1. No Title gherard of cremona. Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy. Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain. Gherard's name is sometimes written as Gerard http://www.math.tamu.edu/~don.allen/history/mideval/mideval.html

Next: About this document Mideval Europe century The Europeans learned Arabic in the 12 century. All mathematics and astronomy was written in Arabic. By the end of the 12 century the best mathematics was done in Christian Italy. During this century there was a spate of translations of Arabic works to Latin. Later Example. Elements in Arabic Latin in 1142 by Adelard of Bath (ca. 1075-1160). He also translated Al-Khwarizmi's astronomical tables (Arabic Latin) in 1126 and in 1155 translated Ptolemy's Almgest (Greek Latin) (The world background at this time was the crusades.) Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Gherard's name is sometimes written as Gerard. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. He remained there for the rest of his life. Gherard made translations of Ptolemy (1175) and of Euclid from Arabic. Some of these translations from Arabic became more popular than the (often earlier) translations from Greek. In making translations of other Arabic work he translated the Arabic word for sine into the Latin sinus, from where our

2. Gherard gherard of cremona. Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died 1187 in Toledo, Spain. Gherardof Cremona s name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

3. Gherard Biography of Gherard (11141187) gherard of cremona. Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy gherard of cremona's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

4. Search Results For Cremona Biographies. Gherard gherard of cremona . Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy . Gherardof Cremona s name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Search/historysearch.cgi?SUGGESTION=Cre

5. Search Results For Cremona - Encyclopædia Britannica Did you mean Cremona (It.) Liudprand of Cremona (Lombard bp.) Liutprand of Cremona (Lombard bp Results 13 of 3. gherard of cremona. University of St.Andrews, Scotland http://www.britannica.com/search?query=cremona&ct=

6. Gherard gherard of cremona. Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died1187 in Toledo, Spain. Show birthplace location http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Ghrrd.htm

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Gherard 's name is sometimes written as Gerard. He went to Toledo, Spain to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. He remained there for the rest of his life. Gherard made translations of Ptolemy and of Euclid from Arabic. Some of these translations from Arabic became more popular than the (often earlier) translations from Greek. In making translations of other Arabic work he translated the Arabic word for sine into the Latin sinus, from where our sine function comes. References (4 books/articles) References elsewhere in this archive: Tell me about the name sine Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page History Topics Index Famous curves index ... Search Suggestions JOC/EFR December 1996 The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

7. Full Alphabetical Index Translate this page 173) Gemma Frisius, Regnier (553) Genocchi, Angelo (858) Gentzen, Gerhard (277*)Gergonne, Joseph (75) Germain, Sophie (1063*) gherard of cremona (99) Ghetaldi http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Flllph.htm

Full Alphabetical Index Click on a letter below to go to that part of this file. A B C D ... XYZ Click below to go to the separate alphabetical indexes A B C D ... XYZ The number of words in the biography is given in brackets. A * indicates that there is a portrait. A Abbe , Ernst (602*) Abel , Niels Henrik (2899*) Abraham bar Hiyya (240) Abraham, Max Abu Kamil Shuja (59) Abu'l-Wafa al'Buzjani (243) Ackermann , Wilhelm (196) Adams, John Couch Adams, J Frank Adelard of Bath (89) Adler , August (114) Adrain , Robert (79) Aepinus , Franz (124) Agnesi , Maria (196*) Ahlfors , Lars (725*) Ahmed ibn Yusuf (60) Ahmes Aida Yasuaki (114) Aiken , Howard (94) Airy , George (313*) Aitken , Alexander (825*) Ajima , Chokuyen (144) Akhiezer , Naum Il'ich (248*) al'Battani , Abu Allah (194) al'Biruni , Abu Arrayhan (306*) al'Haitam , Abu Ali (269*) al'Kashi , Ghiyath (73) al'Khwarizmi , Abu (123*) Albanese , Giacomo (282) Albert, Abraham Adrian (158*) Albert of Saxony Alberti , Leone (181*) Albertus Magnus, Saint (109*) Alcuin of York (237*) Aleksandrov , Pave (160*) Alembert , Jean d' (291*) Alexander , James (130*) Amringe , Howard van (354*) Amsler , Jacob (82) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (169) Anderson , Oskar (67) Andreev , Konstantin (117) Angeli , Stefano degli (234) Anstice , Robert (209) Anthemius of Tralles (55) Antiphon the Sophist (125) Apollonius of Perga (276) Appell , Paul (1377) Arago , Dominique (345*) Arbogast , Louis (87) Arbuthnot , John (251*) Archimedes of Syracuse (467*) Archytas of Tarentum (103) Arf , Cahit (1452*) Argand , Jean (81) Aristaeus the Elder (44) Aristarchus of Samos (183)

8. Euclid - Books I-IX very numerous works of gherard of cremona (1114 1187) are mentioned translations of 15 Books of Euclid and certainty attributed to gherard of cremona; there occurs also the http://www.headmap.com/unlearn/euclid/before/princ-trans.htm

9. Math History - Middle Ages from Arabic. 1144, gherard of cremona begins translating Arabic works(and Arabic translations of Greek works) into Latin. 1149, Al http://lahabra.seniorhigh.net/pages/teachers/pages/math/timeline/MmiddleAges.htm

10. Cremona --  Encyclopædia Britannica He contributed much to the More results . 3 web sites, chosen by Britannicaeditors for our Internet Guide. , gherard of cremona University of St.Andrews http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=28286&tocid=0&query=luigi cremona

11. Unparalleled Scientific Legacy Of Islam contribution. He was known as Alkindus in Latin and a large number ofhis books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. His http://www.storyofpakistan.com/contribute.asp?artid=C059&Pg=3

12. Earliest Known Uses Of Some Of The Words Of Mathematics (S) Latin in a translation of the Algebra of alKhowarizmi by gherard of cremona (1114-1187). For example Still later, Gherardo of Cremona (ca. 1150), when he made his translations http://members.aol.com/jeff570/s.html

Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (S) Last revision: May 29, 2004 ST. ANDREW'S CROSS is the term used by Florian Cajori for the multiplication symbol X. It appears in 1916 in his "William Oughtred, A Great Seventeenth-Century Teacher of Mathematics. St. Andrew's cross is found in 1615, although not in a mathematical context, in Crooke, Body of Man : "[They] doe mutually intersect themselues in the manner of a Saint Andrewes crosse, or this letter X" (OED2). The ST. PETERSBURG PARADOX was formulated by Niklaus Bernoulli in 1713: see problem 5 in the first letter of Correspondence of Nicholas Bernoulli concerning the St Petersburg game with Montmort, Daniel Bernoulli and Cramer (translation by Richard J. Pulskamp .) The association with St. Petersburg came about because the most prominent discussion was published there: this was Daniel Bernoulli's "Specimen Theoriae Novae de Mensara Sortis," Commentarii Academiae Scientiarum Imperialis Petropolitana, , 175-192 (1738). The paper has been translated as "Exposition of a New Theory on the Measurement of Risk," Econometrica In 1768 D'Alembert English translation by Richard J. Pulskamp

13. THABIT IBN QURRA the Middle Ages, some of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. In recent centuries, a number of http://www.ummah.net/history/scholars/QURRA.html

THABIT IBN QURRA (836-901 C.E.) Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 C.E. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under the famous Banu Musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic. Later, he was patronised by the Abbasid Caliph al-M'utadid. After a long career of scholarship, Thabit died at Baghdad in 901 C.E. Thabit's major contribution lies in mathematics and astronomy. He was instrumental in extending the concept of traditional geometry to geometrical algebra and proposed several theories that led to the development of non-Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, integral calculus and real numbers. He criticised a number of theorems of Euclid's elements and proposed important improvements. He applied arithmetical terminology to geometrical quantities, and studied several aspects of conic sections, notably those of parabola and ellipse. A number of his computations aimed at determining the surfaces and volumes of different types of bodies and constitute, in fact, the processes of integral calculus, as developed later.

14. Biography-center - Letter G Getty, Francis E. whitemountainart.com/Biographies/bio_feg.htm; gherard of cremona,wwwhistory.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html; http://www.biography-center.com/g.html

Visit a random biography ! Any language Arabic Bulgarian Catalan Chinese (Simplified) Chinese (Traditional) Croatian Czech Danish Dutch English Estonian Finnish French German Greek Hebrew Hungarian Icelandic Indonesian Italian Japanese Korean Latvian Lithuanian Norwegian Polish Portuguese Romanian Russian Serbian Slovak Slovenian Spanish Swedish Turkish G 558 biographies www.pathfinder.com/time/time100/scientist/profile/godel.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Godel.html www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gopel.html G.i., American www.pathfinder.com/time/time100/heroes/profile/gi01.html Gabbiani, Beppe www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-gabbep.html Gabelich, Gary www.hickoksports.com/biograph/gabelichg.shtml Gable, Daniel M. www.hickoksports.com/biograph/gabledan.shtml Gabor, Dennis www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1971/gabor-autobio.html Gachot, Bertrand www.grandprix.com/gpe/drv-gacber.html Gaddi, Taddeo www.kfki.hu/~arthp/bio/g/gaddi/taddeo/biograph.html Gadgil, Ashok web.mit.edu/invent/www/inventorsA-H/gadgil.html Gadgil, Ashok

15. À§´ëÇѼöÇÐÀÚ ¸ñ·Ï Sophie Germain Born 1 April 1776 in Paris, France Died 27 June 1831 in Paris,France Gherard, gherard of cremona Born 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died 1187 in http://www.mathnet.or.kr/API/?MIval=people_seek_great&init=G

16. THABIT IBN QURRA The books have been written in Arabic but some are in Syriac. In the MiddleAges, some of his books were translated into Latin by gherard of cremona. http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/QURRA.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Check out the NEW Hotbot Tell me when this page is updated THABIT IBN QURRA (836-901 A.D.) Thabit Ibn Qurra Ibn Marwan al-Sabi al-Harrani was born in the year 836 A.D. at Harran (present Turkey). As the name indicates he was basically a member of the Sabian sect, but the great Muslim mathematician Muhammad Ibn Musa Ibn Shakir, impressed by his knowledge of languages, and realising his potential for a scientific career, selected him to join the scientific group at Baghdad that was being patronised by the Abbasid Caliphs. There, he studied under the famous Banu Musa brothers. It was in this setting that Thabit contributed to several branches of science, notably mathematics, astronomy and mechanics, in addition to translating a large number of works from Greek to Arabic. Later, he was patronised by the Abbasid Caliph al-M'utadid. After a long career of scholarship, Thabit died at Baghdad in 901 A.D. Thabit's major contribution lies in mathematics and astronomy. He was instrumental in extending the concept of traditional geometry to geometrical algebra and proposed several theories that led to the development of non-Euclidean geometry, spherical trigonometry, integral calculus and real numbers. He criticised a number of theorems of Euclid's elements and proposed important improvements. He applied arithmetical terminology to geometrical quantities, and studied several aspects of conic sections, notably those of parabola and ellipse. A number of his computations aimed at determining the surfaces and volumes of different types of bodies and constitute, in fact, the processes of integral calculus, as developed later.

17. ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in theMiddle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. http://members.tripod.com/~wzzz/ZAHRAWI.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "tripod.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Check out the NEW Hotbot Tell me when this page is updated ABU AL-QASIM AL-ZAHRAWI (936-1013 A.D.) Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis) was born in 936 A.D. in Zahra in the neighbour- hood of Cordova. He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam-II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant original contribu- tion, he died in 1013 A.D. He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in surgery as well as for his famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called Al-Tasrif , which is composed of thirty volumes covering different aspects of medical science. The more important part of this series comprises three books on surgery, which describe in detail various aspects of surgical treatment as based on the operations performed by him, including cauterization, removal of stone from the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, stypics, and surgery of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations, including removal of the dead foetus and amputation. Al-Tasrif was first translated by Gherard of Cremona into Latin in the Middle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations of surgical instruments, in use or developed by him, and comprised a part of the medical curriculum in European countries for many centuries. Contrary to the view that the Muslims fought shy of surgery, Al-Zahrawi's

18. Mathem_abbrev Friedrich Gelfand, Israil Geminus Gemma Frisius, Regnier Genocchi, Angelo, Gerardof Cremona Gerhard of Cremona Germain, Sophie gherard of cremona Gibbs, Josiah http://www.pbcc.cc.fl.us/faculty/domnitcj/mgf1107/mathrep1.htm

Mathematician Report Index Below is a list of mathematicians. You may choose from this list or report on a mathematician not listed here. In either case, you must discuss with me the mathematician you have chosen prior to starting your report. No two students may write a report on the same mathematician. I would advise you to go to the library before choosing your topic as there might not be much information on the mathematician you have chosen. Also, you should determine the topic early in the term so that you can "lock-in" your report topic!! The report must include: 1. The name of the mathematician. 2. The years the mathematician was alive. 3. A biography. 4. The mathematician's major contribution(s) to mathematics and an explanation of the importance. 5. A historical perspective during the time the mathematician was alive. Some suggestions on the historical perspective might be: (a) Any wars etc. (b) Scientific breakthroughs of the time (c) Major discoveries of the time (d) How did this mathematician change history etc.

19. :: || :: Abu Al-Qasim Al-Zahrawi :: || :: AlTasrif was first translated by gherard of cremona into Latin in theMiddle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. http://www.geocities.com/mutmainaa/people/zahrawi.html

Abul-Qasim al-Zahrawi The Hamdard Foundation - 1983 Abul Qasim Khalaf ibn al-Abbas al-Zahrawi (known in the west as Abulcasis) was born in 936 C.E. in Zahra in the neighbourhood of Cordova, Andalusia (Islamic Spain). He became one of the most renowned surgeons of the Muslim era and was physician to King Al-Hakam II of Spain. After a long medical career, rich with significant original contribution, he died in 1013 C.E. He is best known for his early and original breakthroughs in surgery as well as for his famous Medical Ecyclopaedia called 'Al-Tasrif' , which is composed of thirty volumes covering different aspects of medical science. The more important part of this series comprises three books on surgery, which describe in detail various aspects of surgical treatment as based on the operations performed by him, including cauterization, removal of stone from the bladder, dissection of animals, midwifery, stypics, and surgery of eye, ear and throat. He perfected several delicate operations, including removal of the dead foetus and amputation. 'Al-Tasrif' was first translated by Gherard of Cremona into Latin in the Middle Ages. It was followed by several other editors in Europe. The book contains numerous diagrams and illustrations of surgical instruments, in use or developed by him, and comprised a part of the medical curriculum in European countries for many centuries. Contrary to the view that the Muslims fought shy of surgery, Al-Zahrawi's

20. Littera: Among the school s great scholars were gherard of cremona, John of Seville, Adelardof Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges, Hermann of Carinthia, and http://littera.deusto.es/prof/abaitua/hlt/hlt0304/Diferent translation schools a

Buscar Mapa Web Otras Webs UD ... HLTwiki :Diferent translation schools and houses THE SCHOOL OF TOLEDO: In 1085, Toledo, Spain was taken from the Muslims by Alfonso VI of Leon. It soon became the capital of Castile and a community of scholars. There, the transmission of ancient knowledge reached it peak through the School of Toledo where translations were made from Arabic to Latin and later to Spanish, and helped the scientific and technological development for the European Renaissance. Toledo took the place of Baghdad as the new great translation center of the world. Under the leadership of French Archbishop Raymond, who reigned from 1126 until his death in 1152, the Toledo School's Bureau of Translation attracted first rate scholars from all over Europe. Raymond knew the wealth of knowledge and scientific expertise, which the Muslim world possessed, and desired that Christendom gain access to its riches. Archdeacon Dominic Gundisalvi undertook many translations and directed the Bureau of Translation that Raymond had founded. Among the school's great scholars were Gherard of Cremona, John of Seville, Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges, Hermann of Carinthia, and Michael Scot. The twelfth century came to be known as the Age of Translation. By the middle of the thirteenth century, scholars such as these had translated the bulk of ancient science into Latin, including the writings of such greats as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid and Hippocrates, which had been preserved in Arabic for hundreds of years. These writings were either Arabic translations from Greek, Persian and Indian books or they were written by Muslim scientists themselves as new works.

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