1. Heawood Percy John Heawood. Born 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England Died 24 Jan1955 in Durham, England. Click the picture above to see two larger pictures http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Heawood.html

Percy John Heawood Born: 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England Died: 24 Jan 1955 in Durham, England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index P J Heawood 's father was the Reverend John Richard Heawood. He had a brother, Edward Heawood, who went on to become librarian for the Royal Geographical Society, holding the position for over 30 years. Heawood attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Ipswich being awarded an Open Scholarship to study at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1880. There Heawood was most influenced by Henry Smith and he went on to be a Wrangler in 1883 (the year in which Henry Smith died). Heawood was awarded a Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1882 and a Senior Mathematical Scholarship in 1886. In 1886 he was also awarded the Lady Herschell Prize. In 1887 Heawood was appointed Lecturer in Mathematics at Durham Colleges (later Durham University). Three years later, in June 1890, he married Christiana Tristram who was the daughter of Canon H B Tristram who was a biblical scholar, traveller and naturalist. They had a son and a daughter and enjoyed over sixty years of marriage, celebrating their diamond wedding in June 1950. In fact Heawood worked at Durham University all his life being appointed to the Chair of Mathematics there in 1911. He served the university in many capacities, in particular he was a member of the Senate from 1905 and served as Vice-Chancellor from 1926 to 1928. He did not retire until 1939 when he was 78 years of age but still went on to enjoy 16 years of retirement.

2. Poster Of Heawood Percy Heawood. lived from 1861 to 1955. Heawood made important contributionsto the four colour theorem. Find out more at http//www http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Posters2/Heawood.html

Percy Heawood lived from 1861 to 1955 Heawood made important contributions to the four colour theorem. Find out more at http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/ Mathematicians/Heawood.html

3. Graph Theory White Pages: Percy John Heawood Percy John Heawood. 18611955 http//www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Heawood.htmlStudents Some Old Graph http://www1.cs.columbia.edu/~sanders/graphtheory/people/Heawood.PJ.html

Percy John Heawood http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Heawood.html Students: Some Old Graph Theory Publications: Map-colour theorem, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. On the four-colour map theorem, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. Map colour theorem, Quart. J. Pure Appl. Math. On extended congruences connected with the four-colour map theorem, Proc. London Math. Soc. Failures in congruences connected with the four-colour map theorem, Proc. London Math. Soc. Graph Theory Publications: Map-colour theorem. Proc. London Math. Soc. (2) Note on a correction in a paper on map-congruences. J. London Math. Soc. Note on a correction in a paper on map-congruences. J. London Math. Soc. Graph Theory Books: The Graph Theory White Pages www.graphtheory.com JLG additions and corrections through Registration

4. Heawood Percy John Heawood. Percy Heawood attended Queen Elizabeth s Grammar Schoolin Ipswich being awarded an Open Scholarship to study at Oxford in 1880. http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Hwd.htm

Percy John Heawood Born: 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England Died: 24 Jan 1955 in Durham, England Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Percy Heawood attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Ipswich being awarded an Open Scholarship to study at Oxford in 1880. There Heawood was most influenced by Henry Smith and he went on to be a Wrangler in 1883 (the year in which Henry Smith died). Heawood was awarded a Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1882 and a Senior Mathematical Scholarship in 1886. In 1886 he was also awarded the Lady Herschell Prize. In 1887 Heawood was appointed Lecturer in Mathematics at Durham Colleges (later Durham University). In fact Heawood worked at Durham University all his life being appointed to the Chair of Mathematics there in 1911. He did not retire until 1939 when he was 78 years of age but still went on to enjoy 16 years of retirement. Heawood spent 60 years of his life working on the four colour theorem. He published his first paper on the topic Map colour theorems in 1890 when he pointed out the mistake in Kempe 's proof. In the same paper he proves that five colours suffice. He also proved in this paper that for a surface of connectivity h, a map requires at most

5. Einige Der Bedeutenden Mathematiker Translate this page Hausdorff Felix, 1868-1942. Hermite Charles, 1822-1901. heawood percy, 1861-1955.Heron von Alexandrien, ~60 n.Chr. Hilbert David, 1862-1943. Hurwitz Adolf, 1859-1919. http://www.zahlenjagd.at/mathematiker.html

Einige der bedeutenden Mathematiker Abel Niels Hendrik Appolonius von Perga ~230 v.Chr. Archimedes von Syrakus 287-212 v.Chr. Babbage Charles Banach Stefan Bayes Thomas Bernoulli Daniel Bernoulli Jakob Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Nicolaus Bessel Friedrich Wilhelm Bieberbach Ludwig Birkhoff Georg David Bolyai János Bolzano Bernhard Boole George Borel Emile Briggs Henry Brouwer L.E.J. Cantor Georg Ferdinand Carroll Lewis Cassini Giovanni Domenico Cardano Girolamo Cauchy Augustin Louis Cayley Arthur Ceulen, Ludolph van Chomsky Noel Chwarismi Muhammed Ibn Musa Al Church Alonzo Cohen Paul Joseph Conway John Horton Courant Richard D'Alembert Jean Le Rond De Morgan Augustus Dedekind Julius Wilhelm Richard Descartes René Dieudonné Jean Diophantos von Alexandria ~250 v. Chr. Dirac Paul Adrien Maurice Dirichlet Peter Gustav Lejeune Eratosthenes von Kyrene 276-194 v.Chr. Euklid von Alexandria ~300 v.Chr. Euler Leonhard Fatou Pierre Fermat Pierre de Fischer Ronald A Sir Fourier Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Fraenkel Adolf Frege Gottlob Frobenius Ferdinand Georg Galois Evariste Galton Francis Sir Gauß Carl Friedrich Germain Marie-Sophie Gödel Kurt Goldbach Christian Hadamard Jacques Hamilton William Rowan Hausdorff Felix Hermite Charles Heawood Percy Heron von Alexandrien ~60 n.Chr.

6. Heawood Percy John Heawood. Born 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England Died 24Jan 1955 in Durham, England. Mathematiker Bild Show birthplace location. http://sfabel.tripod.com/mathematik/database/Heawood.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Percy John Heawood Born: 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England Died: 24 Jan 1955 in Durham, England Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page P J Heawood attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Ipswich being awarded an Open Scholarship to study at Oxford in 1880. There Heawood was most influenced by Henry Smith and he went on to be a Wrangler in 1883 (the year in which Henry Smith died). Heawood was awarded a Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1882 and a Senior Mathematical Scholarship in 1886. In 1886 he was also awarded the Lady Herschell Prize. In 1887 Heawood was appointed Lecturer in Mathematics at Durham Colleges (later Durham University). In fact Heawood worked at Durham University all his life being appointed to the Chair of Mathematics there in 1911. He did not retire until 1939 when he was 78 years of age but still went on to enjoy 16 years of retirement. Heawood spent 60 years of his life working on the four colour theorem. He published his first paper on the topic

7. Percy John Heawood Percy John Heawood. Született 1861 szept. 8. Newport, Shropsire, AngliaMeghalt 1955 jan. 24. Durham, Anglia. Ipswichben az Erzsébet http://www.jgytf.u-szeged.hu/tanszek/matematika/speckoll/2000/negyszin/heawood.h

Percy John Heawood Meghalt: 1955 jan. 24. Durham, Anglia Dirac Vissza a matematikusokhoz

8. Biography-center - Letter H .net.au/AIC/HEAVISIDE_BIO.html. heawood, percy. wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/ Mathematicians/heawood.html. Hebe, www.messagenet.com http://www.biography-center.com/h.html

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9. Colorful Mathematics: Part I was so convincing that it was quite a few years before percy heawood noticed that it was incorrect The mistake was noted by percy John heawood ( 18611955) in 1890 http://www.ams.org/new-in-math/cover/coloring5.html

Colorful Mathematics: Part I Feature Column Archive 5. Some history Having noticed that it appears that any plane map can be colored with four or fewer colors, attempts were made to prove this result. One person who responded to the challenge of trying to prove the four-color conjecture was Alfred Bray Kempe . Kempe (1849-1922) had studied with the distinguished British mathematician Arthur Cayley when he was a student at Cambridge University. Although Kempe earned his living as a lawyer (barrister), he made significant contributions to mathematics in several different areas. He presented an ingenious argument in attempting to prove the four-color conjecture. His ideas have proved to be very important to the future of coloring problems even though the way he used his ideas in attempting to prove the four-color problem were not fully correct. Kempe's argument was so convincing that it was quite a few years before Percy Heawood noticed that it was incorrect. Kempe's approach reduced the problem to coloring the faces of 3-valent plane maps. The key idea of the proof involved is what are known today as Kempe chains . Suppose that one is coloring a map and one has a 4-sided region R which has faces which have been already colored with the four colors available. Kempe wanted to be able to recolor the map so that the coloring rule was met but that R could be colored. Suppose the colors ( a b c , and d ) around the region R are as represented in the diagram below: Now consider all the regions that are colored

10. Mappa.Mundi Magazine - Locus - The Four-Color Map Problem percy John heawood ». A mathematical physicist's discussion of the 4 color theorem, with math examples. breeds error, and in 1890 percy John heawood pointed out the fatal flaw http://mappa.mundi.net/locus/locus_014

Stephanie Faul is director of public relations for the AAA Foundation for Traffic Safety. A long-time writer and editor, she has been a frequent contributor to on-line and old-line media. Locus is a series about words about places and how language, culture and society have created and used these words down through the ages. Previous Issues Links Relating to this edition The Four Color Theorem Augustus De Morgan Charles Sanders Peirce Alfred Bray Kempe ... A mathematical physicist's discussion of the 4 color theorem , with math examples. Maps of Many Colors by Ivars Peterson. By Stephanie Faul, steph@faul.com Locus Archives The Four-Color Map Problem When I was around a dozen years old I became enamored of the four-color map problem. I'm not sure how I discovered it: I remember a science-fiction story in which the problem was described. As I recall, the story's narrator discovers a solution that he then could no longer remember. E. C. Bridgman's, 1896 Rail Road and Township map of New York illustrates the four color mapping problem - as a practical matter, green, yellow, pink and tan are sufficient to map the townships. Some say the four color theorum was finally proved by Appel and Haken in 1976, but others claim that the question is yet to be resolved satisfactorily. Map from The Library of Congress Geography and Map Division Yet at the time of my childhood the four-color map theorem had never been proved, and in fact could have been disproved by creating a map that required five colors.

11. Heawood Biography of P J heawood (18611955) percy John heawood. Born 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England P J heawood's father was the Reverend John Richard heawood http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Heawood.html

Percy John Heawood Born: 8 Sept 1861 in Newport, Shropshire, England Died: 24 Jan 1955 in Durham, England Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index P J Heawood 's father was the Reverend John Richard Heawood. He had a brother, Edward Heawood, who went on to become librarian for the Royal Geographical Society, holding the position for over 30 years. Heawood attended Queen Elizabeth's Grammar School in Ipswich being awarded an Open Scholarship to study at Exeter College, Oxford, in 1880. There Heawood was most influenced by Henry Smith and he went on to be a Wrangler in 1883 (the year in which Henry Smith died). Heawood was awarded a Junior Mathematical Scholarship in 1882 and a Senior Mathematical Scholarship in 1886. In 1886 he was also awarded the Lady Herschell Prize. In 1887 Heawood was appointed Lecturer in Mathematics at Durham Colleges (later Durham University). Three years later, in June 1890, he married Christiana Tristram who was the daughter of Canon H B Tristram who was a biblical scholar, traveller and naturalist. They had a son and a daughter and enjoyed over sixty years of marriage, celebrating their diamond wedding in June 1950. In fact Heawood worked at Durham University all his life being appointed to the Chair of Mathematics there in 1911. He served the university in many capacities, in particular he was a member of the Senate from 1905 and served as Vice-Chancellor from 1926 to 1928. He did not retire until 1939 when he was 78 years of age but still went on to enjoy 16 years of retirement.

12. Anecdote - Percy John Heawood - Heawood`s Watch heawood s Watch Like many mathematicians, percy John heawood was famously eccentric. It sten hours slow! heawood, percy John (? ) British mathematician http://www.anecdotage.com/index.php?aid=16836

13. The Four Colour Theorem being the Four Colour Conjecture in 1890. percy John heawood, a lecturer at Durham England, published a paper Although heawood showed that Kempe's proof was wrong he did prove that http://www.math.5u.com/The four colour theorem.htm

14. Anecdotage.com - People Heawood Anecdote. heawood s Watch (heawood anecdote) Like many mathematicians, percy John heawoodwas famously eccentric. (He conside Back To Browsing/Searching page. http://www.anecdotage.com/browse.php?category=people&who=Heawood

15. Heawood Graph heawood graph. percy John heawood (18611955) was an English mathematician whospent a large amount of time on questions related to the four colour theorem. http://www.win.tue.nl/~aeb/drg/graphs/Heawood.html

Heawood graph Percy John Heawood (1861-1955) was an English mathematician who spent a large amount of time on questions related to the four colour theorem. . It is the point-line incidence graph of the Fano plane, and is commonly called the Heawood graph. It occurs as subgraph of the Hoffman-Singleton graph It is the unique (3,6)- cage : the regular cubic graph of girth 6 with minimal number of vertices. co-Heawood graph . It occurs as subgraph of the Gewirtz graph , and is the first subconstituent of the U (3) graph Group The full group of automorphisms is PGL(2,7) = L (2).2, acting distance-transitively with point stabilizer S Subgraphs Substructures belonging to the maximal subgroups of the automorphism group: a) A partition of the edges into three matchings . There are 8 of these, forming a single orbit. The stabilizer of one is 7:6, with vertex orbit size 14. (There are 24 matchings. The complement of a matching is a 14-cycle that decomposes unique into two matchings. So, matchings come in groups of three.) b) A vertex . There are 14 of these, forming a single orbit. The stabilizer of one is S

16. Heawood Portraits percy J heawood. JOC/EFR August 2001 http//wwwhistory.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/ history/PictDisplay/heawood.html http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/PictDisplay/Heawood.html

Percy J Heawood JOC/EFR August 2001 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/PictDisplay/Heawood.html

17. References For Heawood References for percy John heawood. Articles GA Dirac, percy John heawood, J. LondonMath. J Duff, percy John heawood, Nature 75 (26 February), 1995), 368. http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/~DZ5FCA.htm

References for Percy John Heawood Articles: G A Dirac, Percy John Heawood, J. London Math. Soc. J Duff, Percy John Heawood, Nature (26 February), 1995), 368-. Close this window or click this link to go back to Heawood Welcome page Biographies Index History Topics Index Famous curves index ... Search Suggestions JOC/EFR February 1997 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/References/Heawood.html

18. Anecdotage.com - Time Anecdotes. Anecdotes From Yeats To Gates of his energy into running the heawood's Watch. Like many mathematicians, percy John heawood was famously eccentric http://www.anecdotage.com/browse.php?term=Time

19. VEDA ledna 1955 v Durhamu, Anglie. percy heawood navštevoval Gymnázium královny Elisabethv Ipswichu, kde v roce 1880 získal stipendium ke studiu na Oxfordu. http://pes.internet.cz/veda/clanky/15266_0_0_0.html

NEVIDITELNÝ PES EUROPE'S ZVÍØETNÍK BYDLENÍ ... ENCYKLOPEDIE Úterý 25.9.2001 Svátek má Zlata Biologie a pøíroda Vesmír Fyzika Medicína ... Archiv vydání Nadpis Autor Text èlánku Nabídka online služby ProQuest 5000 se rozrostla do konce roku o tøi databáze Národní licence na elektronickou informaèní sužbu ProQuest 5000, díky níž mají od loòského roku vysoké školy, Akademie vìd ÈR, veøejné knihovny a další instituce možnost bezplatného pøístupu ke ètyøem tisícùm odborných èasopisù, byla doèasnì -od 1. záøí do 31. prosince 2001 - rozšíøena o další tøi významné oborové databáze: AGRICOLA PlusText, ERIC PlusText a MEDLINE with Full Text. Hlavní pøednost tìchto informaèních zdrojù spoèívá v tom, že spojují kvalitní indexování èlánkù pomocí øízených slovníkù (tezaurù) èásteènì s jejich plnými texty. AGRICOLA PlusText pokrývá zemìdìlství, veterinární lékaøství, lesnictví, ekologii, zoologii, botaniku a výživu. Databáze zahrnuje bibliografické záznamy z více než 830 èasopisù od roku 1970 (z toho je 52 titulù k dispozici v plném znìní s prùmìrnì ètyøletou retrospektivou - napø. Biochemistry, Bioscience, Canadian Journal of Zoology, Journal of Nutrition aj.). ERIC FullText je zamìøena na rùzné aspekty vzdìlávání (vèetnì vývojové psychologie, protidrogové prevence, managementu škol, poradenství, výuky odborných pøedmìtù, celoživotního vzdìlávání) a rovnìž na knihovnictví. Úplná retrospektiva bibliografických záznamù z 1060 èasopisù sahá do roku 1966 (zhruba ètvrtina z nich je pøístupná v plnotextové podobì od roku 1994 - napø. Adult Education, Communication and Education, Harvard Educational Policy, Journal of Higher Education aj.). MEDLINE with Full Text obsahuje 11 miliónù záznamù ze 4300 medicínských èasopisù, z nichž 230 je pøístupných v plném znìní od roku 1997 (napø. AIDS Care, British Medical Journal, Canadian Medical Association Journal, JAMA, Journal of the American Medical Association, Lancet aj.). Texty jsou doprovázeny reprodukcemi fotografií, schémat a tabulek.

20. Math G Mission College Santa Clara once again, became the Four Color Conjecture when percy John heawood revealed errors in Kempeís proof heawood continued to work on the problem, in various forms, throughout his http://www.missioncollege.org/Depts/Math/beard2.htm

Math Department, Mission College, Santa Clara, California Go to Math Dept Main Page Mission College Main Page This paper was written as an assignment for Ian Walton's Math G - Math for liberal Arts Students - at Mission College. If you use material from this paper, please acknowledge it. To explore other such papers go to the Math G Projects Page. The Four Color Theorem Michelle Beard Math G, Spring 1999 Mission College, Santa Clara How many colors are required to color any map so that no countries with common borders are the same color? It is generally held that four colors, for any flat map, will suffice. But a belief that is commonly held and easily observed, is not a mathematical certainty. Nor does the simplicity of a question reflect the ease with which the answer can be proven. The mathematical evidence to create a valid proof that four colors are all that is required had evaded mathematicians for nearly 140 years. What became known as the Four Color Conjecture has been the cause of great fascination and frustration. It has also been the stimulus for new ideas in topology, knot theory, and the concept of mathematical proof. Historical Overview: The question was originally posed by Francis Guthrie, a former student of the famous mathematician Augustus De Morgan, in 1852. Although Francis moved on to study law, his brother Frederick Guthrie had become a student of De Morgan. Francis Guthrie presented his work on the idea to his brother asking that he pass it along to De Morgan.

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