61. Copernicus, Nicolaus with an historical introduction, biographical data and bibliography http://www.ifi.unicamp.br/~ghtc/art33.htm

[Galileo and the rotation of the Earth] MARTINS, Roberto de Andrade. [A commented translation of Copernicus' "Commentariolus", with an historical introduction, biographical data and bibliography] [Galileo and the principle of relativity]

62. Nicolaus Copernicus Der beruehmte Mathematicus nicolaus copernicus (About the Cities and Castles). Quotes. Goethe Search web or Artzia for nicolaus copernicus . http://artzia.com/History/Biography/Copernicus/

EncycloZine Arts Biography Business ... The Book Nobody Read: Chasing the Revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus Owen Gingerich The Copernican Revolution: Planetary Astronomy in the Development of Western Thought Thomas S. Kuhn On the Revolutions of Heavenly Spheres (Great Minds Series) Nicolaus Copernicus, Nicholas Copernicus, Charles G. Wallis From Copernicus to Einstein Hans Reichnbach Doctor Copernicus John Banville The Eye of Heaven: Ptolemy, Copernicus, Kepler (Masters of Modern Physics) Owen Gingerich De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Nicolaus Copernicus Copernicus: Founder of Modern Astronomy (Great Minds of Science) Catherine M. Andronik From Copernicus to Einstein Hans Reichenbach On the Revolutions (Foundations of Natural History) Nicholas Copernicus, Edward Rosen, Jerzy Dobrzycki Nicolaus Copernicus About Us A - Z Site Map Top Pages ... Cell Phones See also: Astronomy History Biographies Artzia.com ... Copernicus Nicolaus (or Nicholas Copernicus (February 19, 1473 - May 24, 1543) was an astronomer, by some considered to have been Polish (see bottom for Nationality debate). Copernicus developed a heliocentric (Sun-centered) theory of the solar system. He was also a church canon, governor and administrator, a jurist, astrologer and a doctor. His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system, turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that wanted the Earth to be its central star), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy. His theory affected many other aspects of human life.

63. Glossary Of People: Co Cook, Arthur J. (18851931). Leftist leader of the British union movementand the Anglo-Russian Committee. copernicus, nicolaus (1473 - 1543). http://www.marxists.org/glossary/people/c/o.htm

MIA Encyclopedia of Marxism : Glossary of People Co Comte, Auguste (1798 - 1857) Founder of positivism Comte's most important acquaintance in Paris was Henri de Saint-Simon , one of the founders of socialism and one of the first to see the importance of economic organisation in modern society. Comte's ideas were very similar to Saint-Simon's, and some of his earliest articles appeared in Saint-Simon's publications. There were distinct differences in the two men's viewpoints and scientific backgrounds, however, and Comte eventually broke with Saint-Simon. In 1826 Comte began a series of lectures on his "system of positive philosophy" for a private audience, but he soon suffered a serious nervous breakdown. He made an almost complete recovery from his symptoms the following year, and in 1828/29 he again took up his projected lecture series. This was so successfully concluded that he re-delivered it at the Royal Athenaeum. The following 12 years were devoted to his publication of his philosophy in Course of Positive Philosophy During the remainder of his life he was supported in part by English admirers such as John Stuart Mill Comte devoted the years after the death of Clotilde de Vaux to composing his other major work, the

64. References Reference Guide. copernicus,nicolaus. Reference. Context. Wotlogic, Heliocentricity.Rmind1, Creationism. MAIN INDEX. REFERENCE GUIDE. TRANSCRIPTS. GLOSSARY. http://www.fortunecity.com/emachines/e11/86/c1-1.html

web hosting domain names email addresses Reference Guide Copernicus,Nicolaus Reference Context Wotlogic Heliocentricity Creationism MAIN INDEX REFERENCE GUIDE TRANSCRIPTS GLOSSARY ... Maths File Info: Created Updated Page Address: http://members.fortunecity.com/templarser/c1-1.html web hosting domain names web design ... online casino

65. DISF - Dizionario Interdisciplinare Di Scienza E Fede | Dettaglio Voce copernicus, nicolaus (1473 1543). Juan Casanovas Vatican ObservatoryI. Introduction and biographical hints 1. Origin and influence http://www.disf.org/en/DettaglioVoce.asp?idVoce=26

66. Scientific Identity: Portraits From The Dibner Library Of The History Of Science Scientist copernicus, nicolaus (1473 1543). Discipline(s) Astronomy. Scientistcopernicus, nicolaus (1473 - 1543). Discipline(s) Astronomy. http://web4.si.edu/sil/scientific-identity/by_name_display_results.cfm?scientist

67. Nicholas Copernicus - Copernican System online. Timeline of the Life of nicolaus copernicus 1473 – 1543 Thissimply timeline outlines nicolaus copernicus s life. Timeline http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcopernicus.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Inventors Home ... Industrial Revolution zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Famous Inventions Famous Inventors Black Inventors Women Inventors ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Inventors newsletter. Search Inventors Nicholas Copernicus By Mary Bellis Before 1450, nearly everyone thought that the earth was flat, that wheels drove the sun, stars and the moon. People also thought that the earth was the center of all stars which were stuck in some giant awning that covered the earth. Then along came the astronomer, Nicholas Copernicus, who proved that the sun was the center of the solar system and the sun, earth and the moon were all shaped like round balls. Copernicus might have invented the first globe to demonstrate his ideas. However, the first globe recorded was made by German map-maker Martin Behaim in 1492. Nicolas Copernicus A biography of the astronomer, Nicolas Copernicus. Copernican System The copernican system of astronomy was introduced in Nicolas Copernicus's book De Revolutionibu.

68. Essays Page copernicus, nicolaus Hundred Greatest Men, The. New York D. Appleton Company, 1885. Facts On File, Inc. copernicus, nicolaus http://www.fofweb.com/Subscription/Science/Helicon.asp?SID=2&iPin=eworldsci0427

69. Copernicus Biography copernicus, nicolaus (14731543), Polish priest, best known for his astronomicaltheory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the http://attachment.edu.ar/copbio.html

COPERNICUS'S BIOGRAPHY Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Web Hosting - GlobalServers.com Choose an ISP NetZero High Speed Internet ... Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish priest, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. This is called the heliocentric, or sun-centered, system. Early Life and Education However, his vocation as an astronomer proved feeble: In 1500 Copernicus gained permission to study medicine at Padua, the university where Galileo taught nearly a century later. It was not unusual at the time to study a subject at one university and then to receive a degree from another -often less expensive- institution. And so Copernicus, without completing his medical studies, received a doctorate in canon law from Ferrara in 1503 and then returned to Poland to take up his administrative duties. Return to Poland From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace in Lidzbark Warminski, assisting in the administration of the diocese and in the conflict against the Teutonic Knights. There he published his first book, a Latin translation of letters on morals by a 7th-century Byzantine writer, Theophylactus of Simocatta. Sometime between 1507 and 1515, he completed a short astronomical draft essay

70. :: Ez2Find :: Copernicus, Nicolaus Guide copernicus, nicolaus, Global Metasearch Any Language Guides, copernicus, nicolaus.ez2Find Home Directory Kids http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Kids_and_Teens/School_Time/S

Guide : Copernicus, Nicolaus Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Guides Copernicus, Nicolaus ez2Find Home Directory Kids and Teens School Time ... Scientists : Copernicus, Nicolaus Web Sites Copernicus: Polish Cleric and Astronomer [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] [ Kids/Teens ] - Short biography of the man behind the heliocentric theory. URL: http://www2.lucidcafe.com/lucidcafe/library/96feb/copernicus.html Encarta: Copernicus, Nicolaus [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] [ Kids/Teens/Mature Teens ] - Encyclopedia article provides an overview of the astronomer's early life, his education, and his revolutionary theory that the earth was not the center of the universe. Nicholas Copernicus [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] [ Kids/Teens ] - Short biography and sketch from PBS.

71. ChristianityTodayLibrary.com Sites Sermon Illustrations. Search Library Searched on keyword copernicus,nicolaus No results found. ChristianityToday.com. Home, CT http://www.ctlibrary.com/keyword.html?id=2045

72. Copernicus nicolaus copernicus , a Polish astronomer, is best known for his theory that thesun lies near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its http://www.newlisbon.k12.wi.us/physicists/copernicus.html

Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus , a Polish astronomer, is best known for his theory that the sun lies near the center of the universe, and that the earth, spinning on its axis once daily, revolves annually around the sun. Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn (now Torun), Poland, to a family of merchants and municipal officials. Copernicus's maternal uncle, Bishop Lukasz Watzenrode, saw to it that his nephew obtained a solid education at the best universities. Copernicus first showed great interest in geography and astronomy when he began to study canon law at the University of Bologna. During this time, he lived in the home of a mathematics professor, Domenico Maria de Novara. Copernicus' geographical and astronomical interests were greatly stimulated by Domenico Maria, an early critic of the accuracy of the geography of the 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. Together, the two men observed the occultation (the eclipse by the moon) of the star Aldebaran on March 9, 1497. In 1500, Copernicus lectured on astronomy in Rome. The following year he gained permission to study medicine at Padua, the university where Galileo taught nearly a century later. It was not unusual at the time to study a subject at one university and then to receive a degree from another-often less expensive-institution. And so Copernicus, without completing his medical studies, received a doctorate in canon law from Ferrara in 1503 and then returned to Poland. From 1503 to 1510, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace in Lidzbark Warminski. There he published his first book, a Latin translation of letters on morals by a 7th-century Byzantine writer

73. Squashed Copernicus Glyn Hughes Squashed Philosophers. The Condensed Edition of nicolaus copernicus The Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs in 4,445 words. http://www.btinternet.com/~glynhughes/squashed/copernicus.htm

Glyn Hughes' Squashed Philosophers The Condensed Edition of Nicolaus Copernicus' The Revolutions of the Celestial Orbs ... in 4,445 words " Therefore the earth is not flat. " INTRODUCTION to COPERNICUS' REVOLUTIONS are small and unimportant after all. The Revolutions was placed on the Roman Church's index of forbidden books in 1616, finally being removed more than three hundred years later, in 1835. THE VERY SQUASHED VERSION Some will say that the ideas I put here are mad, so I dedicate this work to you, Pope Paul III, so that, as a lover of learning, you may protect it from enemies. THIS SQUASHED VERSION This squashed version has largely been based on the Edward Rosen translation of 1978. It should be understood that this is only Book One, the later volumes provided the detailed astronomy to support the basic thesis given here. Not only the descriptive text has been condensed, but the geometric explanations also. In particular, the explanation associated with diagram 2 (they were not numbered in the original) is somewhat different, while that associated with diagram 4 is drastically truncated. Diagram 3 is an actual copy of the illustration in the first printed edition. Diagrams 1 and 4 are re-drawn versions of Copernicus' manuscript originals, while diagram 2 is an addition of the editor. GLOSSARY Apogee : The point in the orbit of an object farthest from the point of reference. eg: the location of a planet at its greatest distance from the earth.

74. - Great Books - nicolaus copernicus (14731543), The Great Books nicolaus copernicusThis web page is part of a biographical database on Great Ideas. http://www.malaspina.com/site/person_350.asp

Nicolaus Copernicus Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name of the founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; born at Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473, died at Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543. Whether the family came originally from Silesia or from Poland, certain it is that his father Niclas, a merchant, emigrated from Krakow to Torun, and married the sister of Lucas Watzelrode, later Prince-Bishop of Ermland. Of the four children the oldest and youngest, Andreas and Nicolaus, adopted the clerical career, while the older girl became a Cistercian nun and Abbess of Culm, and the younger married. The whole family belonged to the Third Order of St. Dominic. Nicolaus was hardly ten years old when his father died. His uncle, Lucas, however, took charge of the children and gave the boys a university training. Nicolaus Nicolai de Thorunia was matriculated in Krakow in 1491, where he studied classics, mathematics, drawings, and perspective. Professor Blar, who represented astronomy, belonged to the school of Ptolemy . The bishop, himself a former student of Bologna, sent the boys to Italy. In 1497 Nicolaus was enrolled in the University of Bologna as of German nationality and a student in canon law. He also studied Greek and became a disciple of Novara, then professor of astronomy. To obtain for his nephews the necessary support, the bishop procured their election as canons by the chapter of Frauenburg (1497-1498).

75. CELSIUS, Olof Olofsson., Bibliothecae Upsaliensis Historia. Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller Inc. A Fine Copy of the Second Edition. copernicus,nicolaus. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, Libri VI. Basel H. Petri, 1566. http://www.polybiblio.com/jahill/HillBibl-Selections227.0.html

Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller Inc. CELSIUS, Olof Olofsson. Bibliothecae Upsaliensis Historia. Uppsala: Regiae Academiae Ups. impensis, 1745. 2 p.l, 153, [1] pp. 8vo, cont. blue boards (extremities a trifle worn). Uppsala: Regiae Academiae Ups. impensis, 1745. First edition of this early history of the University Library at Uppsala, one of the most important libraries in Scandinavia, founded by Gustavus II in 1620 with the contents of the first Royal Library at Stockholm and the remains of various convent libraries. The author has furnished descriptions of some of the library's outstanding MSS. including the celebrated Codex Argenteus. Fine copy. This copy belonged to Anders Grape who was the chief librarian of the Uppsala University Library, 1928-46. Earlier bookplate of C.J. Källström. This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Jonathan A. Hill, Bookseller Inc. ; click here for further details.

76. COPERNICUS, Nicolaus., De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI. Ex Auctoiri Simon Finch Rare Books. copernicus, nicolaus. De Revolutionibus OrbiumCoelestium Libri VI. Ex Auctoiris Autographo Recudi Curavit http://www.polybiblio.com/finch/7757.html

Simon Finch Rare Books COPERNICUS, Nicolaus. De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium Libri VI. Ex Auctoiris Autographo Recudi Curavit Societas Copernicaca Thorunensis. Accedit Georgii Joachimi Rhetici de Libris Revolutionum Narratio Prima. Thorun: Societatis Copernicanae, 1873. Large 4to (343 × 264 mm.), pp. xxx, [i], [i] blank, 494. Woodcut diagrams within the text. Original morocco backed boards (with a mottled calf like design), joints slightly scraped, spine gilt blocked in blind and ruled and lettered in gilt. An exceptional copy. Large paper copy of the edition of Copernicus' De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium, published on the 400th anniversary of his birth in the town where he was born. This is a particularly well-preserved copy.- This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Simon Finch Rare Books ; click here for further details.

77. >­ô¥Õ¥§ Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) The summary for this Chinese (Traditional) page contains characters that cannot be correctly displayed in this language/character set. http://www.edp.ust.hk/physics/d_history/pre-galileo/copernicus.html

­ô¥Õ¥§ Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) §J©Ô¬ì¤Ò ¤j¾Ç ­ô¥Õ¥§¦b¶O©Ô®³¤j¾Ç (University of Ferrara)±o¨ì¤F¥¿³Wªk«ßªº³Õ¤h¾Ç¦ì¡A¤§«á¦bµØ¬ü¨È(Varmia)¹L¥L¥H«áªº¥Í¬¡¡C ¬ã¨s ¦a¤ß»¡¡¨ ¡C¦b³o³õ¨S¦³µv·Ïªº¾Ô¤æ¤¤¡AÁöµMÂù¤èªº¤O¶q¬Û®t¨º¼ËÄa®í¡A¦ý­ô¥Õ¥§±q¨Ó¨S¦³°hÁY¹L¡A¥L©l²×°í«ù¯u²z¥²³Ó¡A°í«H¡§¯uª¾¦s¦b©ó¬ì¾Ç¤§¤¤¡¨ªº±R°ª«H©À¡C¤§«á¡A¦b¥L¥Xª©ªº ¡mDe Revolutionibus¡n¤@®Ñ¤¤¡A ¦^¤W¤@­¶ ¦^¨ì¥D­¶

78. Poland In The Classroom - Copernicus And His Heliocentric System Of The Universe Glossary of People Co Arthur J. Cook (18851931). Leftist leader of the British union movementand the Anglo-Russian Committee. copernicus, nicolaus (1473 - 1543). http://wings.buffalo.edu/info-poland/classroom/kopernik/copernicus.html

When the Earth Moved Copernicus and his Heliocentric System of the Universe by Dr. Severyn ¯o³êdziowski The following is the edited text of a presentation made on October 20, 1993 at a joint meeting of the Polish Arts Club of Buffalo and the Buffalo Museum of Science in commemoration of the 450th anniversary of the first printing of Nicholas Copernicus' immortal work which revolutionized astronomy Nicolaus Copernicus 1473-1543 unknown artist, last quarter 16th century Copernicus; The Formative Years In commemorating this important historical milestone, I will review the life and work of the great Polish astronomer, give the history behind the writing of the book and its later fates, and say a few words about the Copernican model of the universe. The heliocentric model of the universe, which is now universally accepted and included in all science curricula taught in schools and colleges, was not always acknowledged by scholars. The history of Copernicanism, as this cosmological theory is called, is a case study in the evolution of human thinking and the difficulty encountered in challenging well-established traditions. Copernicus (Miko³aj Kopernik) had to develop and demonstrate the validity of the mathematical model which reflected the physical reality of the solar system. He also had to overcome centuries-old and well entrenched concepts of the universe.

79. Science And Human Values - Copernicus In 1543, the Polish astronomer nicolaus copernicus published a book that went sofar as to reject a basic axiom of astronomy he proposed that the sun, not the http://www.rit.edu/~flwstv/copernicus.html

Prof. Fred L. Wilson Rochester Institute of Technology Science and Human Values Copernicus Chapter 15 Overview of Copernicus To the Greek natural philosophy, the Renaissance thinkers brought a fresh outlook, for the old views no longer entirely satisfied. In 1543, the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus published a book that went so far as to reject a basic axiom of astronomy: he proposed that the sun, not the earth, be considered the center of the universe. (He retained the notion of circular orbits for the earth and other planets, however.) This new axiom allowed a much simpler explanation of the observed motions of heavenly bodies. Yet the Copernican axiom of a moving earth was far less "self-evident" than the Greek axiom of a motionless earth, and so it is not surprising that it took more than half a century for the Copernican theory to be accepted. In a sense, the Copernican system itself was not a crucial change. Copernicus had merely switched axioms; and Aristarchus of Samos had already anticipated this switch to the sun as the center 2,000 years earlier. I do not mean to say that the changing of an axiom is a minor matter. When mathematicians of the nineteenth century challenged Euclid's axioms and developed "non-Euclidean geometries" based on other assumptions, they influenced thought on many matters in a most profound way: today the very history and form of the universe are thought to conform to a non-Euclidean geometry rather than the "commonsense" geometry of Euclid. But the revolution initiated by Copernicus entailed not just a shift in axioms but eventually involved a whole new approach to nature. This revolution was carried through in the person of the Italian Galileo Galilei toward the end of the sixteenth century.

80. Polytech Photos Hoved side / Kend / Polen / copernicus, nicolaus, Kategorier. . Kategorier. Nyheder.Engelsk, nicolaus copernicus (14731543). Polsk astronom. Mere information. http://www.polytechphotos.dk/index.php?CatID=985

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