61. Forum For Modern Language Studies, Volume 35, Issue 4, October 1999: Pp. 358-371 su cal treatise by Ab l Qsim Halaf Ibn Abbs alZahrw (Albucasis), of c.980, wastranslated into Latin in the 12th century by gerard of cremona, and into http://www3.oup.co.uk/formod/hdb/Volume_35/Issue_04/350358.sgm.abs.html

Select a journal... Adelphi Papers African Affairs Age and Ageing Alcohol and Alcoholism American Journal of Epidemiology American Law and Economics Review American Literary History Annals of Botany Annals of Occupational Hygiene Annals of Oncology Applied Linguistics Australasian Journal of Philosophy Behavioral Ecology Bioinformatics Biometrika Biostatistics BJA: British Journal of Anaesthesia Brain Brief Treatment and Crisis Intervention British Journal of Aesthetics British Journal of Criminology British Jnl. for the Philosophy of Sci. British Journal of Social Work British Medical Bulletin BWP Update Cambridge Journal of Economics Cambridge Quarterly Cancer Science Carcinogenesis Cerebral Cortex Chemical Senses Classical Quarterly Classical Review Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice Communication Theory Community Development Journal Computer Bulletin Computer Journal Contemporary Economic Policy BJA: CEACCP Contributions to Political Economy ELT Journal Early Music Economic Inquiry English Historical Review Environmental Practice Epidemiologic Reviews ESHRE Monographs Essays in Criticism European Journal of International Law European Journal of Orthodontics European Journal of Public Health European Review of Agricultural Economics European Sociological Review Evidence-based Compl. and Alt. Medicine

62. Greek Mathematics And Its Modern Heirs (cont.) math10b fols. 87 verso88 recto. Ptolemy, Almagest. In Latin, Translatedby gerard of cremona, Thirteenth century The most important http://archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu/SDG/Experimental/vatican.exhibit/exhibit/d-mathemat

Greek Mathematics and its Modern Heirs (Cont.) Classical Roots of the Scientific Revolution Astronomical-Mathematical Collection In Greek, Tenth century This is the oldest and best manuscript of a collection of early Greek astronomical works, mostly elementary, by Autolycus, Euclid, Aristarchus, Hypsicles, and Theodosius, as well as mathematical works. The most interesting, really curious, of these is Aristarchus's "On the Distances and Sizes of the Sun and Moon," in which he shows that the sun is between 18 and 20 times the distance of the moon. Shown here is Proposition 13, with many scholia, concerned with the ratio to the diameters of the moon and sun of the line subtending the arc dividing the light and dark portions of the moon in a lunar eclipse. Vat. gr. 204 fol. 116 recto math06 NS.02 Apollonius, Conics In Greek, 1536 Apollonius's "Conics," written about 200 B.C., on conic sections, the ellipse, parabola, and hyperbola, is the most complex and difficult single work of all Greek mathematics and was all but unknown in the west until the fifteenth century. This magnificent copy, probably the most elegant of all Greek mathematical manuscripts, was made in 1536 for Pope Paul III. The pages on display show the particularly elaborate figures illustrating Propositions 2-4 of Book III on the equality of areas of triangles and quadrilaterals formed by tangents and diameters of conics, and by tangents and lines parallel to the tangents.

63. HM 65 Explicit almagesti. Ptolemy, Syntaxis Mathematica or Almagest, in the translationof gerard of cremona, first printed in Venice by Petrus Liechtenstein, 1515. http://sunsite.berkeley.edu/scriptorium/hehweb/HM65.html

Guide To Medieval and Renaissance Manuscripts in the Huntington Library Previous: HM 64 Table of Contents Search Next: HM 78 HM 65 View all images for this manuscript PTOLEMY ALMAGEST Southern France, 1279 Incipit distinctio capitulorum primi libri Capitulum primum Explicit almagesti. Ptolemy, Syntaxis Mathematica or Almagest , in the translation of Gerard of Cremona, first printed in Venice by Petrus Liechtenstein, 1515. See AL 379; F. Carmody, Arabic Astronomical and Astrological Sciences in Translation (Berkeley and Los Angeles 1956) 15; P. Kunitzsch, (Wiesbaden 1974), this manuscript cited pp. 91, 384. Frequent marginalia in a contemporary hand, possibly that of the scribe; occasional fifteenth century marginalia which may be in the hand of Pier Leoni (e.g. ff. 20, 24, 40, 52v). (through f. 218) 19 (-11 after f. 240, with no loss of text) 21-22 (-7, 8). Quires signed in arabic numerals on last verso bottom center and occasionally on the first recto. 34 long lines, ruled in fine lead with wide lower margins. Text written in a small round littera textualis in brown to black ink, often flaking; tables in a spiky book hand (English?), but contemporary to the origin of the book. HM 1035 Secundo folio: capitulum 8 m de eo Bibliography: De Ricci Aspects of Medieval England , n. 42 open at f. 235.

64. Regiomontanus Biography on the Islamic scholar alFargãnî at the University of Padua, wrote a critiqueof the Theorica Planetarum attributed to gerard of cremona, and continued to http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/regiomontanus.html

Links Personalities Tour (Next) Previous Regiomontanus Tour (Next) Regiomontanus Pages Regiomontanus Astrology Calendar Reform Mathematical Techniques ... Astronomical Tables General Pages Home Index Regiomontanus Regiomontanus (1436-1476) was born in Konigsberg and educated at Leipzig and Vienna. He sought to restore astronomy, dissatisfied as he was with the inadequate translation of ancient works and the disparities he found between theory and observation. His Epitome of the Almagest was published in 1496. Frontispiece of Regiomontanus' Epitome of the Almagest depicting Ptolemy and Regiomontanus sitting beneath an armillary sphere. Image by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College Cambridge. Large image (144K). Very large image (4.0M). Syntaxis he had begun at the behest of Cardinal Johannes Bessarion. This work was finished by 1463, and printed as the Epitome of the Almagest in 1496; it was later used by such astronomers as Copernicus and Galileo In Vienna, Regiomontanus had been an avid hunter, copyist, and reader of manuscripts on mathematical and astronomical subjects. After Peurbach's death, he went with Bessarion to Rome, and accompanied him on various travels around Italy. Association with the Cardinal, a native of Trebizond in Turkey and a great patron of humanist scholarship, gave Regiomontanus access to other texts, and the opportunity for him to become fluent in Greek. On several occasions, he was to forcefully express his opinion about the inadequacy of translations of Greek works, including Ptolemy's

65. Astrology In the arts faculties of medieval universities, the theory of planetary motion ofSacrobosco, Ptolemy and gerard of cremona (later Georg Peurbach) was always http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/astrology.html

Links Astrology Tour (Next) Astrology Pages Astrology Islamic Astrolabes Copernicus Hipparchus ... Index Astrology An image of a 'zodiac man', showing the parts of the body governed by the various signs of the zodiac. Image by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College, Cambridge. Large image (106KB). Very large image (2.5MB). Astrology - belief in the physical influence of planetary rays on earth - is one of the most important historical contexts in which astronomy developed. Astrology served as a motivation as well as a means of gainful employment for astronomers. The Babylonians meticulously compiled tablets of the position of Venus, as it was believed to signify omens for weather, war, famine, diseases, rulers and kingdoms. Ptolemy composed the Tetrabiblos , believing that astrology could be placed on a rational footing, despite being a conjectural art like medicine. In practice, belief in astrology meant that horoscopes were cast for new-born children, prospective spouses and political enemies, public buildings were opened and marriage and other ceremonies conducted on auspicious days. Numerous records of astrological practice can be found from the Roman times. Several important Arabic authors on astronomy, such as al-Kindi, Masha'allah and Abu Ma 'Shar were astrologers: Abraham ibn Ezra and

66. Arab Medical Schools Kitab alAsrar was first translated into Latin by gerard of cremona (d. 1187), whileKitab al-Tib al-Mansouri appeared in the Latin translation in Milan in 1480 http://www.alchemywebsite.com/islam06.html

This is the mirror of the alchemy web site www.levity.com/alchemy Arab Medical Schools during the 12th and 13th centuries Edited by Prof. Maher Abd Al Kader M. Ali, Professor of History and Philosophy of Science, Faculty of Arts, Alexandria University, Egypt These pages are edited by Prof. Hamed Abdel-reheem Ead Professor of Chemistry at Faculty of Science-University of Cairo Giza-Egypt and director of Science Heritage Center E-mail: ead@frcu.eun.eg Web site: http://www.frcu.eun.eg/www/universities/html/shc/index.htm Back to Islamic Alchemy Back to reference library -I- The status of Medicine in the Islamic World The Scientific movement in the early Islamic centuries has various aspects. One of them is the contribution of the early Arab Scientists, which took different forms, their role in scientific progress, the theories they have provided us with, and their methods and influence on the western world which started, as a result, viewing science in a new light during the middle ages. In fact it is not easy to divide the whole unity of science, and claim that this science belongs completely to the Greeks or the Arabs or the West. It is not possible to divide science because it does not belong to one nation, nor to one race. It is the result of co-operation, and communication, among scientists and many other factors. This paper considers the case of medicine in the Arab Islamic World and investigates its nature and schools.

67. Database Of Alchemical Manuscripts - Verginelli-Rota gerard of cremona. http://www.alchemywebsite.com/almss23.html

This is the mirror of the alchemy web site www.levity.com/alchemy Database of alchemical manuscripts - Verginelli-Rota Updated Dec 14 1995. Back to database of alchemical manuscripts 2655. Rome, Biblioteca dell'Accademia dei Lincei. MS. Verginelli-Rota 2. Parchment. 15th Century. Grimoire Magico [In English.] 2656. Rome, Biblioteca dell'Accademia dei Lincei. MS. Verginelli-Rota 3. 41 folios. Parchment. 138x89mm. 16th Century. Premier Chapitre [...] le quel a la teste. [With 'Donum Dei' series of watercolour illustrations.] 2657. Rome, Biblioteca dell'Accademia dei Lincei. MS. Verginelli-Rota 4. 15th Century. Tractatula ex intentione sapientium in arte astrorum et scientiae stellarum. [Miscellany by Guido Bonatti (?) from Albumasar (?)] 2658. Rome, Biblioteca dell'Accademia dei Lincei. MS. Verginelli-Rota 5. 16th Century. [Fragments of an alchemical text in Latin.] 2659. Rome, Biblioteca dell'Accademia dei Lincei. MS. Verginelli-Rota 6. 15th Century [1597.] Manuel de philosophie chymique. [With pen drawings of 'Rosarium Philosophorum' series.] 2660. Rome, Biblioteca dell'Accademia dei Lincei. MS. Verginelli-Rota 7.

68. Mathematics Ancient Mditerrane gerard of cremona s Translation of the Commentary of AlNayrizi on Book I of Euclid sElements of Geometry With an Introductory Account of the Twenty-Two http://mathematicsbooks.org/Mathematics_Ancient_Mditerrane.html

Home Search High Volume Orders Links ... Philosophy of Mathematics Additional Subjects Suzanne L. Bunkers Amy Gilman Teddy Getty Gaston 1906 Good ... Candlesticks Explained Books Written by Anaritius Anthony Lo Bello Gherardo Anthony Lo Bello Published by Prometheus Books (October 2003) ISBN 0391041932 Price $100.00 Studies in Sardinian Archaeology: Sardinia in the Mediterranean Written by Miriam S. Balmuth Published by University of Michigan Press (September 1986) ISBN 0472100815 Price $55.00 Written by Anthony Lo Bello Published by Brill Academic Publishing (January 2003) ISBN 0391041975 Price $255.00 The Transformation of Mathematics in the Early Mediterranean World: From Problems to Equations Written by Reviel Netz Published by Cambridge University Press (May 2004) ISBN 0521829968 Price $70.00 Math©matiques en M©diterran©e: des tablettes babyloniennes au th©or¨me de Fermat Published by Edisud Mus¢ees de Marseille (January 1988) ISBN 285744365X Written by Anaritius Anthony Lo Bello Published by Prometheus Books (September 2003) ISBN 0391041924 Price $100.00

69. The Magickal Use Of The Sixteen Figures Of Geomancy For medievalists, methods can be found in Agrippa s Of Geomancy and Gerard ofCremona s - On Astronomical Geomancy. The same goes for gerard of cremona. http://www.philhine.org.uk/writings/rit_geomancy.html

Note: You are reading this either because your browser does not support CSS, or we have not found time to develop proper CSS for your browser yet. Please read our design notes for more details. Welcome to Phil Hine's website. Skip straight to search box or navigation links The Magickal Use of the Sixteen Figures of Geomancy Martin Goodson Introduction The purpose of this essay is to introduce the sixteen figures of geomancy and suggest how they may be used for experimentation in sorcery enchantment and evocation. If the reader has come across them already it is probably in their function as a tool of divination. However any divinatory system is a language between the operator and the spirit world/god/guardian angel/deep mind etc. Just as the operator can enquire from the universe the outcome of events via a mediatory system of symbols s/he can also petition and request results using the same language. What follows are the results of my own experiments with the spirits of geomancy and as such they are entirely subjective. However I hope that they suggest to you lines of how to work with them. Like any system of symbols the more we use them the more they become acquainted with us and a rapport is built up. The methods I used for this project included, dream incubation, seidr, evocation, skrying and enchantment. Please note that the use of geomancy in this essay refers to the sixteen figues made up of four lines of either one or two marks. It does not refer to Feng Shui or Ley lines.

70. Astronomy And Astrology In The Twelfth Century philosophers . There he encountered gerard of cremona, who had translatedamong many other works Ptolemy s Almagest. Gerard had http://explorers.whyte.com/astrol.htm

Astronomy and Astrology in the 12th century Preface January 1999: I presented this paper at the 6th Irish Conference of Medievalists in Maynooth on 26 June 1992, and put it on-line as an experiment when I first designed the Alliance Party web-site in 1995. It has long since been deleted from its original location, but there has been some interest in it from the on-line community, so here it is again, sadly without any footnotes or references though I hope to change that before too long. Thanks to Marilynn Lawrence for finding it for me. The M Phil dissertation from which this lecture drew, as well as my history of science essays, on the transmission of science Richard of Wallingford Sir Robert Ball , and medieval time-keeping , are now on this site, as are also short notes on the assassination of Domitian and the "Curse of the Presidents" . If you find this useful, please let me know. This page has had visitors since 23 July 1999. Introduction: John of Salisbury If one is looking for an illustrative twelfth-century intellectual, one cannot do much better than John of Salisbury. Book II of his Policraticus is devoted to a general discussion of omens, divination and the philosophical problems of predestination. He makes his distaste for astrologers clear, lumping them in with "practitioners of other trivialities", but it is clear that his difficulties with them were not entirely due to a philosophical disagreement. In chapter 19, he says:

71. The History Of The Universe: The Christian Scientific Tradition Most famous translator in Toledo was gerard of cremona (great name!), who had travelledfrom Italy to Toledo specially to find a copy of Ptolemy s famous book http://www.ransom.co.uk/universe/Early Christians.htm

The Early Christian Scientific Tradition Toledo: The New York of the First Millenium The Christian view of the Universe Remember the three wise men? Funky Early Christian Web links Toledo : The New York of the First Millenium Pretty soon after somebody got nailed to a tree for suggesting that we should all be nice to each other, Western civilisation took a bit of a turn for the worse. About 1,000 years of Dark Ages, to be precise. During this time there wasn't a lot of progress in science, astronomy and cosmology - although remember that we're only talking about the Western world. The Arabic cultures, during this time, for example, were making great progress in recovering the knowledge lost with the fall of the Greeks. But that's another story Christianity began to move back into northern Spain in around 1000 AD. Around 1085 the Spanish city of Toledo became pretty much the intellectual melting pot of Europe; the mix of Moors, Christians and Jews made it an extraordinary place, a mix of different cultures and faiths. Italy may have been the birth place of the Renaissance but the Renaissance was conceived in Toledo in the 12th Century. There was also a famous school of translators at Toledo, where the ancient texts were translated from Greek (which Europe had forgotten) through Arabic and Hebrew into Latin, the working language of scholars in Europe. Amongst other intellectual advances, an early set of astronomical tables were drawn up in Toledo, as an encyclopaedia of star positions. The numerals are Arabic, but the tables are Christian - recognisably modern.

72. Islamic Astronomy By Owen Gingerich into Latin in Toledo , once by John of Seville (Johannes Hispalensis) in the firsthalf of the 12th century, and more completely by gerard of cremona a few http://faculty.kfupm.edu.sa/phys/alshukri/PHYS215/Islamic astronomy.htm

Islamic astronomy by Owen Gingerich Scientific American , April 1986 v254 p74(10) Historians who track the development of astronomy from antiquity to the Renaissance sometimes refer to the time from the eighth through the 14th centuries as the Islamic period. During that interval most astronomical activity took place in the Middle East North Africa and Moorish Spain. While Europe languished in the Dark Ages, the torch of ancient scholarship had passed into Muslim hands. Islamic scholars kept it alight, and from them it passed to Renaissance Europe. Two circumstances fostered the growth of astronomy in Islamic lands. One was geographic proximity to the world of ancient learning, coupled with a tolerance for scholars of other creeds. In the ninth century most of the Greek scientific texts were translated into Arabic, including Ptolemy's Syntaxis , the apex of ancient astronomy. It was through these translations that the Greek works later became known in medieval Europe . (Indeed, the Syntaxis is still known primarily by its Arabic name, Almagest, meaning "the greatest.")

73. Potions k, 4,5, 6,7. Noxious Aroma, alRazi, 80, 83, 105, 99, 99, 99, 21, C, Gerard ofCremona, 91, 93, 147, 99, 99, 99, 53, C, gerard of cremona, 155, 222, 1060, 99,65, 48, 827, K, Orpiment, http://www.darklands.net/files/alchwin2.htm

Getting Rich thru Alchemy and Winning at Darklands by Alan Pitts Edited for the Darklands Domain by -MLW Please note: Listed at the bottom of the page is a reprint of an e-mail Alan sent to the Darklands discussion group which explains the theory behind using the data listed below. Thanks! (ed.) Okay, here it is. I'm pretty sure that this is correct and up-to-date, but I wasn't able to check it. My computer here is Excel-illiterate. Anyway, here is what it does ... Pure Gold Manganese Naphtha Marsh Vapor Eastern Black Bean Zincblende Antimoni Orpiment White Cinnabar Solanaceae Aqua Regia Gum Mondragora Alum Camomile Nikel Pitchblende Zinken Brimstone Choleric Base Phlegmatic Base Sanguine Base Melancholic Base In the upper-left corner is a list of the components. They are in the order that you would find them for sale at any vendor who has them. That reminds me that the manual has a differently-ordered list. In the manual they are listed in the order of rarity. The one exception is that Solanaceae is not listed at all. I'm pretty sure it got deleted in a cut-and-paste operation gone awry. I've noticed at least one other faulty cut-and-paste error in the manual, so I guess it's to be expected. Anyway, I've always wondered what the description to solanaceae would have been. It's something I would ask Microprose if they still supported the game. If I'm correct, Solanaceae would be about tenth in the order of rarity. Next to the names of all the components are the prices. These are the prices I found using a leader whose charisma was 41. These prices seem to be sensitive to charisma, but not to town size. They are listed in pfennigs.

74. Famous Anatomists (Arabic) of Medicine dedicated to Mansur the Samanid prince and governor of Reyy, Abu Salihal-Mansur ibn Ishaq), translated into Latin by gerard of cremona (d. 1187 http://www.anatomist.co.uk/FamousAnatomists/famousanatomists3b.htm

Al-Razi (Almansor of Rhazes; Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya' al-Razi; c. 865-925 AD ) is considered the greatest physician of the Islamic world, versed in philosophy as well as music and alchemy. He served at the Samanid court and headed hospitals in Rayy and Baghdad (a story told of him relates how he determined the location of that hospital founded by 'Adud al-Dawlah by hanging pieces of meat around the city and settling for the site where putrefaction was slowest - the 'Adudi hospital, however, was not founded until 980 AD , more than 50 years after al-Razi's death, so the story may rather relate to that hospital founded during the reign of al-Mu'tadid (892-902 AD ) which al-Razi more certainly helped locate and of which he was later director). Al-Razi practiced for over 35 years and authored some 200 books, more than half of which were medical. His most sought after work was Kitab al-Hawi fi al-tibb (The Comprehensive Book of Medicine) - a 20 volume survey of Greek, Syrian and early Arabic medicine, as well as some Indian medical knowledge, with a commentary including clinical cases of his own experience. Much of the original work is lost and, because Al-Razi was meticulous in crediting his sources, Al-Hawi remains an extremely important source of knowledge. He was known in Europe as Rhazes, and

75. Philosophers Index -- G George of Trebizond, Books, Used Books, Gerard, Alexander, Books, UsedBooks, gerard of cremona, Books, Used Books, Gerard of Odo, Books, UsedBooks, http://www.erraticimpact.com/names_index_g.htm

Site Map Books Used Books Topics ... Search Philosophers Index A B C D ... Z Philosophy Resources Search the Web. Type it and go! Site Map History of Philosophy Philosophical Topics Philosophers by Name ... Slash Your Student Loans Use The Index Philosophers Index Authors (New Books) Authors (Used Books) Home Pages G Gaard Greta Books Used Books ... Used Books All Products Books Magazines Popular Music Classical Music Video DVD Toys Baby Computer Games Electronics Software Tools and Hardware Outdoor Living Housewares Camera Wireless Phones Search Amazon.com Search Powells.com Philosophers Index A B C D ... Shop A service for the online network of worldwide philosophers Associate sites: contrapose.com harmonicity.com ecofeminism.net panphobia.com ... Sponsored Links Recommended Book

76. Giordano Bruno: His Life And Thought (Footnotes, Chapter 3) Almagest, III, 3 and XII, 1. The text was first introduced to the Latinspeakingworld by gerard of cremona (1114-1187) who translated the Arabic version. http://www.positiveatheism.org/hist/bruno03f.htm

Giordano Bruno: His Life and Thought Table of Contents Text of Chapter Three CHAPTER THREE FOOTNOTES 1 In mediaeval Christian versions of the scheme, divine power is sometimes shewn acting through the labour of angels imparting motion by cranks (cf. Israel Abrahams, Edwin Bevyn, and Charles Singer, The Legacy of Israel [Oxford, 1927], Fig. 25 from a fourteenth century manuscript). De coelo, 113-14, 286b 10-287b 21, and see below. De gen. et corr., II, 11, 338a; Physica, VIII, 8, 264b; De coelo, II, 3, 286a. De coelo, IV, 3-4, 310a-312a. Physica, VIII, 6, 258a-259b. De coelo, II, 8, 289b. Metaphysica, XII, 8, 1074a, 13. In De gen. et corr., II, 2, Aristotle distinguishes between the elements as perceptible bodies which are always encountered by us in "alteration" or mixture with one another, and the originative sources of these elements "which are equal in number (four) and identical in kind with those in the sphere of the eternal and primary things" (Cf. De gen. et corr., II, 9, 335a). 8 Date of publication of Kepler's Astronomia nova.

77. PHILTAR - Compendium Of Philosophers/G links to texts. George of Trebizond (13951486) An introduction tohis life and work. gerard of cremona (1114-1187) An introduction to http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/compendium_of_philosophers/g/

Compendium of Philosophers G Links to materials by and/or about over a thousand philosophers from thousands of years from all over the world from A to Z This compendium contains entries large and small, single or multiple, on hundreds of philosophers. Links vary in size from a few lines of biography to the whole of the Summa Theologica. Sometimes you are directed to a site which has further links. In that case there is no guarantee that all the further links will work, but enough work to make a visit worthwhile. This compendium does not provide links to philosophers’ own home pages. A list of them can be found here A B C ... Z Gadamer, Hans-Georg (b 1900) An introduction to his work Galen (129-c210) A biographical sketch On the Natural Faculties Galilei, Galileo (1564-1642) A brief introduction to his life and work An introduction to his life and work Galluppi, Pasquale (1770-1846) An introduction to his life and work Gampopa (1079-1153) An account of his life Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand [Mahatma] (1869-1948) An introduction to his life and work Mahatma Gandhi - A Biography 'Mahatma Gandhi and his Myths' Gassendi, Pierre (1592-1655) A brief introduction to his life and work Another brief introduction, but with some useful further links

78. New Page 74 His Compendium of astronomy, a work much esteemed, was translated intoLatin by gerard of cremona and by Johannes Hispalensis. Regiomontaus http://www.islam4all.com/new_page_74.htm

Astronomy and Mathematics Part I Part II Part III I The Arabs are before all else the pupils of the Greeks; their science is a continuation of Greek science which it preserves, cultivates, and on a number of important points develops and perfects. One of the greatest of them, al-Biruni, said in considering all the conditions necessary for scientific research-early education, knowledge of languages, long life, the possession of means sufficient to enable one to make journeys and acquire books and instruments: ‘all these conditions are rarely found in a single individual, especially in our day. That is why we ought to confine ourselves to what the ancients have dealt with and endeavour to perfect what can be perfected. The middle way is in all things the most praiseworthy; and he who attempts too much ruins himself and his estate’. Al-Biruni is here, however, obviously too modest; for with this limited ambition the Arabs have really achieved great things in science; they taught the use of ciphers, although they did not invent them, and thus became the founders of the arithmetic of everyday life; they made algebra an exact science and developed it considerably and laid the foundations of analytical geometry; they were indisputably the founders of plane and spherical trigonometry which, properly speaking, did not exist among the Greeks. In astronomy they made a number of valuable observations. They preserved for us in their translations a number of Greek works, the originals of which have been lost: three books of the Conics of Apollonius, the

79. TIMELINE 12th CENTURY Page Of ULTIMATE SCIENCE FICTION WEB GUIDE concentration on law and theology, and of his journey to Toledo in search of theworld s wiser philosophers. There he encountered gerard of cremona, who had http://www.magicdragon.com/UltimateSF/timeline12.html

TIMELINE 12th CENTURY Return to Timeline Table of Contents Return to Ultimate SF Table of Contents TIMELINE 12th CENTURY May be posted electronically provided that it is transmitted unaltered, in its entirety, and without charge. We examine both works of fiction and important contemporaneous works on non-fiction which set the context for early Science Fiction and Fantasy. There are hotlinks here to authors, magazines, films, or television items elsewhere in the Ultimate Science Fiction Web Guide or beyond. Most recently updated: 20 April 2003 [Expanded from 37 to 68 kilobytes]. This web page draws heavily on FACTS as listed in " The Timetables of Science Facts were also checked against " The 1979 Hammond Almanac " [ed. Martin A. Bacheller et al., Maplewood, New Jersey, 1978], p.795, and the Wikipedia . It also utilizes facts from Volume I of D.E. Smith's " History of Mathematics " [(c) 1921 by David Eugene Smith; (c) 1951 by May Luse Smith; New York: Dover, 1958]. Executive Summary of the 12th Century Major Books of the Decade 1100-1110 Major Books of the Decade 1110-1120 Major Books of the Decade 1120-1130 ... Where to Go for More : 51 Useful Reference Books Executive Summary of the 12th Century The 12th Century, according to D.E. Smith, "was to Christian Europe what the 9th Century was to the eastern Mohammedan world, a period of

80. PBIO 250 Lecture Notes -- History -- Spring 1998 as Avicenna, wrote the Canon of Medicine, an encyclopedic work on plants; translatedinto Latin by gerard of cremona in the 12th century (see a manuscript page http://www.inform.umd.edu/PBIO/pb250/hist.html

PBIO 250 Lecture Notes James L. Reveal Norton-Brown Herbarium, University of Maryland History of Systematic Botany Folk taxonomies arrangment of objects into general, but hierarchierical categories systems differ widely by culture and requirements significant in agriculture Berlin, B. 1973. Folk systematics in relation to biological classification and nomenclature. Ann. Rev. Ecol. Syst. Ethnobiological classification: Principles of categorization of plants and animals in traditional science. Princeton. The Ancients Greene, E. L. 1983. Landmarks of Botanical History , 2 vols. (edited by F. N. Egerton). Stanford. Henrey, B. 1975. British Botanical and Horticultural Literature before 1800 . 3 vols. London. Hobbs, C. 1996a. An outline of the history of herbalism Botanical taxonomy - a historical summary Reed, H.S. 1942. A short history of the plant sciences . Waltham. Morton, A.G. 1981. History of botanical science: An account of the development of botany from ancient times to the present day. London. agriculture began some 9000 years ago in the fertile crescent of Mesopotamia Assyrian herbal of the 7th century B.C. gives a list of some 700 medicinal and semi-medicinal plants arranged according to use and application - see an early

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