1. Sophie Germain Sophie Germain. Sophie Germain. April 1, 1776 June 27, 1831. Additionalmaterial by Larry Riddle. Sophie Germain and Fermat s Last Theorem. http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/germain.htm

Sophie Germain April 1, 1776 - June 27, 1831 Written by Amanda Swift, Class of 1995 (Agnes Scott College) Sophie Germain was born in an era of revolution. In the year of her birth, the American Revolution began. Thirteen years later the French Revolution began in her own country. In many ways Sophie embodied the spirit of revolution into which she was born. She was a middle class female who went against the wishes of her family and the social prejudices of the time to become a highly recognized mathematician. Like the member of a revolution, her life was full of perseverance and hard work. It took a long time for her to be recognized and appreciated for her contributions to the field of mathematics, but she did not give up. Even today, it is felt that she was never given as much credit as she was due for the contributions she made in number theory and mathematical physics because she was a woman. Sophie Germain was born in Paris on April 1, 1776 to Ambroise-Francois and Marie Germain. Her family was quite wealthy. Her father was a merchant and later became a director of the Bank of France. Sophie's interest in mathematics began during the French Revolution when she was 13 years old and confined to her home due to the danger caused by revolts in Paris. She spent a great deal of time in her father's library, and one day she ran across a book in which the legend of Archimede's death was recounted. Legend has it that "during the invasion of his city by the Romans Archimedes was so engrossed in the study of a geometric figure in the sand that he failed to respond to the questioning of a Roman soldier. As a result he was speared to death" (Perl 64). This sparked Sophie's interest. If someone could be so engrossed in a problem as to ignore a soldier and then die for it, the subject must be interesting! Thus she began her study of mathematics.

2. Sophie Germain Sophie Germain (17761851) Sophie Germain was born in Paris on April1, 1776, the daughter of a well-to-do merchant. Having a library at home, she managed to find books and was able to teach herself http://curie.che.virginia.edu/scientist/germain.html

Sophie Germain (1776-1851) Sophie Germain was born in Paris on April1, 1776, the daughter of a well-to-do merchant. Having a library at home, she managed to find books and was able to teach herself Latin, Greek, and mathematics. Her education was limited by the male dominance of the period. Not allowed to attend school, she was forced to study the notes of other students and turn in reports under a male pseudonym. Lagrange read her reports, amazed by their quality, and upon discovering the author was a woman, sponsored her thereafter. She went on to do important work on Fermat's last theorem. She proved it for any prime number under 100 where specific conditions are met. She also mathematically modeled the vibrations of a flat plate. After having impressed Gauss, he arranged to have her awarded an honorary doctorate from Gottingen, but she died before it had been awarded. She died on September 17, 1851.

3. Sophie Germain Sophie Germain. April 1, 1776 June 27, 1831. by Cathy Anderson. What do Archimedes, Monsieur LeBlanc, Lagrange, Gauss, and Fermat have in common? common factor for all these names is Sophie Germain, a French mathematician of the late 18th http://www.the4cs.com/~corin/motm/sophie_germain.html

The 4 C's Corey's home page Interesting Mathematicians Sophie Germain April 1, 1776 - June 27, 1831 by Cathy Anderson What do Archimedes, Monsieur LeBlanc, Lagrange, Gauss, and Fermat have in common? What or more precisely, who is the common factor for all these names is Sophie Germain, a French mathematician of the late 18th and early 19th centuries. Archimedes: When Sophie was 13, she read about the legend of Archimedes' death: how he was so absorbed in the geometric figure he was drawing in the sand that he ignored the Roman soldier asking him a question and was thus speared to death. This story piqued Sophie's curiosity: to be so involved in a problem that you would die for it mathematics must be an interesting subject! Monsieur LeBlanc: Because she was female, Sophie was not allowed to attend the Ecole Polytechnique in Paris. She was, however, able to study at the Ecole by assuming the identity of Antoine-August LeBlanc, a former student who had left Paris, an d getting his lecture notes and problems. In this way, Sophie was able to continue her mathematics education, even though she could not attend the lectures. Lagrange: Joseph-Louis Lagrange was the supervisor of the course in which Sophie was secretly participating. Lagrange was so impressed by the turn-around of "Monsieur LaBlanc," a student originally of only mediocre skills, that he wanted to meet LaBlanc. Sophie was forced to reveal her identity, but Lagrange was impressed by this young woman and became her mentor and friend.

4. About Sophie Germain Sophie Germain a biography, with links to more carefully selected web resourcesand to print resources. Search. Women s History Sophie Germain. http://womenshistory.about.com/library/bio/blbio_sophie_germain.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History Women's History Air, Space, Science, Math ... Today in Women's History zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); About Women: Biographies African American Air, Space, Science, Math Art, Music. Writing. Media ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Women's History newsletter. Search Women's History Sophie Germain April 1 , 1776 - June 27, 1831) mathematician, number theorist, mathematical physicist Marie-Sophie Germain, Sophia Germain, Sophie Germaine first woman not related to a member by marriage to attend Academie des Sciences meetings first woman invited to attend sessions at the Institut de France Sophie Germain's father was Ambroise-Francois Germain, a wealthy middle class silk merchant and a French politician who served in the Estates Général and later in the Constituent Assembly. He later became a director of the Bank of France. Her mother was Marie-Madeleine Gruguelu, and her sisters, one older and one younger, were named Marie-Madeleine and Angelique-Ambroise. She was known simply as Sophie to avoid confusion with all the Maries in the household. When Sophie Germain was 13, her parents kept her isolated from the turmoil of the French Revolution by keeping her in the house. She fought boredom by reading from her father's extensive library. She may also have had private tutors during this time.

5. Germain Sophie http://www.lycee-international.com/travaux/HISTMATH/germain/

Liste de Mathématiciens Al Khwarizmi Apollonius de Perge Archimède Argand Jean Bezout Etienne Bombelli Rafaele Boole George Cardano Girolamo Cauchy Augustin Chasles Michel De Moivre Abraham De Morgan Augustus Del Ferro Scipione Descartes René Eratosthene Euclide Fermat Pierre Ferrari Ludovico Fibonacci Leonardo Galois Evariste Gauss Carl Germain Sophie Huygens Christiaan Leibniz Gottfried Pascal Blaise Peano Guiseppe Pythagore Tartaglia Nicolo Viete François Zenon d Elée Germain Sophie 1er avril 1776 - 27 juin 1831 Historique Sophie Germain, issue d'une famille aisée, est née de Ambroise-François Germain, qui était alors un commerçant, mais devint plus tard directeur de la Banque de France, et de Marie Germain. Son intéret pour les mathématiques s'éveilla lors de la Révolution Française: agée alors de 13 ans, elle se trouvait cloitrée avec sa famille dans leur maison à cause des menaces révolutionnaires. Elle en profita pour découvrir les nombreux livres de la bibliothèque de son père et s'interessa tout particulièrement à la légende de la mort d'Archimède: celui-ci, lors de l'invasion de la ville par les romains, était si profondément plongé dans l'étude d'une figure géométrique qu'il avait dessinée sur le sable, qu'il ne répondit pas aux questions poséees par un soldat romain; pour celà il fut condamné à mort. Cet intéret pour les mathématiques d'Archimède fascina tant la jeune fille qu'elle se mit aussitot à étudier cette science. Elle mourut à l'age de 55 ans, après une longue lutte contre le cancer du sein.

6. Sophie Germain - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Sophie Germain. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sophie_Germain

Sophie Germain From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Marie-Sophie Germain April 1 June 27 ) was a French mathematician She was born to a middle-class merchant family in Paris France , and began studying mathematics at age 13, despite strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a 'men's profession' by her parents. Several years later, she managed to get some lecture notes from several courses at Ecole Polytechnique which she studied despite the school not admitting females. Germain was particularly interested in Joseph-Louis Lagrange 's teachings and submitted papers and assignments under the pseudonym Monsieur Le Blanc, a former student of Lagrange's. Lagrange was so impressed by the paper that he asked to meet Le Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her mentor. In she began corresponding with Carl Friedrich Gauss , again using her pseudonym, after reading his famous Disquisitiones Arithmeticae from . He eventually learned her true identity after she requested that General Pernety, a friend of hers, ensure his safety when Napoleon Bonaparte was invading Prussia and Gauss' birthplace Brunswick in . The General explained to Gauss that Germain had asked that he be protected, which confused Gauss since he'd never heard of this Germain person. She then wrote to him admitting she was female, to which he responded:

7. Germain Translate this page germain sophie, française, 1776-1831. Nombre premier de Sophie Germain On appelle ainsi un nombre premier n tel que 2n + 1 le soit aussi. http://www.sciences-en-ligne.com/momo/chronomath/chrono1/Germain.html

Sous le pseudonyme masculin de M. Le Blanc elle correspondit avec Gauss (en Allemagne) et avec Lagrange et le prouva partiellement pour une certaine classe d'entiers premiers : Nombre premier de Sophie Germain : Calcul des nombres premiers de Sophie Germain : Fermat x n + y n = z n que si n divise l'un au moins des trois entiers x, y ou z. Dirichlet Legendre et descente infinie ) et n = 7 ( Hypatia Agnesi Kovaleskaia Wiles Nombres premiers jumeaux : Wronsky Gauss

8. Sophie Germain  Sophie Germain. Back to Fermat Corner. Sophie Germain was born on 1April 1776 the daughter of a merchant, AmbroiseFrancois Germain. http://www.simonsingh.net/Sophie_Germain.html

Sophie Germain Back to Fermat Corner Sophie and the Revolution Nova Web Page by Simon Singh INTRODUCTION Pythagoras’s theorem leads to one of the best of understood equations in mathematics: x + y = x There are many whole number solutions to this equation, e.g., 3 In the seventeenth century the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat set a challenge for future generations of mathematicians - prove that there are no whole number solutions for the following closely related family of equations: x + y = x x + y = x x + y = x x + y = x etc. Although these equations appear similar to Pythagoras’s equation, Fermat’s Last Theorem claims that these equations have no solutions. The difficulty in proving that this is the case revolves around the fact that there are an infinite number of equations, and an infinite number of possible values for x, y, and z, and hence the proof has to check that there does not exist a solution within this infinity of infinities. Nonetheless Fermat claimed he had a proof. The proof was never written down and ever since the challenge has been to rediscover the proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem.

9. Sophie Germain Sophie Germain. Until lately, Sophie Germain has been a mathematician hidden in theshadows of other great mathematicians. MarieSophie Germain 1996. Online. http://www.cs.appstate.edu/~sjg/womeninmath/SophieGermain.html

Sophie Germain History of Mathematics Also, in this library, Germain took her education into her own hands. She began reading about and teaching herself mathematics. Her parents, however, thought that this was an inappropriate interest for a female and fought with her to discourage it in the beginning. Germain started studying while her parents slept. As a result, she ended up having to study wrapped in blankets by the light of smuggled candles because her parents had taken away her fire, her light, and even her clothes in an attempt to force her away from her books. These types of beliefs were common in the middle class families of the nineteenth century (Swift 1 and others). Even in the aristocracy, women were only supposed to have enough knowledge of math and science as to make pleasant conversation about the subjects. Because of this, Francesco Algarotti wrote Germain also started correspondences with other great mathematicians. When Adrien Marie Legendre published his femme-savantes of the time. Gauss praised her even more highly after this discovery (Gray 49). Gauss responded: Gauss also credits Germain for encouraging his return to number theory (Gray 49).

10. Recherche : Germain%20Sophie germain sophie , Certification IDDN. SophieGermain, une femme aux marges de la communauté scientifique. p. 18-54. http://publimath.irem.univ-mrs.fr/cgi-bin/publimath.pl?r=Germain Sophie&t=n

11. Sophie Germain Sophie Germain. Sophie Germain offered much to the mathematical worldin the areas of number theory and elasticity theory. That same http://www.mathnews.uwaterloo.ca/BestOf/WomenInMath6905.html

Sophie Germain Sophie Germain offered much to the mathematical world in the areas of number theory and elasticity theory. That same world would offer her, a middle class woman in the time of the French revolution, very little in return. The Bastille fell when Sophie was only 13. She was from a middle class family of merchants that protected her through the revolution. As a result, she spent many hours in her father's library where she learned of the story of Archimedes. She was fascinated with his passion for geometry and immediately scoured the library for every book on the subject. From the onset her parents opposed her interest. They deemed her enthusiasm so inappropriate for a young woman that they denied her heat and light to prevent her from studying. They even confiscated her clothing at night, but she wrapped herself in blankets and used a hidden supply of candles to read from. Such was her passion that her parents finally conceded. She continued, tutorless. In 1794 Ecole Polytechnique opened, and as no women were allowed, she acquired the notes from the classes to learn from. At the end of one term she offered some observations that she made to Lagrange under the name of M. LeBlanc. He was impressed, found her, and praised her talents. In 1801 Carl Freidrich Gauss presented a complicated treatise on number theory

12. Germain Sophie Germain (1776 1831). Sophie Germain was born into a middle classParisian family just before the French Revolution. Sophie Germain Primes. http://web.uvic.ca/educ/lfrancis/web/germain.html

Sophie Germain (1776 - 1831) Sophie Germain was born into a middle class Parisian family just before the French Revolution. Because of the dangers of the revolution, Sophie was confined to her house and spent much of her time in her fathers library. It was here that her interests in mathematics began. Sophie taught herself from the books in her father's library as her parents did not feel that it was an interest appropriate to a female. It is said that her parents would take away her clothes, bed, heat and light to discourage her from her endeavours. However, nothing would stop Sophie. In 1794 the Ecole Polytechnique was established in Paris to train French mathematicians and scientists. Women were not allowed to enrol, but Sophie received lecture notes from an acquaintance. Sophie submitted a paper to a professor under a male pseudonym. The professor was so impressed that he wanted to meet the author of the paper. Later this professor was to become her mentor and her way into the circle of emerging French scientists and mathematicians. In 1804 Germain befriended and began corresponding with Carl Friedrich Gauss, a German mathematician who helped guide her work. During this time Sophie did much of her work looking at and trying to prove

13. SmartPedia.com - Free Online Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia Books. Sophie Germain. Everything you wanted to know about Sophie Germain but hadno clue how to find it.. Learn about Sophie Germain here! Sophie Germain. http://www.smartpedia.com/smart/browse/Sophie_Germain

Search: Math and Natural Sciences Applied Arts Social Sciences Culture ... Interdisciplinary Categories Sophie Germain Marie-Sophie Germain April 1 June 27 ) was a French mathematician She was born to a middle-class merchant family in Paris France , and began studying mathematics at age 13, despite strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a 'men's profession' by her parents. Several years later, she managed to get some lecture notes from several courses at Ecole Polytechnique which she studied despite the school not admitting females. Germain was particularly interested in Joseph-Louis Lagrange 's teachings and submitted papers and assignments under the pseudonym Monsieur Le Blanc, a former student of Lagrange's. Lagrange was so impressed by the paper that he asked to meet Le Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician and became her mentor. In she began corresponding with Carl Friedrich Gauss , again using her pseudonym, after reading his famous Disquisitiones Arithmeticae from . He eventually learned her true identity after she requested that General Pernety, a friend of hers, ensure his safety when

14. Sophie Germain: Revolutionary Mathematician Born Paris, April 1, 1776. Died Paris, June 26, 1831. Revolutionary Mathematician. By all accounts, sophie germain was a somewhat withdrawn child. She was the second of three daughters of a Parisian silk merchant, AmbroiseFrançois germain. explanation of the phenomenon, and a contest announcement was issued. sophie germain's entry was the only one http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/germain.html

Contents Next Born: Paris, April 1, 1776 Died: Paris, June 26, 1831 Revolutionary Mathematician B y all accounts, Sophie Germain was a somewhat withdrawn child. She was the second of three daughters of a Parisian silk merchant, Ambroise-François Germain. One sister married a government official and the other a physician. Sophie never married, lived at home all her life, and pursued her mathematical studies with what her recent biographers term "limitless passion and devotion." Her first biographer, an Italian mathematician named Libri, is the source of two stories told about Germain that seem to frame her personality. As a 13-year-old, while talk of the Revolution swirled in her household, she withdrew to her father's library. There she read about Archimedes, so engrossed in his mathematical musings that he ignored a Roman invader of Syracuse, who thereupon killed him. She may have seen in Archimedes' mathematics "an environment where she too could live untouched by the confusion of social reality." She studied mathematics on her own, and Libri relates that her parents were so opposed to her behavior that she took to studying at night. They responded by leaving her fire unlit and taking her candles. Sophie studied anyway, swaddled in blankets, by the light of smuggled candles.

15. NOVA Online | The Proof | Math's Hidden Woman Math's Hidden Woman. Following is the true story of sophie germain, an 18thcentury woman who assumed a man's identity in order to pursue her passion attempting to prove Fermat's Last Theorem. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/proof/germain.html

Math's Hidden Woman Following is the true story of Sophie Germain, an 18th-century woman who assumed a man's identity in order to pursue her passion attempting to prove Fermat's Last Theorem. From FERMAT'S ENIGMA: The Epic Quest to Solve the World's Greatest Mathematical Problem by Simon Singh Published by Walker and Company ISBN 0-8027-1331-9 To order call 1-800-289-2553 Pythagoras' theorem leads to one of the best understood equations in mathematics: x y z There are many whole number solutions to this equation, e.g., In the 17th century the French mathematician Pierre de Fermat set a challenge for future generations of mathematicians prove that there are no whole number solutions for the following closely related family of equations: x y z x y z x y z x y z etc. Although these equations appear similar to Pythagoras' equation, Fermat's Last Theorem claims that these equations have no solutions. The difficulty in proving that this is the case revolves around the fact that there are an infinite number of equations, and an infinite number of possible values for x, y

16. Sophie Germain Contenido Anterior Próxima. sophie germain. Nacida en París, el 1ro. de abril de 1876 y criada durante los años de turbulencia en Francia. Sus padres se opusieron a que estudiara matemáticas hasta que no tuvieron opción y lo aceptaron. germain no podia ir a la escuela porque no aceptaban mujeres; pero se las arreglaba para recibir apuntes de http://cuhwww.upr.clu.edu/mate/museo/mujeres/sophie.htm

Contenido Anterior Sophie Germain Nacida en París, el 1ro. de abril de 1876 y criada durante los años de turbulencia en Francia. Sus padres se opusieron a que estudiara matemáticas hasta que no tuvieron opción y lo aceptaron. Germain no podia ir a la escuela porque no aceptaban mujeres; pero se las arreglaba para recibir apuntes de los profesores. A ella le atrajo el análisis de Lagrange y bajo un nombre ficticio le escribió una composición. A éste le impresionó tanto, que averiguó quien era y fué a su casa a decirle cuán impresionado estaba. Esto le sirvió a Germain para tener el coraje de seguir estudiando matemáticas. Como resultado de un libro escrito por Gauss, Germain le escribió usando el mismo pseudónimo que habia usado con Lagrange. Gauss se interesó tanto en sus observaciones, que mantuvieron correspondencia por varios años. En 1807, Gauss se enteró del verdadero nombre de Germain. Ella temía que a Gauss le sucediera algo y envió unas tropas a la casa de él para asegurarse de que estuviera bíen. Cuando los soldados le hablaron de Germain, él les dijo que no la conocia. Luego, por cartas se esclareció la situación. Germain trabajó en el problema de la ley matemática de vibraciones de superficies elásticas. En 1811 sometió un trabajo al respecto a la Academia Francesa de las Ciencias (anónimamente); pero fue criticada por la falta de precisión al pasar de una linea a una superficie. En 1813 sometió otro trabajo del mismo tema y en 1816 ganó el primer lugar situándola entre los mejores matemáticos. Esto hizo que la aceptaran entre los círculos de matemáticos. Continuó escribiendo sobre distintos problemas malemáticos y continuó intercambiando correspondencia con Gauss. Este pidió a la Universidad de Göttingen que le dieran el grado de doctora; pero el 26 de junio de 1831 murió, antes de poder recibir el grado.

17. Sophie Germain --  Encyclopædia Britannica MLA style " sophie germain." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium Service APA style sophie germain. Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved May 13, 2004 http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=37269

18. - Great Books - sophie germain ( 17761831) sophie germain (1776-1831) was a mathematician born to a middle-class merchant family on April 1, 1776 in Paris, France. http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_553.asp

Sophie Germain Sophie Germain (1776-1831) was a mathematician born to a middle-class merchant family on April 1, 1776 in Paris, France. She began studying mathematics at age 13, despite strong attempts to dissuade her from engaging in a 'men's profession' by her parents. Several years later, she managed to get some lecture notes from several courses at Ecole Polytechnique which she studied despite the school not admitting females. Germain was particularly interested in Joseph-Louis de Lagrange's teachings and submitted papers and assignments under the pseudonym Monsieur Le Blanc, a former student of Lagrange's. Lagrange was so impressed by the paper that he asked to meet Le Blanc, and Germain was forced to reveal her identity to him. Lagrange apparently considered her a talented mathematician, not just a dumb female, and became her mentor. In 1804 she began corresponding with the almighty Carl Friedrich Gauss, again using her pseudonym, after reading his Disquisitiones Arithmeticae . He enventually learned her true identity after she requested that General Pernety, a friend of hers, ensure his safety when

19. NOVA Online | The Proof NOVA Online presents The Proof, including an interview with Andrew Wiles, an essay on sophie germain, and the Pythagorean theorem. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/proof/

For over 350 years, some of the greatest minds of science struggled to prove what was known as Fermat's Last Theorem the idea that a certain simple equation had no solutions. Now hear from the man who spent seven years of his life cracking the problem, read the intriguing story of an 18th century woman mathematician who hid her identity in order to work on Fermat's Last Theorem, and demonstrate that a related equation, the Pythagorean Theorem, is true. Text Proof Home Andrew Wiles ... To print NOVA Online is produced for PBS by the WGBH Science Unit

20. Sophie Germain And FLT sophie germain and Fermat s Last Theorem. Larry Riddle Department ofMathematics Agnes Scott College. In used. sophie germain Primes. http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/germain-FLT/SGandFLT.htm

Sophie Germain and Fermat's Last Theorem Larry Riddle Department of Mathematics Agnes Scott College In the late 1630s, Pierre de Fermat (1601-1665) wrote a marginal note in his copy of Claude Bachet's Latin translation of Diophantus's Arithmetica that was to intrigue mathematicians for the next 300 years. "It is impossible to separate a cube into two cubes, or a biquadrate into two biquadrates, or in general any power higher than the second into two powers of like degree; I have discovered a truly remarkable proof which this margin is too small to contain." In modern symbolic notation, which Fermat did not have available to him, this claim is known as Fermat's Last Theorem (FLT): x n + y n = z n This challenge problem has received attention of many mathematicians of the highest ability, including Euler, Legendre, Gauss, Abel, Sophie Germain , Dirichlet, Kummer and Cauchy. Quite a list of distinguished mathematicians! It is interesting that Dickson gave the first name of only one person on this list. Perhaps it was because of all the names given, he felt that Sophie Germain would be the least recognized by most readers. But indeed, Sophie Germain was one of the first to provide a partial solution for a large class of exponents. The case n = 4 had been settled by Fermat when he used his method of infinite descent to prove that the area of a right triangle with rational sides is never a perfect square, a condition that is equalivant to the claim that there are no integer solutions to x

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