61. - Great Books - He wrote several volumes on Ibn Sina s Qanun, that are still extant.Likewise he wrote a commentary on hunayn ibn ishaq s book. http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_880.asp

Ibn Nafis (-al) Ala-al-Din Abu al-Hasan Ali Ibn Abi al-Hazm al-Qarshi al-Damashqi al-Misri was born in 607 A.H. of Damascus. He was educated at the Medical College-cum-Hospital founded by Nur al-Din Zangi. In medicine his teacher was Muhazzab al-Din Abd al-Rahim. Apart from medicine, Ibn al-Nafis learnt jurisprudence, literature and theology. He thus became a renowned expert on Shafi'i School of Jurisprudence as well as a reputed physician. After acquiring his expertise in medicine and jurisprudence, he moved to Cairo where he was appointed as the Principal at the famous Nasri Hospital. Here he imparted training to a large number of medical specialists, including Ibn al-Quff al-Masihi, the famous surgeon. He also served at the Mansuriya School at Cairo. When he died in 678 A. H. he donated his house, library and clinic to the Mansuriya Hospital. His major contribution lies in medicine. His approach comprised writing detailed commentaries on early works, critically evaluating them and adding his own original contribution. His major original contribution of great significance was his discovery of the blood's circulatory system, which was re-discovered by modern science after a lapse of three centuries. He was the first to correctly describe the constitution of the lungs and gave a description of the bronchi and the interaction between the human body's vessels for air and blood. Also, he elaborated the function of the coronary arteries as feeding the cardiac muscle.

62. Sciences Bonn C. Schilze, 1935. (41 QE362.H3); hunayn ibn ishaq alIbadi, 809-873 Le livredes questions sur l oeil de Honain ibn Ishaq, par P. Sbath et M. Meyerhof. http://pkukmweb.ukm.my/~library/scienc.htm

Sciences Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi, 'Ali ibn Muhammad, 10th., Cent. The zoological chapter of the kitab al-Imta' wal-Mu'anasa of Abu Hayyan al-Tawhidi (10th century). Translated from the Arabic and annotated by L. Kopf. (s.l.) : (s.n.), (n.d.). Avicenna, 980-1037? al-Biruni, 973-1048 Das vorwort zur drogenbunde des Beruni. Eingeleitet, iiberstzt und erlautert von Max Meyerhof. Berlin : J. Springer, 1932. Dunlop, D. M. Arabic science in the West. Karachi : Pakistan Historical Society, 1958. Galenus Galen on medical experience. First edition of the Arabic version with English translation and notes by R. Walzer. London : Oxford : University Press, 1944. Galenus Galen uber die medizinischen namen Arabisch und Deutsch herausgegeben von Max Meyerhof und Joseph Schacht. Berlin : Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1931. Gauthier, Leon, 1862-1949 Antecedents Greco-Arabes de la psychophysique. Beyrouth : Imprimerie Catholique, 1939. Hasehmi, Mohammed Jahia Die Quellen des steinbuches de Beruni. Bonn : C. Schilze, 1935. Hunayn ibn Ishaq al-Ibadi, 809-873

63. Middle Eastern Texts Initiative Theodore Abu Qurrah Ammar alBasri Abu Raitah Yahya Ibn Adi hunayn ibn ishaq Severusibn al-Muqaffa Bulus al-Bushi Elias of Nisibis Ibn at-Tayyib. ARMENIAN. http://meti.byu.edu/eastern_scope.php

BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY SEARCH FEEDBACK HELP BYU.EDU METI ... Library of the Christian East Scope METI Islamic Translation Series -Published Volumes -Forthcoming Volumes ... Book Orders Scope ARABIC Theodore Abu Qurrah Ammar al-Basri Abu Raitah Yahya Ibn 'Adi Hunayn ibn Ishaq Severus ibn al-Muqaffa Bulus al-Bushi Elias of Nisibis Ibn at-Tayyib ARMENIAN Nerses Shnorhali Nerses Lambronac'i Grigor Narekac'i Eznik of Kolb Lives of the Armenian Saints Armenian Christological Writings Early Armenian Writers COPTIC Shenouti Besa Lives of the Egyptian Saints Early Coptic Writers Coptic Poetry of the Ninth and Tenth Centuries. ETHIOPIC Lives of the Ethiopian Saints Sacred Poetry of Medieval Ethiopia GEORGIAN Lives of the Georgian Saints Early Georgian Religious Poetry SYRIAC Ephrem the Syrian Aphrahat the Persian Sage Liber Graduum Jacob of Serugh Narsai Daniel of Salah Isaac the Syrian Jacob of Edessa Sahdona Joseph Hazzaya Shem'on the Graceful Gregory of Cyprus Isaac of Antioch John the Solitary John Dalyatha Babai the Great Philoxenus Bar Ebroyo Early Syriac Poetry (Cyrillona, Balai, Odes of Solomon, Simeon the Potter) Lives of the Syrian Saints Early Syrian Sources Early Christian Writings from China and Central Asia

64. Philosophers : Razi he was interested in music but later on he learned medicine, mathematics, astronomy,chemistry and philosophy from a student of hunayn ibn ishaq, who was well http://www.trincoll.edu/depts/phil/philo/phils/muslim/razi.html

al-Razi Iranian Muslim Philosopher Abu Bakr Mohammad Ibn Zakariya al-Razi (864-930 A.D.) was born at Ray, Iran. Initially, he was interested in music but later on he learned medicine, mathematics, astronomy, chemistry and philosophy from a student of Hunayn Ibn Ishaq, who was well versed in the ancient Greek, Persian and Indian systems of medicine and other subjects. He also studied under Ali Ibn Rabban. The practical experience gained at the well-known Muqtadari Hospital helped him in his chosen profession of medicine. At an early age he gained eminence as an expert in medicine and alchemy, so that patients and students flocked to him from distant parts of Asia. He was first placed in-charge of the first Royal Hospital at Ray, from where he soon moved to a similar position in Baghdad where he remained the head of its famous Muqtadari Hospital for along time. He moved from time to time to various cities, specially between Ray and Baghdad, but finally returned to Ray, where he died around 930 A.D. His name is commemorated in the Razi Institute near Tehran. Razi was a Hakim, an alchemist and a philosopher. In medicine, his contribution was so significant that it can only be compared to that of Ibn Sina. Some of his works in medicine e.g.

65. Dr Abdulhalim Badr Scholars Page (mirrored); Brief Note on hunayn ibn ishaq al Ibadi;Chemistry in the Middle Ages J. Plambeck Univ. of Alberta (CA http://groups.msn.com/DrAbdulhalimBadr/islamicbiomedicine.msnw

var nEditorialCatId = 93; MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: document.write(''); Groups Groups Home My Groups Language ... Help Dr Abdulhalim Badr DrAbdulhalimBadr@groups.msn.com What's New Join Now ANNOUNCEMENTS ORTHO_ARABIC TRANSLATION ... Moslem Scientist, Mathematicians and Astronomers A Brief Chronology of Muslim History [ISL Software] - USC Muslim Stud Assoc, and some islamic history maps - UPenn (US) Internet Islamic History Sourcebook P Halsall The Prophet Mohammad - Muslim Students Assoc., USC The Dome of the Rock Holy Qur'an Resources on the Internet D al Tableegh ] - (UK) and The Koran [transl. MH Shakir] - U of Michigan/HTI (US) Translations of the Qur'an USC Muslim Students Assoc. Translation, partial, of Kitab Al-Tibb (Medicine), Sunan Abu-Dawud Book 28, and of Sahih Bukhari, Book 71 - USC Muslim Stud. Assoc. Server (US) Excerpts from The Sunnah [in English] - Medieval Source Book Islamic Culture and the Medical Arts , and Islamic Medical Manuscripts at the NLM (US) Islamic Alchemy in the context of Islamic Science [ed. Hamed A Ead On Islamic Medicine S Athar Science Heritage Center - Cairo University (EG) The Arab Roots of European Medicine DW Tschanz Home Page - Islamic Gateway (UK) Islamic Science - Univ. of Oklahoma (US)

66. Untitled Document twelfth and thirteenth centuries 6. Hoyland, Robert G., Theomnestus of Magnesia,hunayn ibn ishaq, and the beginnings of Islamic veterinary science 7. Jamil http://www.arisandphillips.com/ap/IslamicReflections.html

ISLAMIC REFLECTIONS, ARABIC MUSINGS Studies in Honour of Professor Alan Jones This book celebrates the career of the distinguished Arabist, Professor Alan Jones and comprises a wide range of articls from leading experts in the field of Arabic and Islamic studies. Subjects explored include: pre-Islamic Arabic poetry, Muslim Arabic documents and inscriptions, Greek and Islamic science and Islamic literature and thought. Dr Robert G. Hoyland , Leverhulme Research Fellow and Fellow of Pembroke College, Oxford; author of Seeing Islam as Others Saw It and Arabia and the Arabs Dr Philip F. Kennedy Associate Professor New York University; author of The Wine Song in Classical Arabic Poetry (publication - in preparation for 2004) CONTENTS 1. Auchterlonie, Paul, "Historians and the Arabic biographical dictionary: some new approaches" 2. Bleaney, Heather, "The Mu'allaqat in the West: a brief bibliographical survey 3. Bray, Julia, "Verbs and voices" 4. Dutton, Yasin, "The Qur'an as a source of law: the case of zakat (alms-tax)" 5. Hillenbrand, Carole, "Some reflections on the use of the Qur'an in monumental inscriptions in Syria and Palestine in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries"

67. Banu_Musa Translate this page Après hunayn ibn ishaq et Thabit ibn Qurra ont travaillé aussi dansla Maison de la Sagesse avec les frères Bani Moussa. Muhammad http://membres.tripod.fr/alkashi/Banimoussa.htm

Les frères Bani Moussa Il y avait trois frères Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa ibn Shakir Ahmad ibn Musa ibn Shakir et Al-Hasan ibn Musa ibn Shakir . Ils sont presque indiscernables mais on sait que bien qu'ils ont travaillé souvent ensemble, ils avaient leurs propres champs de compétences. Jafar Muhammad a travaillé principalement sur la géométrie et l'astronomie en ce temps Ahmad a travaillé principalement sur la mécanique et Al-Hasan a travaillé principalement sur la géométrie. Il est tout à fait impossible d’écrire des biographies séparées des trois frères, qui sont habituellement connus sous les frères Bani Moussa Jafar Muhammad Banu Musa né en 800 mort en 873 à Bagdad ) est le frère aîné. Il paraît certainement que parmi ces trois frères, il était le meilleur mathématicien. Il était peut-être derrière la majeure contribution au texte de la géométrie décrite au-dessus , Jafar Muhammad a aussi écrit des hypothèses du livre de coniques qui était une révision de la critique des Coniques d' Apollonius . Cependant

68. Introduction To Islam Many of the accomplished translators were Christian Arabs such as hunayn ibn ishaq,who was also an outstanding physician, and others Persians such as Ibn http://www.iad.org/Islam/know.html

ISLAM AND KNOWLEDGE "He has taught you that which [heretofore] you knew not" (Qur'an: Translation of the meaning, 2:239) Islam is a religion based upon knowledge, for it is ultimately knowledge of the Oneness of God, combined with faith and total commitment to Him, that saves man. The text of the Qur¹an is replete with verses inviting man to use his intellect, to ponder, to think and to know, for the goal of human life is to discover the Truth, which is none other than worshipping God in His Oneness. The Hadith literature is also full of references to the importance of knowledge. Such sayings of the Prophet as "Seek knowledge even in China", "Seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave," and, ³Verily the men of knowledge are the inheritors of the prophets," have echoed throughout the history of Islam and inspired Muslims to seek knowledge wherever it might be found. During most of its history, Islamic civilization has been witness to a veritable celebration of knowledge. That is why every traditional Islamic city possessed public and private libraries and some cities like Cordoba and Baghdad boasted of libraries, with over 400,000 books. Such cities also had bookstores, some of which sold large numbers of titles. That is also why the scholar has always been held in the highest esteem in Islamic society. As Islam spread northward into Syria, Egypt, and the Persian empire, it came face to face with the sciences of antiquity whose heritage had been preserved in centers which now became a part of the Islamic world. Alexandria had been a major center of sciences and learning for centuries. The Greek learning cultivated in Alexandria was opposed by the Byzantines who had burned its library long before the advent of Islam. The tradition of Alexandrian learning did not die, however. It was transferred to Antioch and from there farther east to such cities as Edessa by eastern Christians who stood in sharp opposition to Byzantium and wished to have their own independent centers of learning.

69. Islam-usa.com I would like to quote the example of al Razi also known as Rhazes.He was a Persian Muslim who trained under hunayn ibn ishaq. http://islam-usa.com/im13.html

ISLAMIC MEDICINE (Edited by Shahid Athar , M. D.) Islamic Philosophy Of Medicine Amanullah Khan, M.D., Ph.D. "Nor walk on the earth with insolence; for thou canst nor rend the earth asunder, nor reach the mountains in height." XVII:37 The belief is a very strong component of our religion. Islam itself means submission to the will of Allah. the religion places tremendous responsibility on the individual. It is the individual himself or herself that is answerable for all his or her deed and no one else will help on the day of judgement. "Namely, that no bearer of burdens can bear the burden of another;" "That man can have nothing but what he strives for;" "That (the fruit of) his striving will soon come in sight;" "Then will he be rewarded with a reward complete"LIII:38-41 Thus, the principles laid down by Islam attempted to purge the society of tribal traditions and ills and helped create a healthy society. MUSLIM QUEST FOR KNOWLEDGE AND HARMONY AMONG RELIGIONS: PERIOD OF TRANSLATION AND AMALGMATION: Greek medical works, especially those of Galen were translated during the early 9th century by a prolific translator Humayn ibn Ishaq and his disciples in Bagdad, which became one of the great learning centers of that period. He translated voluminous materials and many of these manuscripts can still be found in the libraries of Constantinople. He also wrote manuals and textbooks, for students, such as "Question on Medicine" (which was in the question and answer form), "Ten treatises on the Eye" (the first text book of ophthalmology ) and numerous other similar works. Humayan demonstrated that he was an excellent editor because his writings were very succinct, and translated from at least three different manuscripts of a book so as to maintain and preserve the original thought. Compendiums of medical knowledge were compiled discussing various diseases systematically. This provides evidence of the understanding of medicine even in those early days.

70. 830 A.D. 830 AD. hunayn ibn ishaq al Ibadi, Christian who translated severalGreek works into Arabic, was twentytwo years old. Abu l-Hasan http://faculty.oxy.edu/jquinn/home/Math490/Timeline/830AD.html

830 A.D. There were three prominent mathematicians alive in the year 830 AD. Hunayn ibn Ishaq al'Ibadi, Christian who translated several Greek works into Arabic, was twenty-two years old. Abu'l-Hasan Thabit ibn Qurra, a mathematician from Harran who studied astronomy and worked with the Pythagorean Theorem, was born in 826 AD. The most famous of the three mathematicians was Abu Abd-Allah ibn Musa al'Khwarizmi, who was born in Baghdad in 790 AD and died at the age of fifty. It was in this year that al'Khwarizmi wrote his famous work on algebra, Hisab al-jabr w'al-muqabala. In this work, al'Khwarizmi solves and classifies the solutions of linear and quadratic equations. al'Khwarizmi only deals with positive coefficients in this treatise, and does not use any algebraic symbols. The term algebra comes from the arabic word al-jabr in the title of this treatise. Later, al'Khwarizmi wrote about hindu-arabic numerals, but the original translation has been lost. In the Latin version of this work, the author's name is translated to Algoritmi and it is from this that the word algorithm was derived. Author : Tim Lucas References: Mac Tutor History of Mathematics Archive http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Al'Khwarizmi.html

71. Adventures In CyberSound: Euclid ibn Matar, first for the Abbassid caliph Harun arRashid (ruled 786-809) and againfor the caliph al-Ma`Mun (ruled 813-833); by hunayn ibn ishaq (ruled 808-873 http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/EUCLID_BIO.html

A D V E N T U R E S in C Y B E R S O U N D Euclid (alt: Euklid, Eucleides) : 365 - 300 BC Euclid's The Optics is the earliest surviving work on geometrical optics, and is generally found in Greek manuscripts along with elementary works on spherical astronomy. There were a number of medieval Latin translations, which became of new importance in the fifteenth century for the theory of linear perspective. This technique is beautifully illustrated in the miniature of a street scene in this elegant manuscript from the library of the Duke of Urbino. It may once have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca, who wrote one of the principal treatises on perspective in painting. Source: The Vatican Library Euclid , Greek Eucleides (fl. c. 300 BC, Alexandria), the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements Life and work Of Euclid's life it is known only that he taught at and founded a school at Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy I Soter , who reigned from 323 to 285/283 BC. Medieval translators and editors often confused him with the philosopher

72. Was Die Moderne Zivilisation Dem Islam Schuldet Translate this page Unterfangen waren viele Individuen mit ganz unterschiedlichem religiösen und ethnischenBackground beteiligt Christen (wie hunayn ibn ishaq), Perser (wie Ibn http://www.fontaene.de/archiv/nr-24/zivilisation01.htm

73. Famous Mathematicians With An I Mansur ibn Iraq hunayn ibn ishaq Ahmed ibn Yusuf Ibrahim ibn Sinan AlbertIngham Kiyosi Ito Sir James Ivory Kenkichi Iwasawa Skokichi Iyanaga, http://www.famousmathematician.com/az/mathematician_I.htm

Mathematicians - I Mansur ibn Iraq Hunayn ibn Ishaq Ahmed ibn Yusuf Ibrahim ibn Sinan Albert Ingham Kiyosi Ito Sir James Ivory Kenkichi Iwasawa Skokichi Iyanaga Send mail to webmaster@famousmathematician.com with questions or comments about this web site. www.famousmathematician.com Last modified: January 23, 2003

74. Untitled Document Mamun (813-833) founded a research institute, The House of Wisdom, in Baghdad. (Lindberg168-169)The leader of this school was hunayn ibn ishaq, a Nestorian http://zephyr.unr.edu/about/mueller/Scientists.htm

Early human endeavors into philosophy and the natural sciences have always been attributed to the Greeks. The early contributions of Plato, Aristotle, Socrates, and Ptolemy to name a few, set the foundations for mankind's expansion of knowledge. The Greek way of life dominated western civilization for many centuries, and Hellenistic influence spread throughout the Roman Empire. The fall of the Roman Empire in around 500 A.D. marked the decline of Western Culture for approximately 700 years. " Although the East experienced many of the same misfortunes as the West- invasion, economic decline, and social upheaval- the consequences were less severe." (Lindberg 181) The Byzantine Empire of the East was far more stable than its Western counterpart, and this stability is seen in the continuity of their schools, which resulted in the survival of classical studies. The Empire of Alexander the Great had an immense impact on the propagation of Greek thinking throughout the East. Alexander established numerous schools within his empire, the largest in Alexandria, Egypt. Although the East's greatest contribution to Western culture was their preservation of Greek knowledge through translation, there were also a handful of Islamic scholars who made impressive advances to early science. The birth of Mohammed in the 6 th Century marks the beginning of the Muslim religion and the end of Alexander's Empire in Arabia. Before we can explore the scientific contributions of Islam, we must consider all the efforts made in transmitting the body of Greek knowledge into Islam. The assimilation of Greek knowledge began with the acquisition of Greek scholars by the Persian king Khurshaw I. He established a Nestorian university at Nisibus, Syria, and invited the scholars of Athens to settle there in around 531 A.D.

75. L'oeil : Une Caméra Haute Définition. Translate this page et, parmi eux, des traités sur la physiologie de la vision et ses applicationsmédicales un des plus célèbres savants arabes, hunayn ibn ishaq (808-873 http://www.didier-pol.net/1OEIL.html

L'OEIL : UNE CAMERA HAUTE DEFINITION fonctionnement du cerveau EXPERIENCE EXPLORONS LA GEOGRAPHIE DE LA RETINE Un carton blanc de 8 cm x 8cm sur lequel on collera la figure ci-dessous. Explication Amusez-vous bien ! TOUS DROITS RESERVES dpol@noos.fr

76. Beth Mardutho: About The Syriac Language The most celebrated translator of the period is hunayn ibn ishaq (d.873 or 877), the son of a druggist. In addition to translating http://www.bethmardutho.org/aboutsyriac/civilization/

@import "/css/default.css"; Home Site Map Become a Member ... Advertise Google Search for Featured Projects Beth Mardutho Projects Select a project [ Current Projects ] Hugoye: Journal of Syriac Studies Encyclopedia of the Syriac Heritage [ Completed Projects ] eBeth Gazo: Syriac Musical Tradition Comparing the Syriac Gospels Concordance to the New Testament SEDRA (Syriac Retrieval Archive) Hosted Sites Select a site Syriac Studies Directory International Symposium Syriacum North American Syriac Symposium You are here: Beth Mardutho About The Syriac Language Part of World Civilization Part of the History of Civilization (From 9th - 13th centuries) Navigate: Origins of Syriac Early Literature Golden Age Part of World Civilization ... Today World civilization passes from one region to another, and from one language to another, by contact. If we are to trace the history of any field of science, we begin with the ancient Mesopotamians and Egyptians, moving to the Greeks and Romans, then to the Arabs, ending up in Western Europe (not to underestimate the civilizations of Asia and South America). One stop in this journey is almost always forgotten: the Syriac contribution! From the 4th century onward, the Greek sciences were translated into Syriac, including philosophy, logic, medicine, mathematics, astronomy and alchemy. When the Arabs desired to transmit the Greek sciences into Arabic during the 8th and 9th centuries, they turned to their Syriac subjects to do the task. In most cases, these Syriac scholars translated the works first into their native language then into Arabic. As a result, many of the Arabic scientific terminology, including the names of plants, are rooted in Syriac. Scientific works and terminology from other cultures, such as Persian and Indian, passed to Arabic via Syriac; a noted example is the name of the chemical element Zirconium (via Syriac

77. The History Of Translation History, A Review By Alex Gross Of "Translators Throu As we visit Baghdad, we learn that the master translator hunayn ibn ishaq was paidin gold for his work according to its weight (and hence tended to use thick http://language.home.sprynet.com/trandex/histrhis.htm

to home The History of Translation History ATA Chronicle, September, 1996 By my count, nine useful books about translation history, specialized works aside, have been published over the last thirty years. It must say something about where this field is going that six of them have come out during the last seven years (and four since 1992). The latest such work, Translators through History , edited and directed by Jean Delisle and Judith Woodsworth, appears under the very highest auspices, being co-published by John Benjamins and Unesco. The combined effort of fifty scholars from twenty different nations, this volume has been five years in the making and is now published simultaneously in French and English with assistance from several Canadian sponsors and the F.I.T. The editors have set out to create "a selective and thematic overview" rather than "an exhaustive study of the history of translation,...without compromising ...standards of scholarship...they have sought to make the book readable and accessible to as wide an audience as possible." The volume is divided into nine chapters, each covering one of the roles played by translators over the ages: inventors of alphabets, developers of national languages, creators of national literatures, disseminators of knowledge, accessories to power, religious proselytizers, transmitters of cultural values, authors of dictionaries, and interpreters as the middlemen of history.

78. Thabit Ibn Qurra On prekládal od Reka Apollonius, Archimedes, Euclid a Ptolemy. Thabitmel revidovaný preklad Euclida Elementy hunayn ibn ishaq. http://wikipedia.infostar.cz/t/th/thabit_ibn_qurra.html

švodn­ str¡nka Tato str¡nka v origin¡le Thabit ibn Qurra Thabit ibn Qurra abu ' l'Hasan ibn Marwan al-Sabi al'Harrani šnor 18 ) byl Arab astronom a matematik . V Latina on byl zn¡m½ jak Thebit Thabit byl narozen½ v Harran (starožitnost Carrhae), Mesopotamia (nyn­ Turecko ). Na n¡vrhu Muhammada ibn Musa ibn Shakir Thabit připadl studium v Bagd¡d k Shakir m¡ bratry Bani Mussa. On vedl skupinu překladatelů, kdo se dostavil z pohanky pseudo Sabeans od Harran. Arabsk½ writters zm¡st Babylonian Sabeans od Harrarian Sabeans. Harrarian Sabeans v¡Å¾en½ hvězdy a z tohoto důvodu oni maj­ velmi brzy uk¡zan½ velk© z¡jmy pro astronomie a matematika . V dob¡ch muslimsk© nadřazenosti oni přij­mali jm©no Sabean z­skat podpory ze v½sad to byl povolen½ Ko'ran . Toto jm©no pozdnějÅ¡­ ramained a tato divn¡ sekta studovali interně okol­ hlavn­ho střediska Caliphate obděl¡vat polovinu 13th stolet­ , když Mongols zničili jejich posledn­ svatyni. Jejich zasluhuje si v duchovn­m a scientifical pole maj­ s ž¡dnou pochybnost­ pomohl jim dostat ochrana od Muslims . V rytmech al - Mutawakkil panov¡n­ jejich město se stalo centrem filozofick© a l©kařsk© Å¡koly, kter½ byl přen¡Å¡el od

79. The Arabic ChristianLiterature hunayn ibn ishaq (808837)was a famous physician, philosopher, andtranslator of Greek works underseveral caliphs. He is the author http://www.al-bushra.org/arbhrtg/arbxtn01.htm

The Arabic ChristianLiterature By Dr. George Khoury Dr. Khoury Georges speaks about the contribution of the Melkites,the Jacobites, the Nestorians, The Copts and the Maronites to the ArabChristian Heritage. The Melkites The Jacobites The Nestorians The Copts ... TheMaronites 1- Introduction Arabic at the time of the Abbasids had become a language of full maturity,unchallenged mistress in the school, the mosque, and in the offices ofthe administration. It prevailed in all parts of the Muslim world, notonly as an ornament of great value for the pen, but also as a generousnurse of thought. The Iranians themselves, who later succeeded in givinglife to their nationalism and in reviving anew a literature in Persianlanguage, were unable to garble the Arabic language as a language of scienceand religion. They also had to keep its strong mark on their own vocabularyand on the alphabet. If Baghdad was an aging city hardly a century afterits founding, it was nonetheless under the first Abassids the symbol ofa new civilization and the home of the shining Arabic language which hadbecome a language of thought and culture. The irruption of foreign nations reached its height during the Abassidcaliphate, with their cultural contributions and their specific gifts tothe social and intellectual life of Arab Islamism. It also provoked a greateffervescence of thought and an intense literary activity which pouredinto the Arabic language and brought about a development of prose. Thevocabulary waxed richer thanks to new terms it borrowed from other cultures;the syntax became suppler, and the style clearer. Literary genres wereeither recovered or created. Ideas, new doctrines and research requiredmore suitable expression.

80. Sale Redirect 36 Toward a History of Arabic Autobiography 52 Arabic Autobiography and the LiteraryPortrayal of the Self 72 PART TWO Translations hunayn ibn ishaq (d. 873 or http://www.ucpress.edu/books/pages/8736.html

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