's book. Another famous book embodying his original contribution was on the effects of diet on health entitled Kitab al-Mukhtar fi al-Aghdhiya.

91. SZ - Libri - Al-Antaki http://www.zamorani.com/Qusta ibn luqa.htm

HOME PAGE Torna alla collana di STORIA Torna alla collana di TESTI E STUDI SUL VICINO ORIENTE Torna alla collana del PATRIMONIO CULTURALE ARABO-CRISTIANO ... PATRIMONIO CULTURALE ARABO CRISTIANO Ibn al-Munaggim e Qusta Ibn Luqa A cura di Ida Zilio-Grandi e Samir Khalil Samir SJ SAMIR KHALIL SAMIR Ha curato volumi su pensatori arabi tale Abu Qurrah, Yahya Ibn ‘Adi, Sawirus Ibn al-Muqaffa‘, Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, Bulus al-Busi; Cento domande sull'islam e IDA ZILIO GRANDI Il libro del sogno veritiero , di qadi ‘Iyad, I miracoli del Profeta , di Ahmad al-Tifasi, Il libro delle pietre preziose ; e la monografia Il Corano e il male cm 15 x 23 - 320 pp. -ISBN 88-7158-127-X - Euro 30,00 Per acquistare questo libro HOME PAGE Torna alla collana di STORIA Torna alla collana di TESTI E STUDI SUL VICINO ORIENTE ... Torna al Catalogo alfabetico SILVIO ZAMORANI EDITORE - C. SAN MAURIZIO, 25 10124 TORINO - ITALIA TEL. 39 011 8125700 e-mail

92. Judaica The Aphorisms, translated in 1283 from the Arabic Kitab alFusul by the famous HunaynIbn ishaq (d. 873), circulated widely in Hebrew under the title Pirqei http://ub.leidenuniv.nl/bc/tentoonstelling/Judaica/object4.htm

Judaica in Leiden An exhibition in Leiden University Library at the occasion of the Congress of European Association of Jewish Studies, Amsterdam 21-25 juli 2002. Inhoud Introduction I. BIBLE AND BIBLE COMMENTARIES II. RABBINIC LITERATURE III. LITURGY IV. SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY V. KARAITICA VI. VII. CHRISTIANITY AND HEBRAISM IV. SCIENCE AND PHILOSOPHY Pirqei Abuqrat Nathan ha-Me’ati (13 th century). Manuscript on parchment, mid-14 th century, Southern Europe. Sefardi semi-cursive script. Or. 4719, ff. 134v-135r ¶ Medical codex containing no less than twenty different texts, all translations of medical scientific works in Arabic by Greek, Muslim and Jewish scholars. From the 12 th century onward, Hebrew translations of Arabic versions of classical works and their commentaries were made. The names of the Ibn Tibbon family, as well as the Kalonymus family, whose work is also included in this codex, are well-known. The lesser known Nathan ha-Me’ati produced several translations of Arabic versions of works by Hippocrates. The Aphorisms , translated in 1283 from the Arabic Kitab al-Fusul by the famous Hunayn Ibn Ishaq (d. 873), circulated widely in Hebrew under the title

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