61. Loq-Man Translations different subjects. He was born in 1114 in cremona, Italy. He Andalusia).Gerard s name is sometimes written as gherard. Among his http://www.loqmantranslations.com/ArabicFacts/Europeans.html

EUROPEAN TRANSLATORS Home Sitemap Company About us Services Translation Software Localization ... Consulting Translators Forum Translator's Form Translator's Help Contact Us As early as eleventh century Toledo became a center for the transmission of Arabic (Islamic) culture and science to Europe. A number of translators flourished there. Among the scholars, who flocked to it from all over Europe, were Gerard of Cremona (1117- 1187) and John of Seville. Other famous translators were Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Michael Scot, Stephenson of Saragossa, William of Lunis and Philip of Tripoli. The early translations were primarily into Latin and some into Hebrew. Subsequent translations were done from Latin or Hebrew into vernacular languages of Europe.Many translators at Toledo had neither command over the Arabic language nor sufficient knowledge of the subject matter. They translated word for word and, where they failed to understand, Latinized the Arabic words. Under the supervision of Archdeacon Domenico Gundisalvi, and with the cooperation of the Hebrew Johannes ben David, the school of the Archbishop of Toledo rendered into Latin a large number of Arabic works on science and philosophy. Gerard, who reminded Hunayn ibn Ishaq of Toledo, translated into Latin more than seventy Arabic books on different subjects. He was born in 1114 in Cremona, Italy. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could translate available Arabic works into Latin. Gerard remained there for the rest of his life and died in 1187 in Toledo, Spain (Andalusia). Gerard's name is sometimes written as Gherard. Among his translations were the

62. Information Und Kommunikation In Geschichte Und Gegenwart Translate this page der Niederlande war Utrecht, wo 1473 Nikolaus Ketelaer und gherard Leempt zu der päpstlichenBibliothek Bartolomeo Sacchi (* Piadena bei cremona 1421, † Rom http://www.ib.hu-berlin.de/~wumsta/infopub/textbook/umfeld/rehm3.html

you are here: home Digital Textbook - Umfeld - Information u. Kommunikation in Geschichte und Gegenwart - 15.Jh. Zur Person von Dr. Margarete Rehm Vorwort Vom Anfang - 1. Jh. n. Chr. ............ 2. Jh. - 14. Jh. ... ............18. Jh. Information und Kommunikation in Geschichte und Gegenwart von Margarete Rehm Das 15. Jh. Handschriftenmanufakturen des 15. Jh. Die erste und einzige namentlich bekannte deutsche Handschriftenkopistin Der erste namentlich bekannte deutsche Kupferstecher Tanzschrift 15. Jh. erhalten. Hier wurde der Ablauf eines Tanzes mit Hilfe von Buchstaben festgehalten. 15. Jh. als ein neues Kommunikationsmittel die sogenannten Bilderbogen Mit der Entwicklung der im 15. Jh. Kutschen Aus dem Jahr ) in Korea wohl um 1403 offiziell eingerichtet. Kriegstechnik Der Holzschnitt Die erste Landkarte /1440 in einen offiziellen Aktenband der Stadt Basel eingetragen, in dem es erhalten blieb. Mnemotechnik xx Das Jahr ist als das fiktive Jahr der Erfindung des Buchdrucks Bibliothek Druck in der Urtype Gutenbergs in Mainz um Der Kupferstich Das erste in Deutschland mit beweglichen Lettern gedruckte Schulbuch , bekannt.)

63. Index Of /~history/Mathematicians Crank.html 05Mar-2004 1753 7.4K Crelle.html 14-May-2004 1615 13K cremona.html19 html 25-Mar-2004 1103 13K Germain.html 05-Mar-2004 1753 15K gherard.html 05 http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/

Index of /~history/Mathematicians Name Last modified Size Description ... Abbe.html 14-May-2004 16:15 8.3K Abel.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 26K Abraham.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 10K Abraham_Max.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.1K Abu'l-Wafa.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Abu_Kamil.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 13K Ackermann.html 14-May-2004 16:15 7.7K Adams.html 07-May-2004 15:09 11K Adams_Frank.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 11K Adelard.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 12K Adler.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Adrain.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Aepinus.html 05-May-2004 13:39 11K Agnesi.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 18K Ahlfors.html 14-May-2004 16:15 12K Ahmed.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.4K Ahmes.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Aida.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.9K Aiken.html 14-May-2004 16:15 10K Airy.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 23K Aitken.html

64. Index Of /history/Mathematicians Crank.html 05Mar-2004 1753 7.4K Crelle.html 07-May-2004 1752 13K cremona.html07 html 25-Mar-2004 1103 13K Germain.html 05-Mar-2004 1753 15K gherard.html 05 http://turnbull.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/

Index of /history/Mathematicians Name Last modified Size Description ... Abbe.html 14-May-2004 16:15 8.3K Abel.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 26K Abraham.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 10K Abraham_Max.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.1K Abu'l-Wafa.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Abu_Kamil.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 13K Ackermann.html 14-May-2004 16:15 7.7K Adams.html 07-May-2004 15:09 11K Adams_Frank.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 11K Adelard.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 12K Adler.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Adrain.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Aepinus.html 05-May-2004 13:39 11K Agnesi.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 18K Ahlfors.html 14-May-2004 16:15 12K Ahmed.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.4K Ahmes.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Aida.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.9K Aiken.html 14-May-2004 16:15 10K Airy.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 23K Aitken.html

65. Index Of /~history/Mathematicians Crank.html 05Mar-2004 1753 7.4K Crelle.html 14-May-2004 1615 13K cremona.html14 html 25-Mar-2004 1103 13K Germain.html 05-Mar-2004 1753 15K gherard.html 05 http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/

Index of /~history/Mathematicians Name Last modified Size Description ... Abbe.html 14-May-2004 16:15 8.3K Abel.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 26K Abraham.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 10K Abraham_Max.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.1K Abu'l-Wafa.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Abu_Kamil.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 13K Ackermann.html 14-May-2004 16:15 7.7K Adams.html 07-May-2004 15:09 11K Adams_Frank.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 11K Adelard.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 12K Adler.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Adrain.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Aepinus.html 05-May-2004 13:39 11K Agnesi.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 18K Ahlfors.html 14-May-2004 16:15 12K Ahmed.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.4K Ahmes.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Aida.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.9K Aiken.html 14-May-2004 16:15 10K Airy.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 23K Aitken.html

66. Musica, Cabaret E Fuochi D’artificio Alla Festa Dell’ospite QUESTA SERA Translate this page anni hotel Mauro), Raimondo Ardemagni (15 anni hotel Sirmione) Heinnel gherard (13anni a fianco di Aldo Giovanni e Giacomo , Raoul cremona visto recentemente http://www.giornaledibrescia.it/giornale/2002/07/31/15,GARDA_E_VALSA/T10.html

H ome A rchivio ... inema e tv Pagine: Sezioni: PRIMA PAGINA DALL'INTERNO DALL'ESTERO CRONACA ... LETTERE AL DIRETTORE G ARDA E VALSABBIA Pag. Musica, cabaret e fuochi d’artificio alla festa dell’ospite QUESTA SERA Progettazione e realizzazione del sistema: Logicom S.r.l. Hosting: Brescia On Line L'adattamento totale o parziale e la riproduzione con qualsiasi mezzo elettronico, in funzione della conseguente diffusione on-line, sono riservati per tutti i paesi.

67. Index Of /~history//Mathematicians Crank.html 29Apr-2003 1216 7.2K Crelle.html 29-Apr-2003 1216 13K cremona.html29 html 17-Sep-2003 1033 13K Germain.html 12-Aug-2003 1041 14K gherard.html 29 http://www.math.csusb.edu/~history/Mathematicians/

Index of /~history//Mathematicians Name Last modified Size Description ... Abbe.html 14-May-2004 16:15 8.3K Abel.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 26K Abraham.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 10K Abraham_Max.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.1K Abu'l-Wafa.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Abu_Kamil.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 13K Ackermann.html 14-May-2004 16:15 7.7K Adams.html 07-May-2004 15:09 11K Adams_Frank.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 11K Adelard.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 12K Adler.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Adrain.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 14K Aepinus.html 05-May-2004 13:39 11K Agnesi.html 25-Mar-2004 11:03 18K Ahlfors.html 14-May-2004 16:15 12K Ahmed.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.4K Ahmes.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 5.8K Aida.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 9.9K Aiken.html 14-May-2004 16:15 10K Airy.html 05-Mar-2004 17:53 23K Aitken.html

68. Euclid - Books I-IX Curtze has reproduced, in the preface to his edition of the translation by Gherardof cremona of anNairĩzĩ s Arabic commentary on Euclid, some http://www.headmap.org/unlearn/euclid/before/princ-trans.htm

69. Personalities Noble The Book Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientists and Thinkers of Muslim Era of Al-Farghani continued to be used, and Sacrobosco's Sphere was evidently indebted to it. It was from 'The Elements' (in gherard's http://www.jamil.com/personalities

Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientists and Thinkers of Muslim Era BOARD OF EDITORS Dr. M.A. KAZI, Adviser to the President on Science and Technology HAKIM MOHAMMED SAID, President, Hamdard Foundation Pakistan DR. Z.A. HASHMI, Senior Scientist, National Science Council of Pakistan DR. RAZIUDDIN SIDDIQUI, Secretary General, Pakistan Academy of Sciences DR. S.M.A SHAH, National Sciences Council of Pakistan HAKIM NAIMUDDIN ZUBAIRI, Director of Research (Academic), Hamdard Foundation Pakistan Muslim Era Series-1 Personalities Noble Glimpses of Renowned Scientist and Thinkers of Muslim Era Edited by: Hakim Mohammed Said Re Edited for Internet Publication National Sciences Council of Pakistan Hamdard Foundation Pakistan FOREWORD Every Muslim who has even a brief acquaintance with Islamic History is aware that the Islamic Ideology and world-view provided, during the first few centuries Hijra, a most powerful source of inspiration, especially for the Muslim people's quest for knowledge. The Islamic spirit produced a radical transformation in the Arabian Peninsula, as well as among the countries where Islam took firm root in the immediately succeeding centuries. The rich contributions which Islam has made in the various branches of Science served as the basis for the development of modern science. Although many earlier western historians tended to ignore this fact, recent investigations have led to a wider recognition of the importance of the Muslim contributions, especially to the development of scientific thought and the scientific method.

70. Euclid - Books I-IX The Latin translation of this tract from the Arabic was probably made by Gherardof cremona (11141187), among the list of whose numerous translations a â http://www.headmap.org/unlearn/euclid/before/o-works.htm

71. Legacy Of Islam - Muslim Contributors To Science And Technology of AlFarghani continued to be used, and Sacrobosco's Sphere was evidently indebted to it. It was from 'The Elements' (in gherard's http://www.amaana.org/ISWEB/contents.htm

Home Guestbook Email Page 1 ... What's New Legacy of Islam - Muslim Personalities Glimpses of Renowned Scientists and Thinkers of Muslim Era Contents To view larger images, click on the photos Abu Abdullah al-Battani Abu Raihan al-Biruni Abul Wafa Muhammad al-Buzjani Abu al-Nasr al-Farabi ... Forward ABU ABDULLAH AL-BATANI ( 858 - 929 A.D.) Abu Abdallah Muhammad Ibn Jabir Ibn Sinan al-Battani al-Harrani was born around 858 A.D. in Harran, and according to one account, in Battan, a State of Harran. Battani was first educated by his father Jabir Ibn San'an al-Battani, who was also a well-known scientist. He then moved to Raqqa, situated on the bank of the Euphrates, where he received advanced education and later on flourished as a scholar. At the beginning of the 9th century, he migrated to Samarra, where he worked till the end of his life in 929 A.D. He was of Sabian origin, but was himself a Muslim. Battani was a famous astronomer, mathematician and astrologer. He has been held as one of the greatest astronomists of Islam. He is responsible for a number of important discoveries in astronomy, which was the result of a long career of 42 years of research beginning at Raqqa when he was young. His well-known discovery is the remarkably accurate determination of the solar year as being 365 days, 5 hours, 46 minutes and 24 seconds, which is very close to the latest estimates. He found that the longitude of the sun's apogee had increased by 16 o , 47' since Ptolemy. This implied the important discovery of the motion of the solar apsides and of a slow variation in the equation of time. He did not believe in the trapidation of the equinoxes, although Copernicus held it.

72. LookSmart - Directory - History Explore European math from the 12th to the 14th-century. Meet Gherardof cremona, Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus, and Oresme. http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us328800/us4231786/

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences Mathematics History - Trace the life and work of prominent mathematicians from ancient times to the present day. Directory Categories Ancient Arabic Early American Medieval European ... Mathematicians Directory Listings About Math Biographies Fantastic collection of biographies of famous and influential mathematicians throughout history. Including a section on female mathematicians. General View of Mathematics Before 1000 B.C. Review evidence from India, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and China that reveals the existence of mathematical thought beyond counting before 1000 B.C. History of Math - Mathematics in Medieval Europe Explore European math from the 12th- to the 14th-century. Meet Gherard of Cremona, Adelard of Bath, Fibonacci, Jordanus, and Oresme. History of Mathematics - Facets of India Describes the importance of mathematics in ancient India and the appearance in the Rig Veda of Indian Beez Ganit, to be called in Arabic al-Jabr. History of Mathematics - Renaissance Mathematics Survey of Renaissance mathematics, the 14th-century Italian abacists, and the new algebraic techniques and higher degree equations.

73. Castrignano Dei Greci... .::Il Paese::. gherard Rohlfs tenne http://www.castrignanodeigreci.it/go.asp?url=86

74. Castrignano Dei Greci... .::Il Paese::. gherard Rohlfs afferma http://www.castrignanodeigreci.it/go.asp?url=24

75. Mathematicians Born In Italy FrancescaFrattini Frisi Fubini Galileo Gallarati Genocchi gherard Grandi Guarini http://www.archimedes-lab.org/borninItaly.html

Previous Home Next Mathematicians born in Italy Click on the name below to go to the biography Agnesi Albanese Alberti Angeli ... Zeno of Elea Read here before copying and using any of our images or texts. Thanks Born in Italy top A question, a suggestion? Archimedes' Lab Suggest this page to a friend Enhance your Webpages Share ideas and discoveries with other puzzle fans contact us Concept: Archimedes' Lab e-m@il

76. [Le Site De L Humanoide] Adelard De/of Bath Translate this page If he actually went into Toledo as we believe, he would have met gherard ofCremona, another scholar involved in these translation projects under the http://www.humanoide.net/siteva/article.php3?id_article=35

77. Www.trentinara.com Translate this page FACE RIRE LI PUDDASTRI E MICHELE COZZI E gherard VANO BUONI A http://www.trentinara.com/index.php?option=com_akobook&Itemid=204

78. - Great Books - Kindi (al) ( 800-873) Sometimes called pre-eminently "The Philosopher of the Arabs " flourished in the 9th century, the exact dates of his birth and death being unknown. De Somniorum Visione was http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_716.asp

Kindi (al-) Sometimes called pre-eminently "The Philosopher of the Arabs " flourished in the 9th century, the exact dates of his birth and death being unknown. He was born in Kufa, where his father was governor under the Caliphs Mahdi and Harun al-RashId. His latter studies were made in Bagdad, where he remained, occupying according to some a government position. In the orthodox reaction under Motawakkil, when all philosophy was suspect, his library was confiscated, but he himself seems to have escaped. His writings - like those of other Arabian philosophers - are encyclopaedic and are concerned with most of the sciences; they are said to have numbered over two hundred, but fewer than twenty are extant. Some of these were known in the middle ages, for Kindi is placed by Roger Bacon in the first rank after Ptolemy as a writer on optics. His work De Somniorum Visione was translated by Gerard of Cremona and another was published as De medicinarum compositarum gradibus investigandis Libellus (Strassburg, 1531). He was one of the earliest translators and commentators of

79. Math Forum - Ask Dr. Math I can guess why three of the trig functions are called cosine, cotangent, and cosecant. But why were the other three named the sine, the tangent, and the secant? in a translation of the Algebra http://mathforum.com/dr.math/problems/becker12.14.97.html

Associated Topics Dr. Math Home Search Dr. Math How the Trig Functions Got their Names Date: 12/14/97 at 03:42:57 From: Frank Becker Subject: How the Trig Functions got their names I can guess why three of the trig functions are called cosine, cotangent, and cosecant. But why were the other three named the sine, the tangent, and the secant? Does the choice of the words tangent and secant have anything to do with the ordinary geometric meaning of these words? Date: 12/14/97 at 05:59:08 From: Doctor Luis Subject: Re: How the Trig Functions got their names Have you tried a dictionary? (you'd be surprised to know the number of things you can find out by using one). Webster's New Collegiate Dictionary suggests the following etymologies: sine : Medieval Latin "sinus" from the Latin word for "curve" tangent: Latin "tangent-, tangens" from present participle of "tangere" (to touch) secant : New Latin "secant-, secans" from Latin present participle of "secare" (to cut) Webster's II International has, for sine: Latin sinus, a bend, gulf, bosom of a garment, used as translation of Arabic jayb, bosom of a garment, sine (in the latter sense from Sanskrit Jiva, bowstring, chord of an arc, sine). For more etymological information, see Jeff Miller's "Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics: (S) http://members.aol.com/jeff570/s.html

80. Astronomie Um 1200 Translate this page Astronomie um 1200. In der Astronomie herrschte zu jener Zeit in Mitteleuropawissenschaftlicher Stillstand. Seit Jahrhunderten hatte http://www.gymnasium-zwettl.ac.at/projekte/wissen1200/astronomie/astro.htm

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