81. Hellenistic World, Alexandria, Introduction To Euclid Day 18 Hellenistic world, alexandria, introduction to euclid. Summary. alexandriarole implications of library museum. Textual issues on euclid. http://it.stlawu.edu/~dmelvill/323/Day18.html

Day 18: Hellenistic world, Alexandria, introduction to Euclid Summary The rise of Macedonia in the fourth century under Philip II. Alexander and the Hellenistic world, comparison with city-states. Rapid rise of Alexandria. Textual issues on Euclid. Introduction to Euclid and the Elements. Reading R. Calinger, Classics of Mathematics D. Burton, History of Mathematics , Section 4.1. Links Map of Hellenistic World Outline of the Elements Homework Prepare assigned propositions from Elements I. On to Day 19 Up to Ancient and Classical Mathematics Last modified: 29 October 2003 Duncan J. Melville Comments to dmelville@stlawu.edu

82. Alexandrian Scholarship Eudoxis of Cnidus (see biography), euclid s pupil, probably worked out of alexandria,and is known for developing an early method of integration, studied the http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/GreekScience/Students/Ellen/Museum.html

Please note: These papers were prepared for the Greek Science course taught at Tufts University by Prof. Gregory Crane in the spring of 1995. The Perseus Project does not and has not edited these student papers. We assume no responsibility over the content of these papers: we present them as is as a part of the course, not as documents in the Perseus Digital Library . We do not have contact information for the authors. Please keep that in mind while reading these papers. The Library of Alexandria Ellen N. Brundige Look at the comments on this paper. Table of Contents The Legend of the Library Foundation Demetrius of Phaleron Precedents for the Museum ... Bibliography The Legend of the Library "And concerning the number of books, the establishment of libraries, and the collection in the Hall of the the Muses, why need I even speak, since they are all in men's memories?" Athenaeus The library of Alexandria is a legend. Not a myth, but a legend. The destruction of the library of the ancient world has been retold many times and attributed to just as many different factions and rulers, not for the purpose of chronicling that ediface of education, but as political slander. Much ink has been spilled, ancient and modern, over the 40,000 volumes housed in grain depots near the harbor, which were supposedly incinerated when Julius Caesar torched the fleet of Cleopatra's brother and rival monarch. So says Livy, apparently, in one of his lost books, which Seneca quotes. The figure of Hypatia , a fifth-century scholar and mathematician of Alexandria, being dragged from her chariot from an angry Pagan-hating mob of monks who flayed her alive then burned her upon the remnants of the old Library, has found her way into legend as well, thanks to a few contemporary sources which survived.

83. Euclid - Books I-IX This is clear from the remark of Pappus about Apollonius 8 “he spent a verylong time with the pupils of euclid at alexandria, and it was thus that he http://www.headmap.org/unlearn/euclid/before/tradition.htm

84. PORCELAINia/Alexandria/807 mathematician of antiquity. Of all the great names connected withAlexandria, that of euclid is the best known. He compiled all http://www.porcelainia.com/807.html

PORCELAINia HOME PROCESS SERIES STYLE ... Site Map "Euclid" Alexandria Series Height 4.3 in Mass 482 g Fired High Glaze None Started Finished Style Santa Barbara Series Alexandria The piece is named for Euclid (365 BC - 300 BC), the most prominent mathematician of antiquity. Of all the great names connected with Alexandria, that of Euclid is the best known. He compiled all of the geometrical knowledge up to his time with proofs in his famous 13-volume treatise, "The Elements." This geometry text is still in use today. His influence on mathematics of both the ancient and contemporary world is without parallel.

85. Who Was Euclid ? Who Was euclid ? euclid was a professor who taught mathematics, scienceand geometry in the Greek city of alexandria in Egypt. Most http://www.surferz.net/~marina/euclid.html

Who Was Euclid ? During Alexandria's heyday Eretosthenese had calculated the diameter of the earth to within 1% by measuring the difference in the angle of the noonday sun in distant cities. It would take centuries and the persecution of Galileo before west would again understand that the earth was spherical. All in all Alexandria was a shining light of learning for almost 700 years. It was this city that Euclid called "home". Euclid's lived from 325 BCE to around 265 BCE. His contemporaries included Eretosthenese, Eudemus of Rhodes, Autolycus of Pitane. He was too young to have studied with Plato, but many of Plato's students lived at the same time as Euclid. For the most part Euclid's though is Platonic. For a Platonist the reality we see around us is merely a shadow of the real truth which lies in the realm of pure thought. The Mac history archives at the School of Mathematics and statistics says this about Euclid: "In his aim he was a Platonist, being in sympathy with this philosophy, whence he made the end of the whole "Elements" the construction of the so-called Platonic figures. " (1) http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Euclid.html To the same ends Euclid and Plato were very close to being Pythagoreans. Pythagoras is known for his teaching the equation a^2+b^2=c^2 a and b being the legs of a right angle triangle c being the hypotenuse. This equation has applications in all sorts of physical phenomenon. Einstein's famous E=MC^2 equation can be derived from a^2+b^2=c^2.(8) Pythagoras is less well known for his belief that mathematics is the basis of reality.

86. HighBeam Research: ELibrary Search: Results It is thought that he may have studied at the school established by euclid at alexandria,especially since much of his work was built on euclidean foundations. http://www.highbeam.com/library/search.asp?FN=AO&refid=ency_refd&search_dictiona

87. Adventures In CyberSound: Euclid euclid, Greek Eucleides (fl. c. 300 BC, alexandria), the most prominent mathematicianof GrecoRoman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the http://www.acmi.net.au/AIC/EUCLID_BIO.html

A D V E N T U R E S in C Y B E R S O U N D Euclid (alt: Euklid, Eucleides) : 365 - 300 BC Euclid's The Optics is the earliest surviving work on geometrical optics, and is generally found in Greek manuscripts along with elementary works on spherical astronomy. There were a number of medieval Latin translations, which became of new importance in the fifteenth century for the theory of linear perspective. This technique is beautifully illustrated in the miniature of a street scene in this elegant manuscript from the library of the Duke of Urbino. It may once have been in the possession of Piero della Francesca, who wrote one of the principal treatises on perspective in painting. Source: The Vatican Library Euclid , Greek Eucleides (fl. c. 300 BC, Alexandria), the most prominent mathematician of Greco-Roman antiquity, best known for his treatise on geometry, the Elements Life and work Of Euclid's life it is known only that he taught at and founded a school at Alexandria in the time of Ptolemy I Soter , who reigned from 323 to 285/283 BC. Medieval translators and editors often confused him with the philosopher

88. ABC Radio National - Ockham's Razor Transcript - 3 Aug 97 Her father was Theon of alexandria, also a mathematician, best remembered today asthe source of our text of euclid s Elements, but also a major commentator of http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ockham/or030897.htm

Radio National Transcripts: Ockham's Razor Sunday, 3rd August, 1997 Hypatia of Alexandria Robyn Williams: Today's talk gives an unanswerable reason why girls shouldn't do mathematics. At least not in the 5th Century AD. It's an extraordinary story and here to tell it is Maths Lecturer from Monash, Dr Michael Deakin. Dr Deakin: Imagine a time when the world's greatest living mathematician was a woman, indeed a physically beautiful woman, and a woman who was simultaneously the world's leading astronomer. And imagine that she conducted her life and her professional work in a city as turbulent and troubled as Ayodhya or Amritsar, Belfast or Beirut is today. And imagine such a female mathematician achieving fame not only in her specialist field, but also as a philosopher and religious thinker, who attracted a large popular following. And imagine her as a virgin martyr killed, not for her Christianity, but by Christians because she was not one of them. And imagine that the guilt of her death was widely whispered to lie at the door of one of Christianity's most honoured and significant saints. Would we not expect to have heard of all this? Would it not be shouted from the rooftops? Would it not be possible to walk into any bookstore and buy a biography of this woman? Would not her life be common knowledge?

89. Euclid, Elements (ed. Thomas L. Heath) This is clear from the remark of Pappus about Apollonius 8 “he spent a verylong time with the pupils of euclid at alexandria, and it was thus that he http://www.chlt.org/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus:text:1999.01.0086

90. The Telegraph - Calcutta : International Email This Page. euclid Archimedes’ alexandria found. THOMAS H.MAUGH. Los Angeles, May 9 A PolishEgyptian team has unearthed http://www.telegraphindia.com/1040510/asp/foreign/story_3227828.asp

Monday, May 10, 2004 Advertise with us IN TODAY'S PAPER Front Page Nation Calcutta Bengal ... At Leisure CITY NEWSLINES Choose Region Metro North Bengal Northeast Guwahati Jamshedpur Jharkhand Ranchi ARCHIVES Since 1st March, 1999 THE TELEGRAPH About Us Advertise Feedback Contact Us ... International THOMAS H. MAUGH Los Angeles, May 9: A Polish-Egyptian team has unearthed the site of the fabled University of Alexandria, home of Archimedes, Euclid and a host of other scholars from the era when Alexandria dominated the Mediterranean. The team has found 13 individual lecture halls, or auditoria, that could have accommodated as many as 5,000 students, according to archaeologist Zahi Hawass, president of Egypt’s Supreme Council of Antiquities. The classrooms are on the eastern edge of a large public square in the the Late Antique section of modern Alexandria and are adjacent to a previously discovered theatre that is now believed to be part of the university complex, Hawass said. All 13 of the auditoria have similar dimensions and internal arrangements, he added. They feature rows of stepped benches running along the walls on three sides of the rooms, sometimes forming a joined “U” at one end.

91. Ptolemy Soter - Ruler Of Alexandria And Egypt - Ptolemy The Successor Of Alexand Ptolemy Soter established his capital at alexandria, founded a museum, and startedcollecting books for a library which, under his successors, became the http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/blptolemy.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History Ancient / Classical History Home ... Trojan War Hero Achilles - Troy zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Atlas and Places - Where? Ancient Greece - Greek Ancient Rome - Romans ANE Egypt Persia Israel... ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Ancient / Classical History newsletter. Search Ancient / Classical History Ptolemy Soter (372-283) Alexander the Great appointed Ptolemy governor of Egypt. Related Resources Alexander the Great Seven Wonders of the Ancient World Ancient Syria Elsewhere on the Web Ptolemy Thrace - Thracian Glitter, by Susan I. Rotroff The Seven Wonders - The Lighthouse at Alexandria Ptolemy Soter The large empire Alexander the Great had conquered was too big for one successor. One general was entrusted with Macedonia; another Thrace; and a third Syria. One of Alexander's favorite generals, Ptolemy Soter, was made governor of Egypt. The esteem was mutual as can be seen in Ptolemy Soter's having Alexander's body brought for burial to Egypt where it was permanently interred at the city Alexander had founded and named after himself. It is also possible to look at this gesture as politically motivated. The same can be said of Ptolemy Soter's marriage to the daughter of the most recent Egyptian pharaoh, Nectanebo II. Ptolemy Soter established his capital at Alexandria, founded a museum, and started collecting books for a library which, under his successors, became the center for scientific research and the best collection of Greek and Roman papyri in the world. He also initiated what was to become one of the wonders of the ancient world, the lighthouse off the coast of Alexandria on the island of Pharos.

92. Euclid's Geometry: Euclid's Biography euclid's biography. Heath, History p. 354 Proclus (410485, an Athenian philosopher, head of the Platonic school) on Eucl. I, p. 68-20 after the first, makes mention of euclid; and further they http://mathforum.com/geometry/wwweuclid/bio.htm

3. Euclid's biography Heath, History p. 354: Proclus (410-485, an Athenian philosopher, head of the Platonic school) on Eucl. I, p. 68-20: Not much younger than these is Euclid, who put together the Elements, collecting many of Eudoxus's theorems, perfecting many of Theaetetus's, and also bringing to irrefragable demonstration the things which were only somewhat loosely proved by his predecessors. This man lived in the time of the first Ptolemy. For Archimedes, who came immediately after the first, makes mention of Euclid; and further they say that Ptolemy once asked him if there was in geometry any shorter way that that of the Elements, and he replied that there was no royal road to geometry. He is then younger than the pupils of Plato, but older than Eratosthenes and Archimedes, the latter having been contemporaries, as Eratosthenes somewhere says. (Plato died 347 B.C.; Archimedes lived 287-212 B.C.) Heath, History p. 357: Latin author, Stobaeus (5th Century A.D.): someone who had begun to read geometry with Euclid, when he had learnt the first theorem, asked Euclid, "what shall I get by learning these things?" Euclid called his slave and said, "Give him threepence, since he must make gain out of what he learns." Sarton, p. 19: Athenian philosopher, Proclus (410 A.D. - 485): Ptolemy I, king of Egypt, asked Euclid "if there was in geometry any shorter way than that of the

93. Pythagoras Euclides Euclid Geometrica Meetkonst Moll Wiskunde Dr.WAW.Moll, Amsterdam,2003. REFERENTIES 1) euclid van Megara. 2) euclid vanAlexandria. 3) DBNL (Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren). http://www.euronet.nl/users/warnar/demostatistiek/meth/euclides.htm

HOME Moll Amsterdam Barcelona Biosciences Chess Chloroplasts Euclid Leeuwenhoek [Down] Referenties Euclides van Alexandrië Euclid, "The Elements", first translation in Dutch by Claas Jansz Voogt and published in 1695, Amsterdam Euclides, "De Elementen", voor het eerst in het Nederlands vertaald en uitgegeven in 1695 EUCLIDIS BEGINSELEN der MEETKONST, Vervaat in 15 Boeken Begrijpende de Beginselen, op dewelke de gant- sche Wiskonst rust, Daarom ook te recht genaamt BEGINSELEN der WISKONST. Eerst in onze nederduytse taal met alle omsightigheid, kort- heyd en klaarheyd opgesteld door Claas Jansz. Vooght Geometra, Geswooren Landmeter en Leermeester, in de Wiskonst, als Stuur- manskonst enz. tot Amsterdam. By Johannes van Keulen, Boek- en Kaart verkoper,by de Nieu- we-Brugh, in de gekroonde Lootsman, Anno 1695. Met Privilegie voor 15 Jaren Opmerkingen: 1) De term Wiskunde (WISKONST) is in de Nederlandse taal geintroduceerd door Simon Stevin die leefde van 1548 tot 1620.

94. Alexandria - Die Stadt In Ägypten Bibliothek Alexandria Translate this page alexandria - die Stadt. Die Stadt alexandria, Al Iskandarija, wie es auf Arabischheißt, ist mit 3,5 Mio. Zudem war er Leiter der Bibliothek von alexandria. http://www.bibliothek-alexandria.de/sites/alexandrina.html

Alexandria - die Stadt Film 1 Film 2 Film 3 Alexandria Alte Bibliothek Neue Bibliothek Anti Pisa Studie Zeitreise ... Suche D ie Stadt Alexandria, Al Iskandarija, wie es auf Arabisch heißt, ist mit 3,5 Mio. Einwohnern die zweitgrößte Stadt Ägyptens. Alexandria besitzt neben Kairo den einzigen internationalen Flughafen des Landes. Alexandria, die von Alexander dem Großen gegründete Stadt ist auch bekannt wegen Kleopatra und den aus neuester Zeit bekannten Filmfestspielen. Bekannte Personen waren unter anderem Heron von Alexandria und Ktesibios. F ranck Goddio Entdeckte das versunkenen Königlichen Viertels im Osthafen von Alexandria in der die sagenumwobene Kleopatra regierte. D er Leuchtturm von Alexandria war der erste Leuchtturm überhaupt und wurde nach seinem Standort "Pharos" genannt. E I I n Alexandrien gibt es viele kleine Moscheen die von Privatpersonen gestiftet worden sind. Diese wurde teilweise mir den alte Resten der Ruinen aufgebaut so das in einer Moschee römische, griechische Säulen und Wandfliesen mit eingebaut worden sind. Zum Teil haben diese Säulen noch Reliefköpfe drauf.

95. Kim Williams Reviews Benno Artmann's Euclid: The Creation Of Mathematics For The euclid. Long a scholar of Greek mathematics, Dr. Artmann accompanies the reader ofeuclid with a chapterby-chapter summary and explanation of key concepts. http://www.nexusjournal.com/reviews_v2n1-Artmann.html

Abstract. Kim Williams reviews Benno Artmann's Euclid: The Creation of Mathematics for the Nexus Network Journal vol. 2 no. 1 January 2000. Book Review Benno Artmann. Euclid. The Creation of Mathematics. (New York: Springer-Verlag, 1999). To order this book click here Reviewed by Kim Williams I n spite of our age's growing familiarity with non-Euclidean geometries, applied geometries in the building trades remain for the most part firmly Euclidean. As far most builders are concerned, two parallel lines do not ever intersect, nor should they, and to this we owe our confidence in buildings with plumb vertical walls and right angles. Up until the advent of CAD/CAM technology, almost all architectural projects were visualized in drawings constructed with compass and straightedge using drafting techniques that are traceable to Euclid. So for architects and historians wishing to understand the roots of architectural expression, perhaps the most important mathematics book of all times is Euclid's Elements . However, in spite of the fact that the geometry that most of today's architects studied in primary and secondary school was Euclidean, reading

96. Nardia Symonds : Greek Mathematics is the Bible. As the author of this book, euclid is thought to bethe greatest mathematical teacher of all time. The beginning of http://www.maths.adelaide.edu.au/people/pscott/history/nardia/symonds5.htm

Thales Pythagoras Zeno Euclid Eratosthenes Archimedes Euclid of Alexandria BC BC Geometric thought and discoveries were brought together in a set of thirteen volumes called the Elements. Due to the survival of and superiority to other such works, the Elements is considered to be one of the greatest text books of all time. The Elements contains such topics as the theory of incommensurables and of numbers, as well as plane and solid geometry. The only other book of which more copies have been made is the Bible. As the author of this book, Euclid is thought to be the greatest mathematical teacher of all time. The beginning of the book was dedicated to the following five geometric postulates. A straight line can be drawn between any two points. A straight line can be extended indefinitely. A circle can be described by its centre and radius. All right angles are equal to one another. One and only one line can be drawn through a point parallel to a given line. Next page Greek Mathematics home page

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