21. Paul Dirac Paul Dirac s influence on the background to EMR through his exposition ofquantum mechanics pervades all modern texts. Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac. http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/emr/History/dirac.htm

Paul Dirac's influence on the background to EMR through his exposition of quantum mechanics pervades all modern texts. By using a relativistic treatment for the wave equation he demonstrated the need for a fourth quantum number, spin, m s Nobel Prize for Physics, "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory". The Nobel prize was for his work in quantum mechanics, his seminal book, "The Principles of Quantum Mechanics" was first published in May 1930, and it is still in print! Paul Dirac started his schooling at a Bishopston primary school, just a mile from where this web site is being written! Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac History Explanatory Theory ... Spectrometers

22. Paul A.M. Dirac - Biography Includes a brief biography and a copy of his Nobel lecture. http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/dirac-bio.html

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born on 8th August, 1902, at Bristol, England, his father being Swiss and his mother English. He was educated at the Merchant Venturer's Secondary School, Bristol, then went on to Bristol University . Here, he studied electrical engineering, obtaining the B.Sc. (Engineering) degree in 1921. He then studied mathematics for two years at Bristol University, later going on to St.John's College, Cambridge , as a research student in mathematics. He received his Ph.D. degree in 1926. The following year he became a Fellow of St.John's College and, in 1932, Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge. Dirac's work has been concerned with the mathematical and theoretical aspects of quantum mechanics. He began work on the new quantum mechanics as soon as it was introduced by Heisenberg in 1928 - independently producing a mathematical equivalent which consisted essentially of a noncommutative algebra for calculating atomic properties - and wrote a series of papers on the subject, published mainly in the Proceedings of the Royal Society, leading up to his relativistic theory of the electron (1928) and the theory of holes (1930). This latter theory required the existence of a positive particle having the same mass and charge as the known (negative) electron. This, the positron was discovered experimentally at a later date (1932) by

23. Physics 1933 Awarded jointly to Erwin Schr¶dinger and paul Adrien Maurice dirac for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. http://www.nobel.se/physics/laureates/1933/

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 "for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory" Erwin Schrödinger Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac 1/2 of the prize 1/2 of the prize Austria United Kingdom Berlin University Berlin, Germany University of Cambridge Cambridge, United Kingdom b. 1887 d. 1961 b. 1902 d. 1984 The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933 Presentation Speech Biography Nobel Lecture ... Swedish Nobel Stamps The 1933 Prize in: Physics Chemistry Physiology or Medicine Literature ... Peace Find a Laureate: SITE FEEDBACK CONTACT TELL A FRIEND Last modified February 20, 2004 The Official Web Site of The Nobel Foundation

24. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984) -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Scienti Physicists. Nationality. English. Prize Winners. Nobel Prize. Physics Prize. dirac, paul Adrien Maurice (19021984) English physicist whose calculations predicted that particles should exist with negative energies. Reminiscences about a Great Physicist paul Adrien Maurice dirac. Cambridge Cambridge University Press, 1987 http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/biography/Dirac.html

Branch of Science Physicists Nationality English ... Physics Prize Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984) English physicist whose calculations predicted that particles should exist with negative energies. This led him to suggest that the electron had an " antiparticle " This antielectron was discovered subsequently by Carl Anderson in 1932, and came to be called the positron Dirac also developed a tensor version of the known as the Dirac equation which is relativistically correct. For his work on antiparticles and wave mechanics, he received the Nobel Prize in physics in 1933. Anderson (Carl) Feynman Schwinger Tomonaga Additional biographies: MacTutor (St. Andrews) Bonn References Dirac, P. A. M. General Theory of Relativity. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. Dirac, P. A. M. History of Twentieth Century Physics. Dirac, P. A. M. Quantum Mechanics, 4th ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1958. Kragh, H. Dirac: A Scientific Biography. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Kragh, H. "Dirac."

25. Paul Dirac The Bristolborn physicist paul dirac was one of the most influential scientistsof the twentieth century, writes Peter Rodgers, editor of Physics World. http://www.iop.org/diracbio.html

The Bristol-born physicist Paul Dirac was one of the most influential scientists of the twentieth century , writes Peter Rodgers, editor of Physics World . Dirac made many crucial contributions to quantum mechanics, the theory which describes the world on very small scales, and shared the 1933 Nobel Prize for Physics "for the discovery of new and productive forms of atomic theory". Dirac's career Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born at 15 Monk Road in Bishopston, Bristol, UK, on 8 August 1902. His father was from Switzerland and taught French at the Merchant Venturers' Technical College in Bristol. His mother was from Cornwall. The young Dirac was educated at the Bishop Road Elementary School and the secondary school of the Merchant Venturers', which later became Cotham Grammar School. In 1918 he entered Bristol University, where he graduated with first-class honours in electrical engineering in 1921. Fascinated by Einstein's theories of relativity, but unable to take up a scholarship at Cambridge University for financial reasons, he stayed at Bristol and graduated in mathematics, again with first-class honours, in 1923. Dirac then moved to St John's College, Cambridge, to do research in theoretical physics under the supervision of Ralph (RH) Fowler of the Cavendish Laboratory. Within a few years Dirac had completed in his Nobel Prize work. In 1932 he was appointed Lucasian Professor of Mathematics at Cambridge, the post once held by Sir Isaac Newton and today by Stephen Hawking.

26. ESVA: Dirac Mini-Exhibit It is the same in all countries and at all periods of time."paul dirac Click Here to Search for More paul dirac Photos. Next Eddington http://www.aip.org/history/esva/exhibits/dirac.htm

AIP home page Scitation AIP Publications AIP Journals Publishing Services History Center Statistical Research Center Career Services Science News Science Policy Site Index Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (1902-1984) "It is quite clear that beauty does depend on one's culture and upbringing for certain kinds of beauty, pictures, literature, poetry and so on...But mathematical beauty is of a rather different kind. I should say perhaps it is of a completely different kind and transcends these personal factors. It is the same in all countries and at all periods of time." Paul Dirac Photo C6; with Richard Feynman Dirac enjoyed mountain climbing and ascended several well-known peaks, such as Mount Elbruz in the Caucasus. He prepared for these excursions by climbing trees in the hills outside Cambridge, wearing the same black suit in which he was always seen about campus. Click Here to Search for More Paul Dirac Photos Next: Eddington Search Collection Fees ... History Center Email: photos@aip.org

27. PhysicsWeb - Dirac, Einstein And Physics Antonino Zichichi argues that the discoveries made by paul dirac had a much bigger impact on the science always address the same question to dirac 'paul, where is the antielectron http://physicsweb.org/article/world/13/3/2

Advanced site search physics world January February March April May June July August September October November December Latest issue Subscribe to Physics World Media Information ... Editorial Staff quick search Search Physics World Previous Physics World March 2000 Next Dirac, Einstein and physics Points of View: March 2000 Antonino Zichichi argues that the discoveries made by Paul Dirac had a much bigger impact on the science of the 20th century than those of Albert Einstein. Our greatest endeavour in basic science over the past century has, undoubtedly, been the study of the electromagnetic, strong and weak forces. Although the general theory of relativity was formulated more than 80 years ago, gravitational forces are only now entering the arena of basic scientific research. This is happening because the greatest synthesis of all time, which describes the basic interactions of all the known elementary particles, has finally been achieved in the form of the Standard Model of particle physics. This synthesis is the result of the work of physicists the world over, who have dedicated themselves to the study of what happens when the stable building-blocks of matter (protons, electrons and nuclei) are made to interact at higher and higher energies. The laboratories where physicists have experimentally tested the Standard Model are found around the world, and include famous European names such as CERN in Geneva, the DESY lab near Hamburg, and the Gran Sasso and Frascati labs in Italy. Physicists at Fermilab, Brookhaven and Stanford in the US have also made huge contributions, as have scientists at labs in China, the former Soviet Union and Japan.

28. Interview With Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac - F. David Peat paul dirac discusses the importance of aesthetics and beauty in theoretical physics. He also reflects upon the need for a much deeper theory of physics that goes beyond current quantum theory. paul Adrian Maurice dirac. The following interview with paul dirac was conducted by David Peat (DP) and paul Buckley (PB http://www.fdavidpeat.com/interviews/dirac.htm

Paul Adrian Maurice Dirac The following interview with Paul Dirac was conducted by David Peat ( DP ) and Paul Buckley ( PB ) in the early 1970's for broadcast as part of a CBC radio documentary series entitled Physics and Beyond . The interview was later published in Glimpsing Reality: Ideas in Physics and the Link to Biology , a collection of interviews with leading scientists of the Twentieth Century. The book is available for purchase through Amazon.com To take a one week course with David Peat In one of C.P. Snow's early novels a character in the scientific life of Cambridge is described as the successor of Newton. It can only be Paul Dirac (1902-). Like Newton before him Dirac has made contributions that are respected by his colleagues not only for their depth of insight and clarity but for the power and economy with which mathematics is brought to bear upon the problems of nature. Dirac`s scientific papers have the polished and balanced appearance of a sculpture by Brancusi. While Heisenberg was discovering the principles of quantum mechanics in his Helgoland retreat, Erwin Schrödinger followed a different path to derive his wave mechanics of the atom. Dirac was able to show that the two theories were equivalent, and in the process provided quantum theory with a sound mathematical footing. His contributions in physics also include the quantum theory of matter and radiation, the prediction of the spin of the electron, and the existence of the positron as well as an attempt to form a marriage between quantum theory and the theory of relativity. He was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1933.

29. Dirac Biography of paul dirac (19021984) paul dirac's father was Charles Adrien Ladislas dirac and his mother was Florence Hannah Holten being Beatrice Isabelle Marguerite Walla dirac. paul had a http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Dirac.html

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Born: 8 Aug 1902 in Bristol, Gloucestershire, England Died: 20 Oct 1984 in Tallahassee, Florida, USA Click the picture above to see three larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Paul Dirac 's father was Charles Adrien Ladislas Dirac and his mother was Florence Hannah Holten. Charles Dirac was a Swiss citizen born in Monthey, in the Valais Canton of Switzerland, while his mother came from Cornwall in England. Charles had been educated at the University of Geneva, then came to England in around 1888 and taught French in Bristol. There he met Florence, whose father had moved to Bristol as Master Mariner on a Bristol ship, when she was working in the library there. Charles and Florence married in 1899 and they moved into a house in Bishopston, Bristol, which they named Monthey after the town of Charles's birth. By this time Charles was teaching French at the secondary school attached to the Merchant Venturers Technical College in Bristol. Paul was one of three children, his older brother being Reginald Charles Felix Dirac and his younger sister being Beatrice Isabelle Marguerite Walla Dirac. Paul had a very strict family upbringing. His father insisted that only French be spoken at the dinner table and, as a result, Paul was the only one to eat with his father in the dining room. Paul's father was so strict with his sons that both were alienated and Paul was brought up in a somewhat unhappy home.

30. - Great Books - paul dirac ( 19021984) dirac is famous as the creator of a complete theoretical formulation of The Great Books paul dirac. This web page is part of a http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_415.asp

Paul Dirac Dirac is famous as the creator of a complete theoretical formulation of quantum mechanics. He studied electrical engineering at the University of Bristol before doing research in mathematics at St John's College Cambridge. His first major contribution to quantum theory was a paper written in 1925. He published The Principles of Quantum Mechanics in 1930 and for this work he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1933. Dirac was appointed Lucasian professor of mathematics at the University of Cambridge in 1932, a post he held for 37 years. He was made a fellow of the Royal Society in 1930, was awarded the Royal Society's Royal Medal in 1939 and the Society awarded him the Copley Medal in 1952. In 1971 Dirac was appointed professor of physics at Florida State University and was appointed to the Order of Merit in 1973. [ Adapted from Hallym University Physics Dept. The Great Books Paul Dirac This web page is part of a biographical database on Great Ideas . These are living ideas that have shaped, defined and directed world culture for over 2,500 years. By definition the Great Ideas are radical. As such they are sometimes misread, or distorted by popular simplifications. Understanding a

31. Bringing The Dirac Coincidences Up To Date This year marks the 60th anniversary of paul dirac’s paper A new basis for cosmology,outlining a new cosmological model based on the existence of a set of http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/rajm/agdirac.htm

Dirac’s "Coincidences" Sixty Years On Robert A. J. Matthews Abstract : Sixty years ago, the existence of "coincidences" between dimensionless ratios of sub-atomic and cosmological quantities prompted Dirac to develop a cosmological model based on a suspected connection between physics at the quantum and cosmic levels. While his original proposal has not stood the test of time, recent developments linking cosmology to quantum vacuum processes may yet breathe new life into Dirac’s intriguing hypothesis. This year marks the 60th anniversary of Paul Dirac’s paper A new basis for cosmology , outlining a new cosmological model based on the existence of a set of extraordinary "coincidences" in cosmic and atomic physics (Dirac 1938). In his paper, Dirac noted that, for some unexplained reason, the ratio of the electrostatic to gravitational force between an electron and a proton is roughly equal to the age of the universe divided by an elementary time constant, implying that hc/Gm p m e ~ m p c where h is Planck’s constant, c the speed of light, G the Newtonian gravitational constant, m e and m p the masses of the electron and proton respectively, and H is the cosmic Hubble parameter. On rearrangement (1) leads to the intriguing implication that the expansion rate of the universe, as measured by H, is linked to sub-atomic quantities via a relationship of the form

32. Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Winner Of The 1933 Nobel Prize In Physics paul Adrien Maurice dirac, a Nobel Prize Laureate in Physics, at the Nobel Prize Internet Archive. paul ADRIEN MAURICE dirac. 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics dirac Biography( submitted by Shuber) dirac, paul Adrien Maurice (19021984) http://www.almaz.com/nobel/physics/1933b.html

P AUL A DRIEN M AURICE D IRAC 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. Background Residence: Great Britain Affiliation: Cambridge University Featured Internet Links Prize co-recipient: Erwin Schroedinger Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Nobel News Links Obituary Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors A comprehensive Dirac link (submitted by Rebecca Friedman) The question of interpretation in quantum mechanics Paul Dirac - The Man and His Work (book review) (submitted by Danny Yee Tagore discussion forum (submitted by Mir Monaz Haque Paul Dirac - Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac - Nobel Lecture (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Nobel population 1901-50: anatomy of a scientific elite (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar The personal papers of Paul Dirac (submitted by Hendry Izaac Elim Paul A. M. Dirac – Biography (submitted by Shuber Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984) (submitted by Davis) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Physics, Biographies) (submitted by Jackson) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac - kvantová mechanika (submitted by wister) Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace Chemistry ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

33. Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac Winner Of The 1933 Nobel Prize In Physics paul ADRIEN MAURICE dirac. dirac, paul Adrien Maurice (19021984) (submitted by Davis);paul Adrien Maurice dirac (Physics, Biographies) (submitted by Jackson). http://almaz.com/nobel/physics/1933b.html

P AUL A DRIEN M AURICE D IRAC 1933 Nobel Laureate in Physics for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory. Background Residence: Great Britain Affiliation: Cambridge University Featured Internet Links Prize co-recipient: Erwin Schroedinger Search WWW Search The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Nobel News Links Obituary Links added by Nobel Internet Archive visitors A comprehensive Dirac link (submitted by Rebecca Friedman) The question of interpretation in quantum mechanics Paul Dirac - The Man and His Work (book review) (submitted by Danny Yee Tagore discussion forum (submitted by Mir Monaz Haque Paul Dirac - Biography (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac - Nobel Lecture (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar Nobel population 1901-50: anatomy of a scientific elite (submitted by Chinnappan Baskar The personal papers of Paul Dirac (submitted by Hendry Izaac Elim Paul A. M. Dirac – Biography (submitted by Shuber Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice (1902-1984) (submitted by Davis) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac (Physics, Biographies) (submitted by Jackson) Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac - kvantová mechanika (submitted by wister) Back to The Nobel Prize Internet Archive Literature Peace Chemistry ... Medicine We always welcome your feedback and comments

34. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice dirac, paul Adrien Maurice (19021984). British physicist who worked outa version of quantum mechanics consistent with special relativity. http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Biographies/MainBiographies/D/Dirac/1.html

Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac was born and educated in Bristol and from 1923 at Cambridge, where he was professor of mathematics 1932-69. From 1971 he was professor of physics at Florida State University. In 1928 Dirac formulated the relativistic theory of the electron. The model was able to describe many quantitative aspects of the electron, including such properties as the half-quantum spin and magnetic moment, and introduced the first antiparticle. Dirac noticed that those particles with half-integral spins obeyed statistical rules different from the other particles. For these particles, Dirac worked out the statistics, now called Fermi-Dirac statistics because Italian physicist Enrico Fermi had done very similar work. These are used, for example, to determine the distribution of electrons at different energy levels. Dirac also worked on the large-number hypothesis. This deals with pure, dimensionless numbers, such as the ratio of the electrical and gravitational forces between an electron and a proton, which is 1039.

35. MSN Encarta - Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Encyclopedia Article, from, Encarta, Advertisement. dirac, paul Adrien Maurice. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761579313/Dirac_Paul_Adrien_Maurice.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items influence on other scientists quotations more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice News Search MSNBC for news about Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Internet Search Search Encarta about Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Search MSN for Web sites about Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice Also on Encarta Have sports records become unbreakable? Compare top online degrees Democrats vs. Republicans: What's the difference? Also on MSN Outdoor BBQ: Everything you need Quest for Columbus on Discovery Channel Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement document.write(''); Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice

36. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001 The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001. dirac, paul Adrien Maurice. (dr k´) (KEY) , 1902–84, English physicist. He was educated at the Univ. http://www.bartleby.com/65/di/Dirac-Pa.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference Columbia Encyclopedia PREVIOUS NEXT ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice

37. Dirac, Paul Adrien Maurice. The American Heritage® Dictionary Of The English La dirac, paul Adrien Maurice. The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English LanguageFourth Edition. 2000. dirac, paul Adrien Maurice. SYLLABICATION Di·rac. http://www.bartleby.com/61/31/D0243100.html

Select Search All Bartleby.com All Reference Columbia Encyclopedia World History Encyclopedia Cultural Literacy World Factbook Columbia Gazetteer American Heritage Coll. Dictionary Roget's Thesauri Roget's II: Thesaurus Roget's Int'l Thesaurus Quotations Bartlett's Quotations Columbia Quotations Simpson's Quotations Respectfully Quoted English Usage Modern Usage American English Fowler's King's English Strunk's Style Mencken's Language Cambridge History The King James Bible Oxford Shakespeare Gray's Anatomy Farmer's Cookbook Post's Etiquette Bulfinch's Mythology Frazer's Golden Bough All Verse Anthologies Dickinson, E. Eliot, T.S. Frost, R. Hopkins, G.M. Keats, J. Lawrence, D.H. Masters, E.L. Sandburg, C. Sassoon, S. Whitman, W. Wordsworth, W. Yeats, W.B. All Nonfiction Harvard Classics American Essays Einstein's Relativity Grant, U.S. Roosevelt, T. Wells's History Presidential Inaugurals All Fiction Shelf of Fiction Ghost Stories Short Stories Shaw, G.B. Stein, G. Stevenson, R.L. Wells, H.G. Reference American Heritage Dictionary dir. ... BIBLIOGRAPHIC RECORD The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language: Fourth Edition.

38. Dirac, Paul dirac, paul. paul Adrien Maurice dirac (8. august 1902 20. oktober1984), britisk fysiker der kom til at spille en ledende rolle http://www.leksikon.org/art.php?n=4945

39. Dirac, Paul dirac, paul. paul Adrien Maurice dirac (8. august 1902 20. oktober1984), britisk fysiker der kom til at spille en ledende rolle http://www.leksikon.org/print.php?n=4945

40. Biografia De Dirac, Paul Translate this page dirac, paul. (Bristol, Reino Unido, 1902-Tallahassee, EE UU, 1984)Físico británico. Hijo de un profesor de francés de origen http://www.biografiasyvidas.com/biografia/d/dirac.htm

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