1. The Ecole Glossary The Ecole Glossary. hermann of reichenau. The son of a Swabian count, HerimannusContractus, or hermann of reichenau, was born crippled in 1013. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/glossary/hermannr.html

The Ecole Glossary Hermann of Reichenau The son of a Swabian count, Herimannus Contractus , or Hermann of Reichenau, was born crippled in . Educated at the college of Augia dives on the island of Reichenau in Lake Constance, he became a monk there and was an authority on theology, astronomy, mathematics, history, poetry, and languages. His De musica became a musical textbook for monks, and he composed many hymns and antiphons. He wrote treatises on the use of the astrolabe. Hermann also compiled a martyrology and wrote a poem about the eight principal vices. His most famous work is a history of the world from the Incarnation to the XIII Century. Based on a lost chronicle, it remains an important primary source of information about the history of the XI Century. Hermann died in Karen Rae Keck

2. Hermann_of_Reichenau hermann of reichenau. Born 18 July hermann of reichenau is also calledHermann the Lame or Hermann Contractus. Hermann entered the http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hermann_of_Reichenau.htm

Hermann of Reichenau Born: 18 July 1013 in Altshausen, Germany Died: 24 Sept 1054 in Altshausen, Germany Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Hermann of Reichenau is also called Hermann the Lame or Hermann Contractus. Hermann entered the Cloister School at Reichenau in September 1020. He became a monk at the Benedictine Monastery at Reichenau in 1043, becoming Abbot of the Monastery. Hermann is called 'the Lame' or 'Contractus' for very good reason. He was extremely disabled, having only limited movement and limited ability to speak. Despite these disabilities he was a key figure in the transmission of Arabic mathematics, astronomy and scientific instruments from Arabic sources into central Europe. In other words he published in Latin much scientific work which before this time had been only available in Arabic. One would expect, from this description, that he would be an Arabic speaker but it is thought almost certain that he could not read Arabic. Hermann introduced three important instruments into central Europe, knowledge of which came from Arabic Spain. He introduced the

3. References For Hermann_of_Reichenau References for hermann of reichenau. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography(New York 19701990). Books H Hansjakob, Hermann der Lahme (Mainz, 1885). http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Hermann_of_Reichenau.html

References for Hermann of Reichenau Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Books: H Hansjakob, Hermann der Lahme (Mainz, 1885). Articles: M Cantor, I (Leipzig, 1880), 758-761. Isis Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR February 1997 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Hermann_of_Reichenau.html

4. HERMANN OF REICHENAU hermann of reichenau (HERIMANNUS AUGIENSIS) p commonly distinguished as Hermannus Contractus, i.e. the Lame (10131054), German scholar and chronicle Hermann, who became a monk of the famous abbey of Reichenau, is at once one of the most attractive and one http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HE/HERMANN_OF_REICHENAU.htm

HERMANN OF REICHENAU HERMANN OF REICHENAU (HERIMANNUS AUGIENSIS), commonly distinguished as Hermannus Contractus, i.e. the Lame (1013-1054), German scholar and chronicler, was the son of Count Wolferad of Aishausen in Swabia. Hermann, who became a monk of the famous abbey of Reichenau, is at once one of the most attractive and one of the most pathetic figures of medieval monasticism. Crippled and distorted by gout from his childhood, he was deprived of the use of his legs; but, in spite of this, he became one of the most learned men of his time, and exercised a great personal and intellectual influence on the numerous band of scholars he gathered round him. He died on the 24th of September 1054, at the family castle of Alshausen near Biberach. Besides the ordinary studies of the monastic scholar, he devoted himself to mathematics, astronomy and music, and constructed watches and instruments of various kinds. See H. Hansjakob, Ilerimann der Lahme (Mainz, 1875); Potthast, Bibliotheca med. aev. s. Herimannus Augiensis. KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN HERMANN OF WIED

5. [HM] Hermann Of Reichenau 16 Oct 1999 HM hermann of reichenau, by Erica Voolich. 17 Oct 1999 HM hermann of reichenau, by Julio Gonzalez Cabillon http://mathforum.com/epigone/historia/poodwolserm

a topic from historia [HM] Hermann of Reichenau post a message on this topic post a message on a new topic 16 Oct 1999 [HM] Hermann of Reichenau , by Erica Voolich 17 Oct 1999 [HM] Hermann of Reichenau , by Julio Gonzalez Cabillon 20 Oct 1999 Re: [HM] Hermann of Reichenau , by Prof. Lueneburg The Math Forum

6. HERMANN OF REICHENAU hermann of reichenau (HERIMANNUS AUGIENSIS), p commonly distinguished as HermannusContractus, ie the Lame (10131054), German scholar and chronicle. http://31.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HE/HERMANN_OF_REICHENAU.htm

HERMANN OF REICHENAU HERMANN OF REICHENAU (HERIMANNUS AUGIENSIS), commonly distinguished as Hermannus Contractus, i.e. the Lame (1013-1054), German scholar and chronicler, was the son of Count Wolferad of Aishausen in Swabia. Hermann, who became a monk of the famous abbey of Reichenau, is at once one of the most attractive and one of the most pathetic figures of medieval monasticism. Crippled and distorted by gout from his childhood, he was deprived of the use of his legs; but, in spite of this, he became one of the most learned men of his time, and exercised a great personal and intellectual influence on the numerous band of scholars he gathered round him. He died on the 24th of September 1054, at the family castle of Alshausen near Biberach. Besides the ordinary studies of the monastic scholar, he devoted himself to mathematics, astronomy and music, and constructed watches and instruments of various kinds. See H. Hansjakob, Ilerimann der Lahme (Mainz, 1875); Potthast, Bibliotheca med. aev. s. Herimannus Augiensis. KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN HERMANN OF WIED

7. Hermann_of_Reichenau hermann of reichenau. Born 18 July hermann of reichenau is also calledHermann the Lame or Hermann Contractus. Hermann entered the http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/HrmnnfRc.htm

Date: TUE, 10 NOV 1998 09:18:43 GMT Connection: close Hermann of Reichenau Born: 18 July 1013 in Altshausen, Germany Died: 24 Sept 1054 in Altshausen, Germany Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Hermann of Reichenau is also called Hermann the Lame or Hermann Contractus. Hermann entered the Cloister School at Reichenau in September 1020. He became a monk at the Benedictine Monastery at Reichenau in 1043, becoming Abbot of the Monastery. Hermann is called 'the Lame' or 'Contractus' for very good reason. He was extremely disabled, having only limited movement and limited ability to speak. Despite these disabilities he was a key figure in the transmission of Arabic mathematics, astronomy and scientific instruments from Arabic sources into central Europe. In other words he published in Latin much scientific work which before this time had been only available in Arabic. One would expect, from this description, that he would be an Arabic speaker but it is thought almost certain that he could not read Arabic. Hermann introduced three important instruments into central Europe, knowledge of which came from Arabic Spain. He introduced the astrolabe, a portable sundial and a quadrant with a cursor.

8. Hermann_of_Reichenau Biography of hermann of reichenau (10131054) hermann of reichenau. Born 18 July 1013 in Altshausen, Germany hermann of reichenau is also called Hermann the Lame or Hermann Contractus. http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Hermann_of_Reichenau.

Hermann of Reichenau Born: 18 July 1013 in Altshausen, Germany Died: 24 Sept 1054 in Altshausen, Germany Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Hermann of Reichenau is also called Hermann the Lame or Hermann Contractus. Hermann entered the Cloister School at Reichenau in September 1020. He became a monk at the Benedictine Monastery at Reichenau in 1043, becoming Abbot of the Monastery. Hermann is called 'the Lame' or 'Contractus' for very good reason. He was extremely disabled, having only limited movement and limited ability to speak. Despite these disabilities he was a key figure in the transmission of Arabic mathematics, astronomy and scientific instruments from Arabic sources into central Europe. In other words he published in Latin much scientific work which before this time had been only available in Arabic. One would expect, from this description, that he would be an Arabic speaker but it is thought almost certain that he could not read Arabic. Hermann introduced three important instruments into central Europe, knowledge of which came from Arabic Spain. He introduced the

9. Bl. Hermann The Disabled was seven, his parents took him to the Benedictine monastery of Reichenau on Lake Constance monastery school. Blessed hermann of reichenau's chief contribution to Catholic posterity http://www.stthomasirondequoit.com/SaintsAlive/id647.htm

var TlxPgNm='id647'; Saints Alive A B C D ... Z A Caring Christian Community in the image of Christ Bl. Hermann the Disabled Indexes: Main Page Saints Alive Bulletins Calendar Deacon's Bench FAQ St. Thomas the Apostle Roman Catholic Church 4536 St. Paul Blvd. Rochester, New York 14617 e-Mail (Eleventh Century) This Hermann was the son of an eleventh century Swabian count. But his noble blood did not keep him from being born terribly crippled. "Hermannus Contractus" was one name by which he was known: "Hermann the Twisted." He could scarcely move without the help of somebody else. For all that, he had a keen mind, and an iron will to make something of himself. When Hermann was seven, his parents took him to the Benedictine monastery of Reichenau on Lake Constance. They arranged for him to be raised at the monastery and educated there. Was this a cop-out on the part of the parents? Not necessarily. Monasteries were often entrusted with the junior children of nobles. It was a good solution in the last analysis. The Abbot of the monastery, Berno, was an able and kindly educator. Because of his learning and because of his sweetness of character, Hermann became so noted a teacher that students from all over flocked to study under him at the monastery school.

10. The Ecole Initiative: Topical Index Henry IV, Emperor of the West, Documents. hermann of reichenau, Swabian historian(XII Century) Glossary. Hermas, Documents. Hermes Trismegistus, Documents. http://www2.evansville.edu/ecoleweb/oH.html

ALPHABETICAL INDEX "H" Habakkuk, Hebrew prophet: Images Habib: Images Vita Hadewijch of Antwerp, Flemish poet, (XIII Century): Documents; Hadiths, Documents Hafiz, Persian Sufi poet, (XIV Century): Documents; Hagar, mother of Ishmael: Images Haggai, prophet, (Old Testament): Images Al-Hallaj, Documents Haman, prince in Persia, (Old Testament): Images Haralambos, Magnesian martyr, (II Century): Images Harding, Stephen, Cistercian leader, (XI/XII Centuries): Documents; Hartmann von Aue, German poet, (XII/XIII Centuries): Glossary Helen, Empress of Rome, (III/IV Centuries): Glossary Images Heloise, French intellectual and abbess, (XII Century): Documents; Henry of Uppsala/Finland, martyr (XII Century): Glossary Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor (X/XI Century): Glossary Henry IV, Emperor of the West, Documents Hermann of Reichenau, Swabian historian (XII Century): Glossary Hermas, Documents Hermes Trismegistus, Documents Herod, Hebrew king, (I Century BCE/I Century CE): Images Herodias, Images Herrad of Landsberg, Glossary Hesychasm, prayer rule in the Eastern church: Glossary Images Hilarion, desert ascetic in Palestine and abroad, (IV Century):

11. KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN. HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (18041855), German classica scholar and antiquary, was born on the 4th JOHANN GOTTFRIED JAKOB HERMANN. hermann of reichenau http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/H/HE/HERMANN_KARL_FRIEDRICH.htm

KARL FRIEDRICH HERMANN HERMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1804-1855), German classica scholar and antiquary, was born on the 4th of August 1804, a Frankfort-on-Main. Having studied at the universities o Heidelberg and Leipzig, he went for a tour in Italy, on his returi from which he lectured as Privatdozent in Heidelberg. In 183: he was called to Marhurg as professor ordinarius of classica literature; and in 1842 he was transferred to Gottingen to the chair of philology and archaeology, vacant by the death of Otfried Muller. He died at Gottingen on the 3ist of December 1855. His knowledge of all branches of classical learning was profound, but he was chiefly distinguished for his works on Greek antiquities and ancient philosophy. Among these may be mentioned the Lehrbuch der griechischen Antiquitaten (new ed., 1889) dealing with political, religious and domestic antiquities; the Geschiclzte und System der Platonischen Philosophic (1839), unfinished; an edition of the Platonic Dialogues (6 vols., 1851 1853); and Culturgesc/iichte der Griechen und Rmer (1857 1 858), published after his death by C. G. Schmidt. He also edited the text of Juvenal and Persius (1854) and Lucians De conscribenda historia (1828). A collection of Abhandlungen und Beitrage appeared in 1849. See M. Lechner, Zur Erinnerung an K. F. Hermann (1864), and article by C. HaIm in Allgenieine deutsche Biographie, Xii. (1880).

12. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: [HM] Hermann Of Reichenau HM hermann of reichenau. Does anyone have a description of the rulesof the game developed by hermann of reichenau called rithomachia ? http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/oct99/0105.html

[HM] Hermann of Reichenau Erica Voolich VOOLICH@aol.com Sat, 16 Oct 1999 15:35:11 EDT Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Michael Keyton: "Re: [HM] Galois alternate history" Previous message: Jeff Lagarias: "Re: [HM] Bieberbach (was: History in Mathematics)" Does anyone have a description of the rules of the game developed by Hermann of Reichenau called "rithomachia"? Thank you Erica Voolich Somerville, Massachusetts Next message: Michael Keyton: "Re: [HM] Galois alternate history" Previous message: Jeff Lagarias: "Re: [HM] Bieberbach (was: History in Mathematics)"

13. Historia Matematica Mailing List Archive: Re: [HM] Hermann Of Reichenau Translate this page Re HM hermann of reichenau. Prof. The table of contents indicates that Asiloof Wuerzburg is the inventor of the game and not hermann of reichenau. http://sunsite.utk.edu/math_archives/.http/hypermail/historia/oct99/0118.html

Re: [HM] Hermann of Reichenau Prof. Lueneburg luene@mathematik.uni-kl.de Wed, 20 Oct 1999 08:51:27 +0200 (MESZ) Messages sorted by: [ date ] [ thread ] [ subject ] [ author ] Next message: Martin H. Krieger: "[HM] How early are the mss of Euclid that have the actual diagrams?" Previous message: Olivier Gerard: "Re: [HM] Galois alternate history" Dear List Members, In the context of the medieval game rithmomachia the following book should also be mentioned: Arno Borst, Das mittelalterliche Zahlenkampfspiel. Supplemente zu den Sitzungsberichten der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften. Philosophisch-historische Klasse. Band 5. Heidelberg 1986. ISBN 3-533-03751-7 I have not read the book yet. So I can only list the table of contents. Erster Teil: Studien 1. Neuzeitliche Vorurteile 2. Voraussetzungen: Von Pythagoras zu Gerbert von Aurillac 3. Die Erfindung: Asilo von Wuerzburg um 1030 4. Theoretische Pruefung: Hermann von Reichenau um 1040 5. Praktische Nutzung: Luetticher Anonymus 6. Scholastische Ordnung: Odo von Tournai um 1050 7. Monastische Sammlung: Regensburger Anonymus um 1090

14. Yves Chartier Translate this page Joseph R. Strayer), New York, Scribner, 1982-1989 hermann of reichenau- Hucbald of St. Amand -Musical,,Treatises - Regino of Prüm. http://www.musicologie.org/Auteurs/Chartier.html

Statistiques du site S'abonner au bulletin Liste musicologie.org Biographies ... Quelques Institutions Rechercher sur rEm Exact Bulletin Officiel Journal Officiel Library of Congress British Library ... BN Madrid Yves Chartier Professeur d'histoire de la musique Publications sur le site rEm (contexte, bibliographie chronologique, sources iconographiques, description du manuscrit, les versions du texte) Adrien de La Fage L l er prix de piano au concours des Jeunesses Musicales du Canada, etc. L icence en musicologie Cours d 'histoire de la musique avec Norbert Dufourcq au CNSM Yves Chartier reconnait également comme maîtres Henri Irénée Marrou qui fut son "mentor" durant le séjour parisien, Solange Corbin, Michel Huglo, Josef Smits van Waesberghe (Amsterdam) et Bernhard Bischoff (Munich), dont il reçut les conseils et les encouragements. H Bibliographie, critique textuelle Paris, 1976, p. 998-1010. du C.R.C.C.F. 19 (1979), p. 1-14. latins en musicologie de Musicologie bid. p.

15. Index Of Historical Excerpts And Extracts We might also incidentally speak of hermann of reichenau, scholar and chronicler(1040), who was of the same ancestry as the Pennsylvania Dutch (Alshausen http://www.horseshoe.cc/pennadutch/history/

Index of Historical Excerpts and Extracts Last Update: ~Contents~ People Menno Simons Wm. Penn Hans Herr Baron Stiegel Places Zurich Bern Palatinate Amsterdam Heidelberg Ephrata Disagreements The Reformation Battle of Kappel Thirty Years War French and Indian War American Revolution Lancaster:The War Years 1861-71 Pre-Immigration Early Life of the Pennsylvania Germans Old World Background of the Pennsylvania Dutch Account by Unknown Palatine, 1711 Causes of Palatine Emigration ... Palatines Come To America Pennadutch Historical Problems of the Pennsylvania Dutch The Meaning of Lancaster County's 200 Years of History 1710-1910 Townships and Towns Churches Miscellaneous Conestoga Wagons Famed Markets of Lancaster Early Blacksmiths of Lancaster County Historical Pageants Excerpted from Pennsylvania Dutch Cookery , J, George Frederick, 1935, The Business Bourse The OId-World Background of the Pennsylvania Dutch WHY DID the Rhine and Palatinate peoples want to leave their ancient homes and come to America? The complete story would constitute virtually a history of Europe from the time of the Romans onward, for the Rhine Valley may truly be said to be the cock-pit of western civilization . The 1935 plebiscite in the Saar, watched by the whole world and representing one more bitter struggle between France and Germany, disrupting and dividing the population, was but the familiar continuation of the ancient heritage of the people of this section. So was the World-War struggle to recover Alsace- Lorraine, which, like the Saar basin, was part of the ancient home of the Pennsylvania Dutch. Ever and always the Rhine Valley and environs have been the arenas in which Europe's clashing ambitions met head-on-but always at the cost of the quiet farmers and villagers of this lovely region. It was a war prize for Celt, Cimbri, Hun, Teutons, Romans, Gauls, Germans, French, and a constant battleground of clashing religions as well.

16. CLAcolloquia Hannah Williams (University of Manchester) Vice and the Muse InstructingWomen in hermann of reichenau s De octo vitiis principalibus . http://www.art.man.ac.uk/cla/colloquia.htm

COLLOQUIA Saturday colloquia are held periodically through the academic year to foster informal peer discussion of research in progress both among Manchester staff and students, and with a wide spectrum of national and international visitors Topics of past colloquia Forthcoming Colloquia Topics of past colloquia 11 October 2003 Property, Endowment and Exchange: Dark Age Rome and Beyond 8 January 2003 Family and Monastery in Europe and the Mediterranean, 300-1100, held at Georgetown University, Washington DC (co-sponsored with the A.H.R.B. and the Medieval Studies Programme at Georgetown University) 9 March 2002 Rome and Constantinople (co-sponsored with the Department of Medieval History at the University of Birmingham and held there) 1 December 2001 Late Antiquity: Historiographies and Genealogies 19 May 2001 Language and Identity in Early Medieval Europe 17 Feb 2001 Competition and Exchange in the Western Mediterranean 300-700 2 Dec 2000 Women, Power, and Patronage

17. Registration and Ruse 3.15 Hannah Williams (University of Manchester) Vice and the Muse InstructingWomen in hermann of reichenau s De octo vitiis principalibus 4.15 Tea http://www.art.man.ac.uk/cla/registration.htm

University of Manchester Centre for Late Antiquity http://www.art.man.ac.uk/cla/home.htm Vice between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages, c. 300-1100 Saturday February 14th, 2004 10.30 - 5.30 Arts Faculty Committee Room 11.00 Blake Leyerle (University of Notre Dame) Vice, Virtue, and Stories: John's Chrysostom's Program of Ethical Formation 1.00 Lunch 2.15 John Nightingale (Magdalen College, Oxford) Storytelling in Liudprand of Cremona: Ribaldry and Ruse 3.15 Hannah Williams (University of Manchester) Vice and the Muse: Instructing Women in Hermann of Reichenau's "De octo vitiis principalibus" 4.15 Tea 4.45 Robert A. Markus (University of Nottingham) Discussant 5.30 Close REGISTRATION FORM Please return by 9 February to: Hannah Williams, Department of History, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL Or email details to: hannah.e.williams-2@stud.man.ac.uk Please tick as appropriate: I wish to register as a participant in the Research Colloquium for 14 February

18. MTO 3.1: Review Of 3 As Erickson points out in his comprehensive introduction, major eleventhcenturytheoristsGuido of Arezzo, Berno and hermann of reichenau, the anonymous http://www.societymusictheory.org/mto/issues/mto.97.3.1/mto.97.3.1.fuller.html

Musica Enchiriadis and Scolica Enchiriadis , translated, with introduction and notes, by Raymond Erickson, edited by Claude V. Palisca, Music Theory Translation Series , New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. Music Theory Online The Online Journal of the Society for Music Theory Volume 3.1: Fuller, Sarah Review of Musica Enchiriadis and Scolica Enchiriadis , translated, with introduction and notes, by Raymond Erickson, edited by Claude V. Palisca, Music Theory Translation Series , New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 1995. KEYWORDS: counterpoint, organum References [1] Sometime around the middle of the ninth century, perhaps in the northern reaches of Lothringia, some singing teachers whose identities remain anonymous organized two basic handbooks to guide instruction in music. These handbooks have been handed down to posterity as the Musica Enchiriadis and the Scolica Enchiriadis . Marginalized with the success of early eleventh-century north Italian theory (Guido of Arezzo its standard bearer), the Musica and Scolica Enchiriadis (henceforth ME and SE respectively) were accorded a place in the canon of European music theoretical texts with their publication in volume one of Martin Gerbert's Scriptores Ecclesiastici de Musica Sacra Potissimum (1784). (That Gerbert misattributed them to Hucbald need not concern us here.)

19. MUSIC THEORY ONLINE A Publication Of The Society For Music Theory 3 As Erickson points out in his comprehensive introduction, major eleventhcenturytheoristsGuido of Arezzo, Berno and hermann of reichenau, the anonymous http://www.societymusictheory.org/mto/issues/mto.97.3.1/mto.97.3.1.fuller.rev

20. History - Faculty Caesarius of Arles; Caesarius of Heisterbach; Capitulary; Corpus Christi, Feast of;General Chapter; Gregory of Utrecht; hermann of reichenau; jubilee, Year of http://www.uoguelph.ca/history/faculty/rogers.shtml

Introduction Staff Directory Faculty Directory Sessional Directory ... Census Committee Department of History Faculty Mary E. Rogers - Professor EmeritA Education A.B.: University of Pennsylvania, 1955 A.M.: University of Pennsylvania, 1956 Professional Experience Sweet Briar College University of Guelph, Department of History, since 1966 Research Interests Guy de Boulogne, Cardinal Bishop of Porto, 1313-1373 The Role of Women in Medieval Heresies Ecclesiastical History of the Later Medieval and Renaissance Periods Selected Publications 1974 "Acta Sanctorum; Caesarius of Arles; Caesarius of Heisterbach; Capitulary; Corpus Christi, Feast of; General Chapter; Gregory of Utrecht; Hermann of Reichenau; jubilee, Year of; Mantegna, Andrea; Maximilian; Novice; Peter of Blois; Robert of Melun; Raymond of Sebonde; Urban V, Pope; Antony of Padua; Decretum Gelasianum; Hardouin, Jean; Lateran Councils; Mark the Hermit; Monastery; nun; Pilgrimages; Raymond of Pennafort," in The New International Dictionary of the Christian Church, Grand Rapids: Zondervan and Exeter: Pasternoster Press

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