1. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Gerard Of Cremona Home Catholic Encyclopedia G gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona.A twelfthcentury student of Arabic science and translator http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06468a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... G > Gerard of Cremona A B C D ... Z Gerard of Cremona A twelfth-century student of Arabic science and translator from Arabic into Latin; born at Cremona, in 1114; died in 1187. The place and date of Gerard's birth are not given in any document prior to the fourteenth century. Tiraboschi, in his "Storia della letteratura italiana", is at pains to refute the contention of some Spanish writers that Gerard was born, not at Cremona in Italy, but at Carmona in Spain. While conceding that Gerard spent a good many years at Toledo, Tiraboschi shows that Cremona and not Carmona is his birthplace. In fact, the manuscripts of his writings style him Cremonensis , or Chremonensis (which seems to be a corrupt form of Cremonensis Latin Christendom and prepared the way for that conflict of ideas out of which sprang the Scholasticism of the thirteenth century. In this work Gerard was a pioneer. If the description of his moral qualities given by Pipino is not overdrawn, he was a man whose single-minded devotion to the cause of science enabled him to overcome the difficulties which in those days were inevitable in a task such as he undertook. WILLIAM TURNER Transcribed by Gerard Loiselle The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume VI

2. Gerard Of Cremona gerard of cremona. Copyright 1995 by Isaac Hunter Dunlap. gerard of cremona (c.11141187) was the greatest and most prolific http://www.wiu.edu/users/mfihd/research/gerard/gerard.html

GERARD OF CREMONA Gerard of Cremona (c.1114-1187) was the greatest and most prolific Arabic translator of his time.(1) His Latin translations of over seventy seminal works in the sciences introduced the advanced Greek and Arab world to an intellectually impoverished Europe during the Middle Ages. His translations are credited with providing the classical foundations for the work of such thinkers as Roger Bacon, Albertus Magnus, Thomas Aquinas and Copernicus. Yet today, little is known about this linguistic pioneer who worked on the intellectual frontier dividing Christendom and the Muslim world. Toledo, Spain was taken by Alfonso VI of Leon (and El Cid) from the Muslims in 1085 and it soon became the capital of Castile. A scholarly community, "The School of Toledo," (2) rose under the leadership of the French Archbishop Raymond who reigned from 1126 until his death in 1152. Raymond knew the wealth of knowledge and scientific expertise which the Muslim world possessed and desired that Christendom gain access to its riches. Archdeacon Dominic Gundisalvi undertook many translations and directed the Bureau of Translation founded by Raymond.(3) Under Raymond's patronage, such translating giants as Gerard and John of Seville (a converted Jew) flourished and schools developed around them.(4) These "schools" included scribal and linguistic assistants, apprentices, and Arabic manuscript hunters. Toledo attracted other first rate scholars from all over Europe including Adelard of Bath, Robert of Chester, Rudolf of Bruges and Hermann of Carinthia. By the middle of the thirteenth century, scholars such as these had translated the bulk of ancient science into Latin. The writings of such greats as Aristotle, Ptolemy, Euclid and Hippocrates had been preserved in Arabic for hundreds of years. Muslim intellectual giants had also been writing commentaries and expanding on the Greek works for generations. Toledo represented the intellectual door through which this incredible storehouse of knowledge would become known to the West.(5)

3. Islamic Medical Manuscripts: Bio-Bibliographies gerard of cremona ( d. AD 1187) gerard of cremona, working in Toledo, was responsible for translating http://www.nlm.nih.gov/hmd/arabic/bioG.html

Bio-Bibliographies A B C D ... F G H I J K ... Z Galen, d. ca. 216 AD) The most important physician of the Roman Empire and arguably the most influential physician in medical history. Galen wrote entirely in Greek, and his medical writings preserved today are voluminous. Most of them were translated into Arabic in the ninth century in Baghdad, and through those translations Galen became the most important formative influence on medieval Islamic medicine. see Vivian Nutton, "Roman medicine 250 BC to AD 200" in The Western Medical Tradition ed. L. Conrad, M. Neve and others (Cambridge; Cambridge University Press, 1995) pp. 39-70, esp. pp. 58-70; Vivian Nutton, "Galen's Philosophical Testament: "On My Own Opinions", pp. 27-51 in Aristoteles Werk und Wirkung , Band 2: Kommentierung, Uberlieferung, Nachleben, , ed. Jurgen Wiesner (Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, 1987); Owsei Temkin, Galenism: Rise and Decline of a Medical Philosophy , (Ithaca NY: Cornell University Press, 1973); Sezgin, GAS III , pp. 68-140; and Ullmann, Medizin , pp. 35-68. Gerard of Cremona d.

4. Gerard Of Cremona (ca. 1114-1187) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scientific B Scholars. Nationality. Italian. gerard of cremona (ca. 11141187) Italian scholar who was interested in Greek science, and learned Arabic to be able to translate preserved works from Arabic. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Gerard.html

Branch of Science Scholars Nationality Italian Gerard of Cremona (ca. 1114-1187) Italian scholar who was interested in Greek science, and learned Arabic to be able to translate preserved works from Arabic. He spent much of his life in Toledo, which had been a Muslim center of learning, but was reconquered by the Spanish in 1085. It was an ideal environment, with many Arabic works present learned Arabs available for consultation. He translated 92 works in all, including the Almagest, Elements, Al-Khwarizmi's work, Galen , the Hippocratic writers, and the physical works of Aristotle . Unfortunately, the mathematical sophistication of the Greeks was beyond his abilities, so he could not even understand the Almagest after translating it.

5. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Index For G Miles Gerard, Richard Gerard Majella, Saint gerard of cremona Gerardus Odonis GerasaGerberon, Gabriel Gerbet, OlympePhillipe Gerbillon, Jean-François Gerdil http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/g.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Catholic Encyclopedia > G A B C D ... Z G Gabala Gabbatha Gaboon Gabriel the Archangel, Saint ... Gallifet, Joseph de French Jesuit (1663-1749) Gallipoli Gallitzin, Adele Amalie Gallitzin, Demetrius Augustine Galloway, Diocese of ... Gallwey, Peter Famous London priest (1820-1906 Galtelli-Nuoro Galvani, Luigi Galveston Galway and Kilmacduagh ... Gamaliel Famous Pharisee and Rabbi Gamans, Jean Gambling Gams, Pius Bonifacius Ecclesiastical historian (1816-1892) Gandolphy, Peter Gangra Gansfort, John Wessel Gap ... Garcilasso de la Vega Spanish poet (1503-1536) Garcilasso de la Vega Historian of Peru (1539-1617) Gardellini, Aloisio Garet, Jean Gargara Garland ... Gaudentius, Saint Bishop of Brescia (387-410) Gaudentius of Brescia Gaudete Sunday Gaudier, Antoine de Gaudiosus ... Gelasius I, Pope Saint Reigned 492-496 Gelasius II, Pope Reigned 1118-1119 Gelasius of Cyzicus Gemblours Genealogy (in the Bible) Genealogy of Christ ... Genevieve, Saint Patroness of Paris (419-512) Genezareth, Land of Genga, Girolamo Gennadius I, Saint Gennadius II ... Germanus I, Saint Patriarch of Constantinople (d. 733) Germany German Literature Germany, Vicariate Apostolic of Northern

6. Gherard science and philosophy in medieval universities from the start of the thirteenthcentury owes its stimulation in greater part to the work of gerard of cremona. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Gherard.html

Gherard of Cremona Born: 1114 in Cremona, Italy Died: 1187 in Toledo, Spain Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Gherard of Cremona 's name is often written as Gerard or sometimes Gerhard. After being educated in Italy, he realised that European education was narrow and that he decided that he would try to make the riches of Arabic science available to European scholars through Latin translations of the major works in Arabic. For this reason Gherard went to Toledo in Spain where his intention was to learn Arabic so he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest since no Latin translations existed at that time. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. He remained there for most of the rest of his life and although he does not appear to have gathered a school around him, he certainly appears to have had quite a lot of assistance. He may have employed helpers who assisted him in the copying and checking of manuscripts and other chores associated with the great translation industry that he started. In all over a period of forty years, Gherard translated around eighty works from Arabic to Latin. The complete list of works which he translated is given in [1]. Some of these translations were of Arabic works while others were of Greek works which had been translated into Arabic. Often however, the works were a mixture in the sense that they were Arabic commentaries on Greek works.

7. Buy Gerard Of Cremona's Translation Of The Commentary Of Al-Nayrizi gerard of cremona's Translation of the Commentary of AlNayrizi on Book I of Euclid's Elements of Geometry With an Introductory Account of the Twenty-Two Early Extant Arabic Manuscripts of the http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://na.link.decdna.net/n/3532/4200/www.walma

8. References For Gherard Books HLL Busard, The Latin translation of the Arabic version of Euclid s Elements commonly ascribed to gerard of cremona Introduction, edition and http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Gherard.html

References for Gherard Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Books: H L L Busard, The Latin translation of the Arabic version of Euclid's 'Elements' commonly ascribed to Gerard of Cremona : Introduction, edition and critical apparatus (Leiden, 1984). Articles: History of mathematics (San Diego, CA, 1996), 173-205. Centaurus R Lemay, Gerard of Cremona, Dictionary of the Middle Ages (New York, 1983), 422-423. Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 1999 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Gherard.html

9. Gerard Gerardo Diego (18961987) Spanish poet. Educators, Scholars, and Social Workersgerard of cremona (1114-1187) European scholar and translator. http://www.geocities.com/edgarbook/names/g/gerard.html

For many more names, please return to Edgar's Main Page. Gerard Gender : Masculine Language : English, French Etymology Gerard is the English form of an old Germanic name, Gairhard History Gerard appeared in England right before the Norman Conquest. It has stayed every since. Pronunciation : jerr-ard. Diminutives Gary Ged Gerry Jed Jerry Alternates Dutch Geert Geeraard Geerd Gert English Jerrard Gerrard Flemish Geeraard Geerd Gert French Frisisan Gerrit Garrit German Gerhard Gerhardt Gerhart German (Low) Geert Gerrit Gert Hungarian Italian Gerardo Spanish Gerardo Surnames Garett Garret Garrett Jarrett Jarritt Famous Bearers Artists and Authors Gerard David Dutch painter. Gerard Terborch Dutch painter. Gerard Edelinck Flemish engraver. French poet. Gerard Manley Hopkins English poet. Gerhart Hauptmann German poet. Gerardo Diego Spanish poet. Educators, Scholars, and Social Workers Gerard of Cremona European scholar and translator. Geert Groote Dutch priest who founded a center for manuscript copying. Gerard Debreu French-American economist.

10. GERARD OF CREMONA gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona (c. 11141187), the medieval translator of Ptolemys Astronomy, was born at contain a eulogy of gerard of cremona and a list of his http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERARD_OF_CREMONA.htm

GERARD OF CREMONA GERARD OF CREMONA JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE GERARD GERASA

11. Gerard Of Cremona --  Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica, gerard of cremona Encyclopædia Britannica Article. To citethis page MLA style gerard of cremona. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=37242

12. Gerard Of Cremona - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia gerard of cremona ( Gherardo) (Cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 Toledo, 1187), the translator of Ptolemys Astronomy gerard of cremona's Latin translation of an Arabic text was the http://en2.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona

Gerard of Cremona From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Gerard of Cremona Gherardo ) (Cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 — Toledo, 1187), the translator of Ptolemy ’s Astronomy (and mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine see below) from Arabic texts found in Toledo, was one of a small group of scholars who invigorated medieval Europe in the 12th Century by transmitting Greek and Arabic traditions in astronomy, medicine and other sciences, in the form of translations into Latin, which made them available to every literate person in the West. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gherardo went to Toledo before 1144. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest , which retained its traditional high reputation among scholars, even though no Latin translation existed. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. Toledo, which had been provincial capital in the caliphate of Cordoba and a seat of learning, was safely available to a Catholic like Gerard. Since it had been conquered from the

13. Cremona --  Encyclopædia Britannica century. , gerard of cremona European medieval scholar who translatedthe works of many major Greek and Arabic writers into Latin. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=28286&tocid=0&query=luigi cremona

14. Gerard Of Cremona - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia gerard of cremona. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Gerard ofCremona (Gherardo) (Cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 — Toledo, 1187 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerard_of_Cremona

Gerard of Cremona From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Gerard of Cremona Gherardo ) (Cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 — Toledo, 1187), the translator of Ptolemy ’s Astronomy (and mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine see below) from Arabic texts found in Toledo, was one of a small group of scholars who invigorated medieval Europe in the 12th Century by transmitting Greek and Arabic traditions in astronomy, medicine and other sciences, in the form of translations into Latin, which made them available to every literate person in the West. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gherardo went to Toledo before 1144. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest , which retained its traditional high reputation among scholars, even though no Latin translation existed. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. Toledo, which had been provincial capital in the caliphate of Cordoba and a seat of learning, was safely available to a Catholic like Gerard. Since it had been conquered from the

15. Gerard Of Cremona gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona (Gherardo) (Cremona, Lombardy,ca 1114 ? Toledo, 1187), the translator of Ptolemy?s Astronomy http://www.fact-index.com/g/ge/gerard_of_cremona.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Gerard of Cremona Gerard of Cremona Gherardo ) (Cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 — Toledo, 1187), the translator of Ptolemy ’s Astronomy (and mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna 's Canon of Medicine see below) from Arabic texts found in Toledo, was one of a small group of scholars who invigorated medieval Europe in the 12th Century by transmitting Greek and Arabic traditions in astronomy, medicine and other sciences, in the form of translations into Latin, which made them available to every literate person in the West. Dissatisfied with the meager philosophies of his Italian teachers, Gherardo went to Toledo before 1144. There he learned Arabic, initially so that he could read Ptolemy 's Almagest , which retained its traditional high reputation among scholars, even though no Latin translation existed. Although we do not have detailed information of the date when Gherard went to Spain, he was certainly there by 1144. Toledo, which had been provincial capital in the caliphate of Cordoba and a seat of learning, was safely available to a Catholic like Gerard. Since it had been conquered from the

16. GERARD (c. 10401120) gerard of cremona (c. 11141187), the medieval translator of Ptolemys Astronomy, was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in or contain a eulogy of gerard of cremona and a list of his http://www.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERARD_c_1040_1120_.htm

GERARD (c. 10401120) young plants should be raised from cuttings about March, and grown on during the summer, but should not be allowed to flower. When blossoms are required, they should be placed close up to the glass in a light house with a temperature of 65, only just as much water being given as will keep them growing. For bedding purposes the zonal varieties are best struck towards the middle of August in the open air, taken up and potted or planted in boxes as soon as struck, and preserved in frames or in the greenhouse during winter. The fancy varieties root best early in spring from the halfripened shoots; they are slower growers, and rather more delicate in constitution than the zonal varieties, and very impatient of excess of water at the root. GERARD, ARCHBP. OF YORK See the Tractatus Eboracenses edited by H. Bochmer in Libelli de ide Sacerdotii et Imperii, vol. iii. (in the Monumenta hist. Germaniae, quarto series), and the same authors Kirche und Staat in England und in der Normandie (Leipzig, 1899). (H. W. C. D.) GERARD (c. 10401120), variously surnamed TuM, TUNe, TENQUE or THOM, founder of the order of the knights of St John of Jerusalem (q.v.), was born at Amalfi about the year 1040. According to other accounts Martigues in Provence was his birthplace, while one authority even names the Chteau dAvesnes in Hainaut. Either as a soldier or a merchant, he found his way to Jerusalem, where a hospice had for some time existed for the convenience of those who wished to visit the holy places. Of this institution Gerard became guardian or provost at a date not later than 1100; and here he organized that religious order of St John which received papal recognition from Paschal 11. in 1113, by a bull which was renewed and confirmed by Calixtus II. shortly before the death of Gerard in 1120.

17. List Of Scholastic Philosophers of Abbeville; gerard of cremona; Gerho of Reichersberg; Gersonides,(12881344 CE); Gilbert de Oves (van Eyen) Flamingus; Gilbert of http://www.fact-index.com/l/li/list_of_scholastic_philosophers.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index List of scholastic philosophers This is a list of philosophers working in the Christian tradition in Western Europe during the medieval period. Abelard Adam Parvipontanus Adam Pulchrae Mulieris/Adam de Puteorumvilla Adelard of Bath Alain, archbishop of Auxerre Alain de Lille / Alanus de Insulis/Montepessulano , (c. 1128-1202) Alain de Podio Albric of London Alberich of Reims Albert of Saxony Albertus Magnus ... Alexander of Hales , (died 1475) Alexander Nequam/Neckam/of St Alban's Alfred of Sareshel/Alfredus Anglicus , (d.c. 1204-1207) Anselm of Laon , (died 1117) Anselm of Canterbury Archimattheus Ardengus Arnaldus of Villanova Baldwin of Maflix Bartholomew of Bologna Bartholomew of Salerno Bartholomew of Tours Bede , (c. 632-735) Benedict of Nursia Bernard of Chartres Bernard of Clairvaux Bernard Silvestris Berthold of Moosburg Boethius of Dacia Bonaventure Bonushomo Brito Burgundio of Pisa Clarembald of Arras Daniel of Morley Dante Alighieri David of Dinant Denys the Carthusian Dietrich of Freiburg Dominicus Gundissalinus (John) Duns Scotus , (c. 1266-1308)

18. Gerard Of Cremona - Encyclopedia Article About Gerard Of Cremona. Free Access, N encyclopedia article about gerard of cremona. gerard of cremona in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. gerard of cremona. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Gerard of Cremona

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Gerard of Cremona Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Gerard of Cremona Gherardo ) (Cremona, Lombardy, ca 1114 — Toledo, 1187), the translator of Ptolemy Ptolemy was a title taken by each of the rulers of the Ptolemaic dynasty , of Macedonian origin, that ruled Egypt from Alexandria as pharaohs from 323 B.C., when Ptolemy, one of Alexander the Great's generals, took over Egyptian rule. The dynasty lasted until the death of the most famous member of the family, Cleopatra VII, in 30 B.C., shortly after the Battle of Actium. Egypt was then annexed to Rome. Click the link for more information. ’s Astronomy (and mistakenly credited as translator of Avicenna Avicenna , or in Arabic, Abu Ali al-Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina or simply Ibn Sina (as he is called by Persians) (980 - 1037), was a physician, philosopher, and scientist. He was the author of 450 books on many subjects, many on philosophy and medicine. His most famous works are The Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine , also known as the Qanun Click the link for more information.

19. Search Results For Cremona - Encyclopædia Britannica Did you mean Cremona (It.) Liudprand of Cremona (Lombard bp.) Liutprand of Cremona (Lombard bp.) gerard of cremona (It. schol.) Cremona, Antonio Luigi http://www.britannica.com/search?query=cremona&ct=

20. GERARD OF CREMONA gerard of cremona (c. 11141187), the medieval translator of Ptolemys Astronomy,was born at Cremona, Lombardy, in or about 1114. gerard of cremona. http://23.1911encyclopedia.org/G/GE/GERARD_OF_CREMONA.htm

GERARD OF CREMONA GERARD OF CREMONA JEAN IGNACE ISIDORE GERARD GERASA

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