21. Aristarchus Of Samos Interestingly, Aristarchus was preceded by heraclides of pontus (ca. 388315 BC), who proposed that the motions of Mercury and Venus http://www.russellcottrell.com/greek/aristarchus.htm

ARISTARCHUS OF SAMOS AND THE HELIOCENTRIC UNIVERSE Aristarchus of Samos ( ca. B.C. ), called "the mathematician" during his life, is the first person known to have proposed our modern view of the universe: that the Earth revolves around a fixed Sun. For some reason, however, Copernicus, who wrote 1700 years later and knew of Aristarchus' work, is the person most often credited with this heliocentric theory. Being far ahead of his time, like his younger contemporary Archimedes, his ideas never seem to have developed a following and so died out until the telescope revived them. Unfortunately, the original work in which Aristarchus proposes the theory has been lost; we know of it because Archimedes refers to it and describes Aristarchus' proposals. Unlike some ancient scholars, whose seemingly modern views were part of a larger system of mysticism and religion, Aristarchus was firmly grounded in observation and mathematics. The heliocentric theory is thought by some to have been a natural exension of his finding that the Sun is much larger than the Earth. His major extant work, On the Sizes and Distances of the Sun and Moon

22. Timeline Of Rockets - Leaving Earth Behind Greeks. 388315 BC - heraclides of pontus explains the daily rotation of the stars by assuming that the Earth spins on its axis. He http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrockettimeline.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Inventors Technology Timelines ... Industrial Revolution zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Famous Inventions Famous Inventors Black Inventors Women Inventors ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Inventors newsletter. Search Inventors Timeline of Rockets 3,000 BCE - 1700 AD Return Rockets 3,000 BCE - 1700 AD 1700 AD - 1850 AD 1850 AD - 1957 ... 1957 AD - 1989 3000 BCE - Babylonian astrologer-astronomers begin making methodical observations of the skies. 2000 BCE - Babylonians develop a zodiac. 1300 BCE - Chinese use of firework-rockets becomes widespread. 1000 BCE - Babylonians record sun/moon/planetary movements - Egyptians use sun-clock 600-400 BCE - Pythagoras of Samos sets up a school which rivals the Ionians. Parmenides of Elea, a student, proposes a spherical Earth made from condensed air and divided into five zones. He also sets forth ideas for stars being made of compressed fire and a finite, motionless, and spherical universe with illusory motion. 585 BC - Thales of Miletus, a Greek astronomer of the Ionian school, predicts the angular diameter of the sun. He also effectively predicts a solar eclipse, frightening Media and Lydia into negotiating for peace with the Greeks.

23. Pontus --  Encyclopædia Britannica , heraclides of pontus University of St.Andrews, Scotland Brief introduction to the life and works of this Turkish astronomer and philosopher. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=62362

24. Greek History - Greek Science And Its Influence On Western Civilization century AD heraclides of pontus proposed that the seeming westward movement of the heavenly bodies is due to the eastward rotation of the earth on its axis. http://www.hellenism.net/eng/history-astro.htm

Ancient Greek Astronomy by Tanner Brunsdale Astronomy is the study of the stars, planets, and other objects that make up the universe. Astronomers observe the locations and motions of heavenly bodies. Beginning around 600 BC, Greek philosophers and scientists developed a number of important astronomical ideas.The early Greek astronomers knew many of the geometrical relationships of the heavenly bodies. Pythagoras, who lived during the 500s BC , argued that the earth was round. He also tried to explain the nature and structure for the universe as a whole. He developed an early system of cosmology. In about 370 BC, Euxodus of Cnidus had developed a mechanical system to explain the motion s of the planets. Euduxos taught that the planets, sun, the moon, and the stars revolved around the earth. In 300s BC, Aristotle incorporated this earth centered, or geocentric, theory into his philosophic system. Greek Influence - Main Page Ancient Greek Agriculure Ancient Greek Astronomy Ancient Greek Earth Science ... Ancient Greek Medicine One of the most powerful creations of Greek science was the mathematical astronomy created by Hipparchus in the second century B.C. and given final form by Ptolemy in the second century A.D. Heraclides of Pontus proposed that the seeming westward movement of the heavenly bodies is due to the eastward rotation of the earth on its axis. He also taught that Venus and Mercury revolved around the sun, not the earth. In about the 200s BC, a man named Aristarchus of Samos suggested that all the planets, even the earth, revolve around the sun. It is said that Heraclides and Aristarchus were way ahead of their time, and their theories were not really accepted. Eratosthenes who was born in 276 BC, demonstrated the Earths circumference. Hipparchus, who lived around 140 BC, was a creative and talented astronomer. He divided the stars that he could see into classes of apparent brightness.He estimated the size and distance of the moon, found a way to predict eclipses, as well as calculating the length of the year to within 6 and a 1/2 minutes!

25. Timeline 3,000 BCE - 1850 AD negotiating for peace with the Greeks 388315 BC - heraclides of pontus explains the daily rotation of the stars by assuming that the Earth spins on its axis. http://adc.gsfc.nasa.gov/adc/education/space_ex/tline1.html

3,000 BCE - 1850 AD 3000 BCE - Babylonian astrologer-astronomers begin making methodical observations of the skies 2000 BCE - Babylonians develop a zodiac 1300 BCE - Chinese use of firework-rockets becomes widespread 1000 BCE - Babylonians record sun/moon/planetary movements Egyptians use sun-clock 600-400 BCE - Pythagoras of Samos sets up a school which rivals the Ionians. Parmenides of Elea, a student, proposes a spherical Earth made from condensed air and divided into five zones. He also sets forth ideas for stars being made of compressed fire and a finite, motionless, and spherical universe with illusory motion 585 BC - Thales of Miletus, a Greek astronomer of the Ionian school, predicts the angular diameter of the sun. He also effectively predicts a solar eclipse, frightening Media and Lydia into negotiating for peace with the Greeks 388-315 BC - Heraclides of Pontus explains the daily rotation of the stars by assuming that the Earth spins on its axis. He also discovers that Mercury and Venus revolve around the Sun instead of the Earth 360 BC - Flying Pigeon of Archytas made 310-230 BC - Aristarchus of Samos proposes that the Earth revolves around the Sun 276-196 BC - Eratosthenes, a Greek astronomer, measures the circumference of the Earth. He also finds the differences between planets and

26. Ancient Greek Astronomy heraclides of pontus proposed that the seeming westward movement of the heavenly bodies is due to the eastward rotation of the earth on its axis. http://members.tripod.com/~JFrazz9/astr.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Check out the NEW Hotbot Tell me when this page is updated Ancient Greek Astronomy Astronomy is the study of the stars, planets, and other objects that make up the universe. Astronomers observe the locations and motions of heavenly bodies. Beginning around 600 BC, Greek philosophers and scientists developed a number of important astronomical ideas.The early Greek astronomers knew many of the geometrical relationships of the heavenly bodies. Pythagoras, who lived during the 500s BC , argued that the earth was round. He also tried to explain the nature and structure for the universe as a whole. He developed an early system of cosmology. In about 370 BC, Euxodus of Cnidus had developed a mechanical system to explain the motion s of the planets. Euduxos taught that the planets, sun, the moon, and the stars revolved around the earth. In 300s BC, Aristotle incorporated this earth centered, or geocentric, theory into his philosophic system. Heraclides of Pontus proposed that the seeming westward movement of the heavenly bodies is due to the eastward rotation of the earth on its axis. He also taught that Venus and Mercury revolved around the sun, not the earth. In about the 200s BC, a man named Aristarchus of Samos suggested that all the planets, even the earth, revolve around the sun. It is said that Heraclides and Aristarchus were way ahead of their time, and their theories were not really accepted. Eratosthenes who was born in 276 BC, demonstrated the Earths circumference. Hipparchus, who lived around 140 BC, was a creative and talented astronomer. He divided the stars that he could see into classes of apparent brightness.He estimated the size and distance of the moon, found a way to predict eclipses, as well as calculating the length of the year to within 6 and a 1/2 minutes!

27. History Of Philosophy 10 To the Old Academy belonged Speusippus, Xenoerates, heraclides of pontus, Philip of Opus, Crates, and Crantor; Arcesilaus and Carneades are the principal http://www.nd.edu/Departments/Maritain/etext/hop10.htm

Jacques Maritain Center History of Philosophy / by William Turner CHAPTER X THE PLATONIC SCHOOLS The Laws , which, according to the most probable opinion, was written by Plato, though it was not made public until after his death, bears evidence of the influence which, in the later years of his life, the philosophy of the Pythagoreans exercised on his mind, inclining him to attach more and more importance to the mystic element in philosophy and to the number theory . It was this phase of Platonic thought that was taken up and developed by the Platonic Academies, while in the bands of Aristotle the teachings of the earlier dialogues were carried to a higher development. During the lifetime of Plato there was little, if any, dissension among the members of the school which assembled in the grove of Academus; after Plato's death, however, Aristotle set up a school of his own, in opposition to the members of the Academy, who claimed to possess in their scholarch the authorized head of the Platonic school. The first scholarch was Speusippus, the nephew of Plato, who, according to Diogenes Laertius

28. Heliocentric Models Of The World - World Systems - Scientific Revolution - Dr Ro heraclides of pontus proposed a model where earth was at the center of planetary motion but rotated on its axis daily. Heraclides http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-

HELIOCENTRIC MODELS OF THE WORLD Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida T Modern Diagrams - Copernicus' Model rah.jan.99 BACK - HOME

29. Ptolemiac & Copernican Equivalence the epicycles of Venus and Mercury on the sun, drawing them about A. Compare the planetary models of heraclides of pontus, Tycho Brahe, and Longomontanus. http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Teaching/HIS-SCI-S

T he Geometrical equivalence of the geostatic and heliostatic systems for representing apparent motions is often not sufficiently emphasized, though it is easily demonstrated. Superior Planets (Figure 1). In the Copernican hypothesis, O is the sun, B the earthwhich revolves through any angle COBand D is a planet which in the same period revolves through angle COD. The apparent position of the planet is on line BD. Transposing this to Ptolemaic terms, O is the fixed earth, A the sun, D the center of the planet's epicycle. If F is the position of the planet in the epicycle, then DF:DO = BO:DO. Moreover, AOB is a straight line, and~FDO =~COB -~COD = ~ BOD. These relations follow from the form of the constants used by Ptolemy and Copernicus respectively. Thus the apparent position of the planet is given as before, since line FO is parallel to BD, and triangles AFO and BDO are identical. Figure 1 Inferior Planets Figure 2 These planets cannot appear in the Ptolemaic scheme (as they do in the Copernican system) on the superior side of the sun. In the Copernican system Venus should appear in quadrature with the sun at maximum elongation, as later observed by Galileo. A minor geometrical adjustment to the Ptolemaic scheme made it equivalent to the Copernican (astronomically speaking) by centering the epicycles of Venus and Mercury on the sun, drawing them about A. Compare the planetary models of Heraclides of Pontus, Tycho Brahe, and Longomontanus. Adapted from A. Rupert Hall

30. ƒJƒ‹ƒLƒfƒBƒEƒXwƒeƒBƒ}ƒCƒIƒX’‰ðx 111 * O.Neugebauer, On the Allegedly Heliocentric Theory of Venus by heraclides of pontus ,American Journal of Philology 93(1972),pp.6001; A History of http://phil.flet.mita.keio.ac.jp/person/nakagawa/Calcidius.html

Calcidii Commentarius in Platonis Timaeum “y‰®–rœA 37d3-e3 ‚ðƒpƒ‰ƒtƒŒ[ƒY‚µ‚‚A‰i‰“(aevum) ‚ÆŽžŠÔ(tempus)‚Ì‘Šˆá‚ª‰ðà‚³‚ê‚éBŠ´Šo“I‚Ȑ¢ŠE‚̔͌^(exemplum)‚Å‚ ‚é‰Â’m“I‚Ȑ¢ŠE‚͉i‰“‚Å‚ ‚邪A‰Â’m“I‚Ȑ¢ŠE‚ÌŽ—‘œ(imago) ‚Å‚ ‚銴Šo“I‚Ȑ¢ŠE‚à‘SŽžŠÔ‚ɂ킽‚Á‚Ä‘¶‘±‚·‚éBŽžŠÔ‚Ƃ͉i‰“‚Ì–Í‘¢(simulacrum)‚Å‚ ‚èA‰i‰“‚ªŽ©ŒÈ‚Ì—§ê‚ÉŽ~‚Ü‚Á‚Ä‚¢‚é‚̂ɑ΂µAŽžŠÔ‚͏í‚É‘Oi‚µ”½•œ‚µ‚Ä‚¢‚éBŠ´Šo“I‚Ȑ¢ŠE‚Í‚±‚ÌŽžŠÔ‚Æ“¯‚¶uŠÔ‚ɍì‚ç‚ꂽB ‚±‚Æ‚ðŽ¦‚»‚¤‚Æ—~‚·‚é‚Æ‚«‚ɁA‚»‚Ì ‚»‚ê‚ç‚ð‚àA‚Ç‚¤‚µ‚Ä * O.Neugebauer, On the Allegedly Heliocentric Theory of Venus by Heraclides of Pontus",American Journal of Philology 93(1972),pp.600-1; A History of Ancient Mathematical Astronomy,vol.2(Berlin 1975),@pp.294-6. ‚È‚¨A‘æ109-111 ß‚̉ðŽß‚¨‚æ‚уwƒ‰ƒNƒŒƒCƒfƒX‚̐à‚ɂ‚¢‚ẮAcf.H.B.Gottschalk,Heraclides of Pontus(Oxford 1980),p.69 ff. 38e3-6‚̈ø—p‚Æ‚»‚̃pƒ‰ƒtƒŒ[ƒYB“V‘Ì‚ª‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚Ì“V‹ ‚É”z’u‚³‚ê‚Ä–½‚ð—^‚¦‚ç‚ꂽ‚Æ“¯Žž‚ɁA‰F’ˆ‘S‘Ì‚à°‚ð“­‚©‚¹—«‚𕪂¯Ž‚‚悤‚É‚È‚Á‚½‚ÆŒê‚ç‚ê‚éB 38e6-39a3 ‚̈ø—p‚Æ‚»‚̉ðàB‚»‚ꂼ‚ê‚̘f¯‚ªuˆÙv‚̉^“®‚É‚æ‚Á‚ĉñ“]‚³‚¹‚ç‚ê‚éB“à‘¤‚Ì‹O“¹‚ð‰ñ‚é˜f¯‚قljñ“]ŽüŠú‚ª’Z‚­AŠO‘¤‚̘f¯‚Ù‚ÇŽüŠú‚ª’·‚¢‚±‚Æ‚ªŒê‚ç‚ê‚éB 39a4-5‚̈ø—p‚Æ‚»‚̉ðàBu“¯v‚̉ñ“]‚É‚æ‚éP¯“V‹ ‚Ì“úŽü‰^“®‚ƁA‚±‚ê‚Æ‹ts‚·‚éuˆÙv‚̉ñ“]‚É‚æ‚é˜f¯‚Ì”NŽü‰^“®‚Ƃ̍‡¬‰^“®‚É‚æ‚Á‚āAu‚æ‚葬‚­‰ñ“]‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚ªA‚æ‚è’x‚­‰ñ“]‚·‚é‚à‚Ì‚É‚æ‚Á‚āA’Ç‚¢‰z‚·‚Ì‚É’Ç‚¢‰z‚³‚ê‚é‚悤‚ÉŒ©‚¦‚év——R‚ªà–¾‚³‚ê‚éB 39b2-c5 ‚̈ø—p‚Æ‚»‚̉ðàB’n‹ ‚©‚ç‚Q”Ô–Ú‚Ì‹O“¹‚ÉÅ‚à–¾‚é‚¢“V‘́A‘¾—z‚ª’u‚©‚ꂽ——R‚́A“VŠE‚Ì’˜‚ªŒ©“n‚¹‚邽‚ß‚Æ“¯Žž‚ɁA’‹–é‚ÌŒð‘ã‚ƗA—ï”N‚ª¶‚¶‚邽‚ß‚Å‚ ‚Á‚½‚ÆŒê‚ç‚ê‚éB

31. NOTES TO COPERNICUS' PREFACE heraclides of pontus and Ecphantus the Pythagorean Heraclides was a student of Plato s. He is reported to have written about the rotation of the earth. http://condor.stcloudstate.edu/~physcrse/astr106/drprefnotes.html

Notes to Copernicus Preface to De Revolutionibus best and most systematic Artisan of all It is God that is meant here. Doubt about faith and disbelief in God was not fashionable in the 16th century, and of course Copernicus was a churchman of sorts. contradict the first principles of uniform motion Copernicus is referring here to the equant construction. According to the ideas of Greek philosophy, the motion of the planets should be circular motion at constant speed, that is, uniform motion. But in the model of planetary motion presented by Ptolemy, the speed on the large circle known as the "deferent" or "eccentric" is not constant, but rather only appears constant when viewed from a particular point inside the orbit. eccentrics and epicycles Copernicus is referring to the system of Ptolemy here. the fourth period of nine years This would mean that Copernicus had been working on his heliocentric theory for more than 36 years. Since De Revolutionibus appeared in 1543, Copernicus would have begun work before 1507. Heraclides of Pontus and Ecphantus the Pythagorean Heraclides was a student of Plato's. He is reported to have written about the rotation of the earth. Little seems to be known about Ecphantus the Pythagorean.

32. Routledge Encyclopedia Of Philosophy Online : Ethics pure will (Fries, JF). Fries, Jacob Friedrich. puritanism (heraclides of pontus). heraclides of pontus. recognition. Recognition 3 An ethic of recognition. religion. http://www.rep.routledge.com/article-related/L132

HOME HELP Article Bibliography ... Ethics ROGER CRISP Related Articles See also Further discussion See also Aristotle §§22–26 Augustine §§12–14 Callicles Cheng ... Zhu Xi Further discussion ethics Ethics Abelard, P. Abelard, Peter Abelard, Peter: 7 Ethics action Morality and ethics: 1 Morality, practical deliberation and ethics aesthetics relationship Aesthetics and ethics Kierkegaard, S. African Ethical systems, African contemporary trends Ethical systems, African: 5 Contemporary trends modern society comparison traditional cultures Ethical systems, African: 2 Traditional cultures: general features agricultural Agricultural ethics Albert the Great Albert the Great: 5 Ethics Alexander of Hales Alexander of Hales: 1 Life and influences anger (Philodemus) Philodemus animals Animals and ethics applied Applied ethics Applied ethics: 3 Method Ethics Aquinas, T. Aquinas, Thomas: 12 Will and action Arete Ariston of Chios Ariston of Chios: 2 Indifference Aristotle flourishing Ritual: 1 The ethical import of ritual and traditional Judaism human good Aristotle: 21 The human good asceticism Jainism Jaina philosophy Jaina philosophy: 3 Ethics Augustine Augustine Augustine: 12 Ethics: sin, vice and virtue

33. List Of Entries Hempel, Carl Gustav R. Jeffrey. Henry of Ghent Steven P. Marrone. Henry of Harclay George Molland. heraclides of pontus Hans B. Gottschalk. Heraclitus AA Long. http://www.routledge-ny.com/rep/entrie2.html

List of Entries A B C D ... Z G Gadadhara Jonardon Ganeri Gadamer, Hans-Georg Kathleen Wright Gaius Grant McLeod Galen R.J. Hankinson Galileo Galilei Mario Biagioli Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand Frank J. Hoffman Gangesa Stephen H. Phillips Garrigou-Lagrange, Reginald Ralph McInerny Gassendi, Pierre Margaret Osler Gaudiya Vaishnavism Jan Brzezinski Gautama Aksapada Eli Franco Karin Preisendanz Gender and Ethics Zoltan Szabo Gender and Science Sandra Harding Genealogy R. Kevin Hill General Relativity, Philosophical Responses to Thomas Ryckman General Will Peter Nicholson Genetics Lindley Darden Genetics and Ethics Ruth Chadwick Gentile, Giovanni Richard Bellamy Gentzen, Gerhard Karl Erich Volker Peckhaus Geology, Philosophy of Rachel Laudan Geometry, Philosophical Issues in Thomas Ryckman George of Trebizond John Monfasani Gerard of Cremona Mark Jordan Gerard of Odo Bonnie Kent Gerard, Alexander Dabney Townsend Gerbert of Aurillac Fiona Somerset Gerdil, Cardinal Sigismond Patrick Riley German Idealism Paul Franks Gerson, Jean

34. Galileo's Considerations On The Copernican Opinion (1615) all his school, Philolaus (teacher of Plato), Plato himself (as Aristotle testifies in his book On the Heavens), heraclides of pontus, Ecphantus, Aristarchus http://www.marxists.org/reference/subject/philosophy/works/it/galileo.htm

Galilei Galileo (1615) Galileo's Considerations on the Copernican Opinion Source Galileo's Considerations on the Copernican System , 1615, from The Galileo Affair , edited by Maurice Finocchiaro. Complete letter. In order to remove (as much as the blessed God allows me) the occasion to deviate from the most correct judgment about the resolution of the pending controversy, I shall try to do away with two ideas. These are notions which I believe some are attempting to impress on the minds of those persons who are charged with the deliberations, and, if I am not mistaken, they are concepts far from the truth. That it is not to be disparaged as ridiculous is, therefore, clearly shown by the quality of the men, both ancient and modern, who have held and do hold it. No one can regard it as ridiculous unless he considers ridiculous and foolish Pythagoras with all his school, Philolaus (teacher of Plato), Plato himself (as Aristotle testifies in his book On the Heavens ), Heraclides of Pontus, Ecphantus, Aristarchus of Samos, Hicetas and Seleucus the mathematician. Seneca himself not only does not ridicule it, hut he makes fun of those who do, writing in his book On Comets : "It is also important to study these questions in order to learn whether the universe goes around the motionless earth, or the earth rotates but the universe does not. For some have said that we are naturally unaware of motion, that sunrise and sunset are not due to the motion of the heavens, but that it is we ourselves who rise and set. The matter deserves consideration, so that we may know the conditions of our existence, whether we stand still or move very fast, whether God drives everything around us or drives us." Regarding the moderns, Nicolaus Copernicus first accepted it and amply confirmed it in his whole book. Then there were others: William Gilbert, a distinguished physician and philosopher, who treats it at length and confirms it in his book

35. Classic Definition Of Republic - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia The men who came after him, Aristotle and heraclides of pontus, another follower of Plato, threw light on the whole topic of national constitutions through the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Classic_Definition_of_Republic

36. Science Timeline Henry, William, 1801. Henseleit, Kurt 1932. heraclides of pontus, 330 bce. Heraclitus of Ephesus, 500 bce. Herapath, 1821. Herbig, George H., 1951, 1975. http://www.sciencetimeline.net/siteindex_h.htm

use checkboxes to select items you wish to download Select Index Letter: a b c d ... w-x-y-z Haber, Edgar, 1962 Haber, Fritz,1909, 1915 Habermas, Jurgen, 1968 hackers, 1959 Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, 1859, 1866, 1940 Hahn, Otto, 1938 Haken, Wolfgang, 1976 Haldane, John Burdon Sanderson, 1924, 1926, 1929, 1932, 1937, 1941 Hale, George Ellery, 1908, 1949 Hales, Stephen, 1727, 1733 Haley, Jay, 1952 Hall, Benjamin D., 1961 Hall, Chester More, 1733 Hall, Edwin Herbert, 1879, 1980 Hall, Howard, 1999 Hall, James, 1795 Hall, Jeffrey C., 1984, 1986, 1991 Hall, John L., 1989 Hall, Marshall, 1833 Halley, Edmund, 1678, 1693, 1705, 1718, 1758, 1759, 1835 hallucinagenic mushroom, 7000 bce Halm, Jacob, 1911 Hamburger, Viktor, 1975 Hamer, Dean H., 1993

37. STEFAN STENUDD - Pythagoras. Cosmos Of The Ancients ----------- him that he was Apollo come down from the far north and Pythagoras himself had no less a view on his person – according to heraclides of pontus he said http://www.stenudd.com/myth/greek/pythagoras.htm

About the writer Stefan Stenudd Cosmos of the Ancients The Greek Philosophers on Myth and Cosmology Pythagoras o Pythagoras (circa 582-500 BC) it seems the gods were both factual and worthy of reverence, if the later commentators are to be trusted. Of his own words nothing remains. According to Hieronymus, Pythagoras had descended into Hades, where: he saw the soul of Hesiod bound fast to a brazen pillar and gibbering, and the soul of Homer hung on a tree with serpents writhing about it, this being their punishment for what they had said about the gods. His teaching was strict, full of rules to live by, some peculiar and some expressions of piety. He was secretive of his learning and demanded much of those who wanted to be his disciples, among other things a long waiting before being accepted. Not only did he avoid meat, but for several reasons he refused beans, to the extent that he was reported to have died because of it – when fleeing from his enemies he stopped before a field of beans, not wanting to cross it, whereby they caught and killed him. Diogenes Laertius claims that "his disciples held the opinion about him that he was Apollo come down from the far north" and Pythagoras himself had no less a view on his person – according to Heraclides of Pontus he said about himself that he was the son of Hermes, who had offered him any gift except immortality. "So he asked to retain through life and through death a memory of his experiences." Thus, his soul wandered from person to person, all of them noble men, keeping its memory through each new life lived. To Pythagoras, this was nothing ordinary, since: "He was the first, they say, to declare that the soul, bound now in this creature, now in that, thus goes on a round ordained of necessity." This is, in essence, identical with the metempsychosis of Pherecydes, who would then most likely be primary to Pythagoras in expressing the theory.

38. Blackwell Synergy - Cookie Absent Xenocrates and Polemo, it also includes discussion of figures barely touched upon in the earlier work, such as Philippus of Opus, and heraclides of pontus. http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/links/doi/10.1111/j.1468-0149.2004.00336.x/full

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39. Those Hairy Stars upper heavens. One of Aristotle s students, one heraclides of pontus, taught that comets were inflamed clouds, high above the Earth. http://www.sipe.com/halebopp/whatare5.htm

"Those Hairy Stars a look at comets through history" by Carolyn Collins Petersen Comets Those Hairy Stars by Carolyn Collins Petersen It had been a long, dry summer in the high desert. The shaman had called for rain many times, to no avail. He had looked to the stars each night for some clue about when the crop-killing drought was over, but they looked the same as they always had distant, twinkling, inscrutable. The shaman's assistant, flush with the enthusiasm of youth, decided one night to look at the stars without his mentor's guidance. He crept away from the village, and climbed atop the highest mesa. From there, he had an almost panoramic view of the sky. All night he waited... growing sleepy, but never quite dropping off into slumber. Just before dawn, he stretched and shook himself... a night's sleep wasted for nothing! He glanced to the east... and saw it... a faint smudge near a bright star. What could it possibly be? Perhaps this was the omen his master wanted! He paused long enough to scratch a map of the sky on the sandstone wall of the mesa, and then ran down the trail to the village, his excited shouts waking the entire village... On another continent, a woman sat quietly in a grove of trees on the edge of a large flat plain. She was deep in meditation about what the sky had presented to her just before sunrise a strange-looking star that appeared to have the beard of an elder man. Nothing in her learning had prepared her for this sight and she searched her memories for anything that would help her understand this latest manifestation from the Mother of All. Not far away, her clan waited for an explanation of the mysterious apparition that seemed to dance in the early morning twilight.

40. EpistemeLinks.com: Philosophy Events Search Results Theophrastus Project Conference on heraclides of pontus http//www.ucl.ac.uk/GrandLat/people/sharples/conf2003.htm Country Great Britain Start Date 6/25 http://www.epistemelinks.com/Main/Events.aspx?TopiCode=Anci

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