21. Grace Murray Hopper: Pioneer Computer Scientist Read about the woman who invented the compiler, a program that translates English instructions into the language of a certain computer. http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/hopper.html

Contents Next Born: New York, New York, December 9, 1906 Died: Arlington, Virginia, January 1, 1992 Pioneer Computer Scientist T he new discipline of computing and the sciences that depend upon it have led the way in making space for women's participation on an equal basis. That was in some ways true for Grace Murray Hopper, and it is all the more true for women today because of Hopper's work. Grace Brewster Murray graduated from Vassar with a B.A. in mathematics in 1928 and worked under algebraist Oystein Ore at Yale for her M.A. (1930) and Ph.D. (1934). She married Vincent Foster Hopper, an educator, in 1930 and began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931. She had achieved the rank of associate professor in 1941 when she won a faculty fellowship for study at New York University's Courant Institute for Mathematics. Hopper had come from a family with military traditions, thus it was not surprising to anyone when she resigned her Vassar post to join the Navy WAVES (Women Accepted for Voluntary Emergency Service) in December 1943. She was commissioned a lieutenant in July 1944 and reported to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she was the third person to join the research team of professor (and Naval Reserve lieutenant) Howard H. Aiken. She recalled that he greeted her with the words, "Where the hell have you been?" and pointed to his electromechanical Mark I computing machine, saying "Here, compute the coefficients of the arc tangent series by next Thursday."

22. Grace Hopper biographies of computer pioneers in the history of computing grace hopper was born grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children which she passed on to her daughter. Both grace's parents believed that she and her sister should have http://www.thocp.net/biographies/hopper_grace.html

Grace Murray Hopper December 9 1906, New York City, USA; January 1 1991, Alexandria, VA, USA Grace Hopper principal papers COBOL hardware software COBOL , A/O keyords Compilers see also related subjects Achievement Naval officer and computer scientist developing the first compiler and who led the effort in the 1960s to develop COBOL (Common Business-Oriented Language) Biography Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children. Her father, Walter Murray, was an insurance broker while her mother, Mary Van Horne, had a love of mathematics which she passed on to her daughter. Both Grace's parents believed that she and her sister should have an education of the same quality as her brother. Hopper wanted to join the military as soon as the United States entered World War II. However her at 34 she was too old (and not heavy enough for her height) to enlist and anyway as a mathematics professor her job was considered essential to the war effort. However she was determined to join the Navy and, despite being told that she could serve her country best by remaining in her teaching post at Vassar College, After initial training at Midshipman's School, after which she was commissioned a Lieutenant, Hopper was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at the Cruft Laboratories at Harvard University.

23. Institute For Women And Technology: Grace Hopper Celebration Fifth semiannual conference for women in computing. Includes general information about the conference including dates. http://www.iwt.org/grace-hopper.html

5th Grace Hopper Celebration of Women and Computing Sheraton Chicago Hotel and Towers October 6th - 9th, 2004 Save the Date!! Co-founded by Dr. Anita Borg and Dr. Telle Whitney in 1994 and inspired by the legacy of Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, the Institute's Grace Hopper Celebration (GHC) Of Women In Computing Conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront. It is the largest technical conference for women in computing and results in collaborative proposals, networking and mentoring for junior women and increased visibility for the contributions of women in computing. Conference presenters are leaders in their respective fields, representing industry, academia and government. Top researchers present their work while special sessions focus on the role of women in today's technology fields. Four Grace Hopper Celebration Conferences have been held (conference posters above) reaching over 1500 participants. The 1994 conference was held in Washington D.C. followed by the 1997 conference in San Jose, CA and the 2000 conference in Cape Cod, MA. The 2002 GHC conference was held October 9th-12th, in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. The theme for the 2002 conference was "Ubiquity".

24. Hopper, Grace Murray Short biography. http://www.cs.yale.edu/HTML/YALE/CS/HyPlans/tap/Files/hopper-story.html

25. Hopper Biography of grace hopper (19061992) grace hopper was born grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children which she passed on to her daughter. Both grace's parents believed that she and http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hopper.html

Grace Brewster Murray Hopper Born: 9 Dec 1906 in New York, USA Died: 1 Jan 1992 in Arlington, Virginia, USA Click the picture above to see four larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Grace Hopper was born Grace Brewster Murray, the oldest of three children. Her father, Walter Murray, was an insurance broker while her mother, Mary Van Horne, had a love of mathematics which she passed on to her daughter. Both Grace's parents believed that she and her sister should have an education of the same quality as her brother. The book [2] contains a fascinating account of her childhood. It tells of summers spent with her cousins in their cottage on Lake Wentworth in Wolfeboro, New Hampshire and the games they played there such as kick-the-can, hide-and-seek and cops-and-robbers. It also describes her hobbies of needlepoint, reading and playing the piano. There were certainly signs in Grace's childhood of her fascination with machines and in [2] there is a delightful story of how, when she was seven years old, she took her alarm clock to pieces to find out how it worked. Unable to reassemble it, she took to pieces the other seven clocks she found in the house before her mother discovered what was happening. Grace was educated at two private schools for girls, namely Graham School and Schoonmakers School both in New York City. Intending to enter Vassar College in 1923 she failed a Latin examination and was required to wait another year. She spent the academic year at Hartridge School in Plainfield, New Jersey then entered Vassar College in 1924. She studied mathematics and physics at Vassar College graduating with a BA in 1928. After graduating she undertook research in mathematics at Yale University.

26. The Wit And Wisdom Of Grace Hopper The Wit and Wisdom of grace hopper. Life As a Lieutenant (JG) grace hopperbegan her work computing with Howard Aiken at Harvard. They http://www.cs.yale.edu/~tap/Files/hopper-wit.html

From The OCLC Newsletter, March/April, 1987, No. 167 (Editor and article author is Philip Schieber.) The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper "Life was simple before World War II. After that, we had systems." That observation comes from one who was present at the creation of the age of systems Rear Admiral Grace Hopper (US Navy, Retired), who spoke on the campus of the Ohio State University, Columbus, on Feb. 5, 1987, as part of a year-long celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the formation of the Department of Computer and Information Science. Introduced as the "third programmer on the first computer in the United States," Admiral Hopper spoke on the "Future of Computers, Hardware, Software, and People." She regaled her audience of more than 1000 persons with stories and pithy observations about the computer age. 72 Words of Storage Grace Hopper is known worldwide for her work with the first large-scale digital computer, the Mark I. "It was 51 feet long, eight feet high, eight feet deep," she said. "And it had 72 words of storage and could perform three additions a second." Admiral Hopper reported for active duty with the Navy in July 1944. She was a 37-year-old reservist who had a doctorate in mathematics from

27. The Wit And Wisdom Of Grace Hopper Life was simple before World War II. After that, we had systems. http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-wit.html

From The OCLC Newsletter, March/April, 1987, No. 167 (Editor and article author is Philip Schieber.) The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper "Life was simple before World War II. After that, we had systems." That observation comes from one who was present at the creation of the age of systems Rear Admiral Grace Hopper (US Navy, Retired), who spoke on the campus of the Ohio State University, Columbus, on Feb. 5, 1987, as part of a year-long celebration of the twentieth anniversary of the formation of the Department of Computer and Information Science. Introduced as the "third programmer on the first computer in the United States," Admiral Hopper spoke on the "Future of Computers, Hardware, Software, and People." She regaled her audience of more than 1000 persons with stories and pithy observations about the computer age. 72 Words of Storage Grace Hopper is known worldwide for her work with the first large-scale digital computer, the Mark I. "It was 51 feet long, eight feet high, eight feet deep," she said. "And it had 72 words of storage and could perform three additions a second." Admiral Hopper reported for active duty with the Navy in July 1944. She was a 37-year-old reservist who had a doctorate in mathematics from

28. Past Notable Women Of Computing Erna Hoover Biography at MIT s Invention Dimension. grace Murray hopper (19061992). Fromthe grace hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 1994 Conference. http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/past-women-cs.html

Past Notable Women of Computing Computing Community: Please help us expand this section. Send TAP your information on historical women in CS by clicking on the "submit" icon below. Submit information Feedback Pioneering Women of Computing Ada Byron King, Countess of Lovelace (1815-1852) Edith Clarke (1883-1959) Grace Murray Hopper (1906-1992) Alexandra Illmer Forsythe (1918-1980) ... Other Resources Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli During the early 1940's, Kay McNulty, a recent math graduate from Chestnut Hill College, was employed along with about 75 other young female mathematicians as a "computer" by the University of Pennsylvania's Moore School of Engineering. These "computers" were responsible for making calculations for tables of firing and bombing trajectories, as part of the war effort. The need to perform the calculations more quickly prompted the development of the ENIAC, the world's first electronic digital computer, in 1946. Kay McNulty Mauchly Antonelli recalls computing in 1946: "We did have desk calculators at that time, mechanical and driven with electric motors, that could do simple arithmetic. You'd do a multiplication and when the answer appeared, you had to write it down to reenter it into the machine to do the next calculation. We were preparing a firing table for each gun, with maybe 1,800 simple trajectories. To hand-compute just one of these trajectories took 30 or 40 hours of sitting at a desk with paper and a calculator. As you can imagine, they were soon running out of young women to do the calculations. Actually, my title working for the ballistics project was `computer.' The idea was that I not only did arithmetic but also made the decision on what to do next. ENIAC made me, one of the first `computers,' obsolete.

29. Grace Murray Hopper Biography. http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-story.html

Grace Murray Hopper Rear Admiral Dr. Grace Murray Hopper was a remarkable woman who grandly rose to the challenges of programming the first computers. During her lifetime as a leader in the field of software development concepts, she contributed to the transition from primitive programming techniques to the use of sophisticated compilers. She believed that "we've always done it that way" was not necessarily a good reason to continue to do so. Grace Brewster Murray was born on December 9, 1906 in New York City. In 1928 she graduated from Vassar College with a BA in mathematics and physics and joined the Vassar faculty. While an instructor at Vassar, she continued her studies in mathematics at Yale University , where she earned an MA in 1930 and a PhD in 1934. She was one of four women in a doctoral program of ten students, and her doctorate in mathematics was a rare accomplishment in its day. In 1930 Grace Murray married Vincent Foster Hopper. (He died in 1945 during World War II, and they had no children.) She remained at Vassar as an associate professor until 1943, when she joined the United States Naval Reserve to assist her country in its wartime challenges. After USNR Midshipman's School-W, she was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University, where she worked at Harvard's Cruft Laboratories on the Mark series of computers. In 1946 Admiral Hopper resigned her leave of absence from Vassar to become a research fellow in engineering and applied physics at Harvard's Computation Laboratory. In 1949 she joined the Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation as a Senior Mathematician. This group was purchased by Remington Rand in 1950, which in turn merged into the Sperry Corporation in 1955. Admiral Hopper took military leave from the Sperry Corporation from 1967 until her retirement in 1971.

30. Inventor Of The Week: Archive grace Murray hopper (1906 1992). By the time she retired in 1986, Rear Admiralgrace hopper had taken her place in history by questioning the impossible. http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/hopper.html

This Week Inventor Archive Inventor Search Inventor of the Week Archive Browse for a different Invention or Inventor Grace Murray Hopper (1906 - 1992) Computer Compiler Grace Murray Hopper spent much of her inventive career proving that something that's never been done before isn't impossible. It was this kind of positive thinking that inspired Hopper to invent the first computer "compiler" in 1952. This revolutionary software facilitated the first automatic programming of computer language. Before Hopper's invention, programmers had to write lengthy instructions in binary code (computer language) for every new piece of software. Because binary code consists solely of 0's and 1's, it was difficult for programmers to get through their time-consuming tasks without many frustrating mistakes. Hopper knew there had to be a solution to this dilemma. Determined, she wrote a new program which freed software developers from having to write repetitive binary code. Each time the computer needed instructions that were common to all programs, the compiler would have the computer refer to codes in its own memory. The compiler was a time and error-saving breakthrough for the computer world, but Hopper didn't stop there. She also invented COBOL, the first user-friendly business software program, which is still in use today.

31. US People--Hopper, Grace Murray. This page features formal and informal photographic portraits of GraceMurray hopper and a picture related to her early computer work. http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr.htm

Return to Naval Historical Center home page. Return to Online Library listing DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER 805 KIDDER BREESE SE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060 Online Library of Selected Images: PEOPLE UNITED STATES Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USNR, (1906-1992) Grace Murray (Hopper) was born in New York City on 9 December 1906. She graduated from Vassar College in 1928 and received a PhD in Mathematics from Yale University in 1934. She was a member of the Vassar faculty from 1931 to 1943, when she joined the Naval Reserve. Commissioned a Lieutenant (Junior Grade) 1944, she was assigned to the Bureau of Ordnance and immediately became involved in the development of the then-embryonic electronic computer. Over more than four decades to follow, she was in the forefront of computer and programming language progress. Leaving active duty after the war's end, Dr. Hopper was a member of the Harvard University faculty and, from 1949, was employed in private industry. She retained her Naval Reserve affiliation, attaining the rank of Commander before retiring at the end of 1966. In August 1967, Commander Hopper was recalled to active duty and assigned to the Chief of Naval Operations' staff as Director, Navy Programming Languages Group. She was promoted to Captain in 1973, Commodore in 1983 and Rear Admiral in 1985, a year before she retired from the Naval service. She remained active in industry and education until her death on 1 January 1992.

32. US People--Hopper, Grace Murray. This page features informal pictures of grace Murray hopper takenduring the 1980s. For other views of grace Murray hopper, see http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr7.htm

Return to Naval Historical Center home page. Return to Online Library listing DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL HISTORICAL CENTER 805 KIDDER BREESE SE WASHINGTON NAVY YARD WASHINGTON DC 20374-5060 Online Library of Selected Images: PEOPLE UNITED STATES Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USNR, (1906-1992) Informal Views taken during the 1980s. This page features informal pictures of Grace Murray Hopper taken during the 1980s. For other views of Grace Murray Hopper, see: Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper ; and Informal Views of Grace Murray Hopper during the 1970s If you want higher resolution reproductions than the Online Library's digital images, see "How to Obtain Photographic Reproductions." Click on the small photograph to prompt a larger view of the same image Photo #: NH 96926 Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USNR Receives congratulations from President Ronald Reagan, following her promotion from the rank of Captain to Commodore in ceremonies at the White House, 15 December 1983. Photographed by Pete Souza.

33. Grace Murray Hopper grace Murray hopper. (19061992). In 1946 grace hopper published a book AManual of Operations for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. http://www.distinguishedwomen.com/biographies/hopper.html

Distinguished Women of Past and Present First Page Name Index Subject Index Related Sites ... Search Grace Murray Hopper The programming pioneer Grace Murray Hopper was born December 9, 1906 in New York, New York, USA. Grace enjoyed playing with machines when she was a young girl. She took apart several alarm clocks owned by her family to see how they were put together inside and she spent lots of time building strange vehicles with her Structiron kit. Her grandfather, John Van Horne, was a surveyor for New York City and Grace sometimes helped him hold his surveyor's pole when he was planning new streets. She learned about angles, curves and intersections. She was a very good student in school and was accustomed to be at the head of her class. When asked about influences in her life, she said, "My mother's very great interest in mathematics and my father's, a house full of books, a constant interest in reading, and insatiable curiosity... these were a primary influence all the way along." In 1924, Grace enrolled in Vassar College in Poughkeepsie, New York. She majored in math and physics. In her senior year in college, she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa, an honorary society for students with top grades. She won Vassar College Fellowship which provided money for further education. After graduating in 1928, she enrolled in Yale University in New Haven, Connecticut to earn a master's degree in mathematics. After receiving her degree in 1930, she married Vincent Hopper, an English instructor at New York University, whom she had dated for a couple of years.

34. Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend In Her Own Time Biography by Elizabeth Dickason. http://www.chips.navy.mil/links/grace_hopper/file2.htm

Remembering Grace Murray Hopper: A Legend in Her Own Time By Elizabeth Dickason Eighty-five-year-old Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper who dedicated her life to the Navy passed away on 1 January 1992. As a pioneer Computer Programmer and co-inventor of COBOL, she was known as the Grand Lady of Software, Amazing Grace and Grandma COBOL. She'll be remembered for her now famous sayings, one of which is "It's easier to ask forgiveness than it is to get permission." It's only fitting that Grace Brewster Murray was born between two such memorable events as the Wright Brothers' first successful power-driven flight in 1903 and Henry Ford's introduction of the Model T in 1908. Taught by her father at an early age to go after what she wanted, Grace's life consisted of one success after another, including the significant contributions she made to the computer age and the Navy. Young Grace's diligence and hard work paid off when in 1928 at the age of 22 she was graduated Phi Beta Kappa from Vassar College. She then attended Yale University, where she received an MA degree in Mathematics and Physics in 1930 and a Ph.D. in Mathematics in 1934. Hopper began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931 where her first year's salary was $800. She stayed there until she joined the United States Naval Reserve in December 1943. Upon graduation, she was commissioned a LTJG and ordered to the Bureau of Ordnance Computation Project at Harvard University. There she became the first programmer on the Navy's Mark I computer, the mechanical miracle of its day. Hopper's love of gadgets caused her to immediately fall for the biggest gadget she'd ever seen, the fifty-one foot long, 8 foot high, 8 foot wide, glass-encased mound of bulky relays, switches and vacuum tubes called the Mark I. This miracle of modern science could store 72 words and perform three additions every second.

35. National Women's Hall Of Fame - Women Of The Hall Mathematics genius, computer pioneer, inventor, teacher grace hopper s accomplishmentsencompass a range of achievement that have helped transform society. http://www.greatwomen.org/women.php?action=viewone&id=79

36. Women In COBOL Article by Denise G¼rer on hopper's technical contributions to computer science and her role as a touchstone for women in the industry today. http://cobolreport.com/columnists/denise/07102000.asp

Search Feedback Contact Us Membership ... Ad Info Women In Computing CobolReport.com is proud to host Bill Klein's FAQs Object-Oriented Cobol Gene Webb's Tutorial Cobol Resources Now over 120 listings Sponsored White Papers Integrating Legacy into Extended Enterprise Transoft Intelligent Integration Adapters Transoft Component Framework From COBOL to Enterprise JavaBeans with Net Express ... Vendor News Briefs Cobol Research Premier research in Cobol is ongoing at Amsterdam Free University Here is Cobol grammar. Open-Source Cobol TinyCobol Wanna learn more about eXtreme Programming? Read the IEEE eBook "Amazing Grace" – Computer Pioneer, Technologist, Teacher, and Visionary By Denise Gürer , 3Com Corporation Women In Computing Why Girls Don't Compute ACM's Committe on Women in Computing Index of Denise Gürer videos Women in the History of Computer Science ... Past Notable Women of Computing and Mathematics Introduction By and large, computing history is a series of His

37. Grace Hopper 2000 Conference - Celebration Of Women In Computing women in computer science celebrating the life of grace murray hopper s contributionto technology during her lifetime. 1997 grace hopper Website. http://www.sdsc.edu/Hopper/

Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing September 14 - 16, 2000 Sheraton Hyannis Resort Hyannis, Massachusetts on Cape Cod. Travel and Hotel Information Story of Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Resources on the Net Speakers Dr. Rita Colwell Director, National Science Foundation Sheila Talton, Entrepreneur, Former President and CEO of Unisource Network Systems, Inc. Dr.Moira Gunn Public Radio Host, Tech Nation Post-Conference Media Coverage eWeek #1 eWeek #2 Mass High Tech Expected Coverage Boston Business Journal Boston Globe Cape Cod Times Daily Hampshire Gazette Family Money Magazine iVillage.com Telegram and Gazette Wellesley College Community Bulletin Board Working Woman 1997 Grace Hopper Website

38. LookSmart - Directory - Grace Hopper YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences General Science Women in Science Computer Scientists hopper, grace. grace hopper Read about http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us53764/us62644/us888417/us565

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences General Science Women in Science ... Computer Scientists Grace Hopper - Read about the life, work and with of this early programmer and Navy admiral. Directory Listings About Grace Hopper - Computer Pioneer Article provides background on the life and career of Grace Hopper, the woman who led the development of COBOL, the first computer programming language. Hopper, Grace - Admiral Grace Murray Hopper See photos of this pioneering computer scientist and read a biography that details her work with computers. Hopper, Grace - Agnes Scott College Rebecca Norman writes this detailed account of the life and accomplishments attained by this mathematics professor, Rear Admiral, and computer programmer. Hopper, Grace - Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Yale University presents this biography that originally appeared in the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 1994 conference proceedings. Hopper, Grace - Great Idea Finder

39. LookSmart - Directory - Hopper, Admiral Grace Figures hopper, Admiral grace. hopper, Admiral grace Read aboutthe life, work and with of this early programmer and Navy admiral. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us53711/us217930/us232297/us88

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences Social Science Women's Studies ... Military Figures Hopper, Admiral Grace - Read about the life, work and with of this early programmer and Navy admiral. Directory Listings About Grace Hopper - Computer Pioneer Article provides background on the life and career of Grace Hopper, the woman who led the development of COBOL, the first computer programming language. Hopper, Grace - Admiral Grace Murray Hopper See photos of this pioneering computer scientist and read a biography that details her work with computers. Hopper, Grace - Agnes Scott College Rebecca Norman writes this detailed account of the life and accomplishments attained by this mathematics professor, Rear Admiral, and computer programmer. Hopper, Grace - Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing Yale University presents this biography that originally appeared in the Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing 1994 conference proceedings. Hopper, Grace - Great Idea Finder

40. Hopper, Grace Murray --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia hopper, grace Murray Britannica Student Encyclopedia. To cite this page MLAstyle hopper, grace Murray. Britannica Student Encyclopedia. 2004. http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article?eu=351461&query=howard hathaway aiken&ct=e

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