1. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name ofthe founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; born at Torun http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04352b.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... C > Nicolaus Copernicus A B C D ... Z Nicolaus Copernicus Latinized form of Niclas Kopernik, the name of the founder of the heliocentric planetary theory; born at Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473, died at Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543. Early life Whether the family came originally from Silesia or from Poland , certain it is that his father Niclas, a merchant, emigrated from Krakow to Torun, and married the sister of Lucas Watzelrode, later Prince-Bishop of Ermland . Of the four children the oldest and youngest, Andreas and Nicolaus, adopted the clerical career, while the older girl became a Cistercian nun and Abbess of Culm , and the younger married . The whole family belonged to the Third Order of St. Dominic . Nicolaus was hardly ten years old when his father died. His uncle, Lucas, however, took charge of the children and gave the boys a university training. Nicolaus Nicolai de Thorunia was matriculated in Krakow in 1491, where he studied classics, mathematics, drawings, and perspective. Professor Blar, who represented astronomy , belonged to the school of Ptolemy. The

2. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Click here for full size picture. Introduction.A major contribution to Western thought was the publication in http://www.phy.bg.ac.yu/web_projects/giants/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Click here for full size picture Introduction A major contribution to Western thought was the publication in 1543 of De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, libri VI (Eng. trans., On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres, 1952; Latin reprint, 1965) by Copernicus, Polish astronomer, who is noted for the Copernican theory of the heavens. By attributing to the Earth a daily motion around its own axis and a yearly motion around the stationary Sun, Copernicus developed an idea that had far-reaching implications for the rise of modern science. Henceforth, the Earth could no longer be considered the centre of the cosmos; rather, as one celestial body among many, it became subject to mathematical description. Early life and education Copernicus' fame as an industrious student of astronomy rapidly increased, and in 1514 he was invited to give his opinion on calendar reform, which was then being considered by the Lateran Council, a general meeting of the church authorities. He refused to express any firm views, for he felt that the positions of the Sun and Moon were not known with sufficient accuracy to permit a proper reassessment. Dissatisfaction with the Ptolemaic system Copernicus concluded that, in view of the many circles and their displacements from the center of the Earth that the Ptolemaic system required to account for the observed motions of heavenly bodies, a simpler, alternative explanation might be possible. In consequence, he read the works of many original Greek authors and found that, indeed, heliocentric ideas had been suggested. The idea of a moving Earth seemed absurd at first, but, when Copernicus applied this assumption, the result was an aesthetically superior, although not much simpler, system, even though, as might be expected, he still believed that the planets moved with uniform circular motion. After many years of mathematical calculations, he became convinced that his new idea was true, yet he made no attempt to publish.

3. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Born on Feb. 19, 1473, in Thorn (Torun), Poland,Nicolaus Copernicus was destined to become, through the publication http://www.phy.hr/~dpaar/fizicari/xcopern.html

Nicolaus Copernicus By May 1514 Copernicus had written and discreetly circulated in manuscript his Commentariolus, the first outline of those arguments eventually substantiated in De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres, 1543). This classic work challenged the geocentric cosmology that had been dogmatically accepted since the time of Aristotle. In direct opposition to Aristotle and to the 2d-century astronomer Ptolemy, who enunciated the details of the geocentric system based on the celestial phenomena, Copernicus proposed that a rotating Earth revolving with the other planets about a stationary central Sun could account in a simpler way for the same observed phenomena of the daily rotation of the heavens, the annual movement of the Sun through the ecliptic, and the periodic retrograde motion of the planets. These aspects of the Copernican treatise do not mitigate the novelty or the impact of the final theory, or the author's firm conviction that his system was an accurate representation of physical reality. Rather, they indicate the scope of the work that lay ahead and that was effectively addressed in the next century when Kepler determined the ellipticity of planetary orbits, Galileo formulated his new concept of motion, and Newton espoused his theory of universal gravitation.

4. Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Born Nicolaus Copernicus is the Latin version ofthe famous astronomer s name which he chose later in his life. The http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Born: 19 Feb 1473 in Torun, Poland Died: 24 May 1543 in Frombork, Poland Click the picture above to see fifteen larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Nicolaus Copernicus is the Latin version of the famous astronomer's name which he chose later in his life. The original form of his name was Mikolaj Kopernik or Nicolaus Koppernigk but we shall use Copernicus throughout this article. His father, also called Nicolaus Koppernigk, had lived in Krakow before moving to Torun where he set up a business trading in copper. He was also interested in local politics and became a civic leader in Torun and a magistrate. Nicolaus Koppernigk married Barbara Watzenrode, who came from a well off family from Torun, in about 1463. They moved into a house in St Anne's Street in Torun, but they also had a summer residence with vineyards out of town. Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk had four children, two sons and two daughters, of whom Nicolaus Copernicus was the youngest. You can see a picture of the house in which Copernicus was born When young Nicolaus was ten years old his father died. His uncle Lucas Watzenrode, who was a canon at Frauenburg Cathedral, became guardian to Nicolaus and Barbara Koppernigk's four children.

5. MSN Encarta - Search Results - Copernicus Nicolaus Encarta Search results for copernicus nicolaus . Page 1 of 1. 7. Magazineand news articles about copernicus nicolaus *. Encarta Magazine Center. http://encarta.msn.com/Copernicus_Nicolaus.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Encarta Search results for "Copernicus Nicolaus" Page of 1 Exclusively for MSN Encarta Premium Subscribers Copernicus, Nicolaus Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473-1543), Polish astronomer, best known for his astronomical theory that the sun is at rest near the center of the universe,... article outline Introduction Early Life and Education Return to Poland Early 16th-Century Cosmology ... The Copernican System and Its Influence related items Copernican System, with Sun at the center earlier Ptolemaic system with Earth at center of the Universe Galileo, supporter of the Copernican System importance of Copernican Revolution to classical physics ... Galileo, supporter of the Copernican System Article—Encarta Encyclopedia Galileo (1564-1642), Italian physicist and astronomer, who, with the German astronomer Johannes Kepler, initiated the scientific revolution that... Johannes Kepler, supporter of the Copernican System

6. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Cool! Nicolaus Copernicus died more than 450 yearsago but is still considered the founder of modern astronomy! http://starchild.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/StarChild/whos_who_level2/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Cool! Nicolaus Copernicus died more than 450 years ago but is still considered the founder of modern astronomy! Nicolaus Copernicus was born in Thorn, Poland on February 19, 1473. He was the son of a wealthy merchant. After his father's death, he was raised by his mother's brother, a bishop in the Catholic Church. Copernicus studied mathematics and astronomy at the University of Krakow. Through his uncle's influence Copernicus was appointed a canon (church official) of the Catholic Church. He used the income from the position to help pay for additional studies. Copernicus studied law and medicine at the universities of Bologna, Padua, and Ferrara in Italy. While he was studying at the University of Bologna, his interest in astronomy was stimulated. He lived in the home of a mathematics professor who influenced him to question the astronomy beliefs of the day. After his return to Poland, Copernicus lived in his uncle's bishopric palace. While there he performed church duties, practiced medicine and studied astronomy. In Copernicus' time most astronomers believed the theory the Greek astronomer Ptolomy had developed more than 1,000 years earlier. Ptolomy said the Earth was the center of the

7. COPERNICUS NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 14731543. Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. Hisreal name was Nikals Kopenik and it was Latinized to Nicolaus Copernicus. http://www.yesnet.yk.ca/schools/projects/renaissance/copernicus.html

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer. INTRODUCTION Nicolaus Copernicus was a Polish astronomer who is commonly acknowledged as the founder of modern astronomy. BACKGROUND Nicolaus Copernicus was born on February 19, 1473, in Thorn, Poland, an important European trading center. His real name was Nikals Kopenik and it was Latinized to Nicolaus Copernicus. He came from a middle class background. When Nicolaus Copernicus was 10 his father died and he was raised by his uncle. His uncle gave him a good education. He studied mathematics, philosophy, astronomy and astrology at the universities of Bologna and Padua. He took a degree at the university. ACCOMPLISHMENTS Nicolaus Copernicus was a true Renaissance man. He also was a lawyer, tax collector, a doctor, military governor, judge, vicar-general of canon law and a Polish astronomer. Nicolaus Copernicus said that the earth was not stationary. He also said the earth turned on its axis once a day and he doubted the earth lay in the middle of the universe. He claimed that the sun was the center of the universe and all the planets revolved around the sun. He also published a book on the revolution of the heavenly bodies. His book De Revolutions was his most famous piece of work.

8. Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Nicolaus Copernicus. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Der beruehmte MathematicusNicolaus Copernicus (About the Cities and Castles ). Quotes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Nicolaus (or Nicholas Copernicus , original name Koppernigk or Kopernik February 19 May 24 ) was an astronomer mathematician and an economist who developed a heliocentric Sun -centered) theory of the solar system . He was born in the Polish city of Torun in Royal Prussia . He was also a church canon , governor and administrator, a jurist astrologer and a doctor. His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system , turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that placed Earth at the center of the Universe ), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy . His theory affected many other aspects of human life. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Biography 2 The Copernican heliocentric system 2.1 Earlier theories 2.2 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ... edit Biography Copernicus was born in in Poland, in the city of Torun Royal Prussia . His father Nikolas, a citizen of Krakow , (at that time the capital of Poland), moved there 1460 and became a respected citizen of city Torun as well, once the war with Teutonic Knights was over. He was ten years of age when his father, a wealthy businessman and copper trader, died. Little is known of his mother, Barbara Watzenrode, but she appears to have predeceased her husband. His maternal uncle

9. Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Nicolaus Copernicus. (Redirected from Copernicus). Copernicus.jpg. Der beruehmteMathematicus Nicolaus Copernicus (About the Cities and Castles ). Quotes. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Copernicus

Nicolaus Copernicus From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. (Redirected from Copernicus Nicolaus (or Nicholas Copernicus , original name Koppernigk or Kopernik February 19 May 24 ) was an astronomer mathematician and an economist who developed a heliocentric Sun -centered) theory of the solar system . He was born in the Polish city of Torun in Royal Prussia . He was also a church canon , governor and administrator, a jurist astrologer and a doctor. His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system , turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that placed Earth at the center of the Universe ), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy . His theory affected many other aspects of human life. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Biography 2 The Copernican heliocentric system 2.1 Earlier theories 2.2 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ... edit Biography Copernicus was born in in Poland, in the city of Torun Royal Prussia . His father Nikolas, a citizen of Krakow , (at that time the capital of Poland), moved there 1460 and became a respected citizen of city Torun as well, once the war with Teutonic Knights was over. He was ten years of age when his father, a wealthy businessman and

10. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543). Nicolaus Copernicus Nikklas Koppernigk(1473-1543). Born on 19 February 1473 in Torun, Poland. http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Nicolaus Copernicus [Nikklas Koppernigk] (1473-1543). Born on 19 February 1473 in Torun, Poland. He first studied at Cracow from 1492 to 1494, then in 1496 was sent to Italy to study Canon Law at the University of Bologna. In 1501 he began medical studies at the University of Padua, and finally took his Law degree at the small University of Ferrara in 1503. In 1497, while still in Italy, he was made Canon of the Frombork [Frauenberg] cathedral by his maternal uncle and protector Lucas Watzenrode, bishop of Varmia. This provided Copernicus with a secure and relatively renumerative position which he held to the end of his life, allowing him the freedom to pursue his interest in astronomy. Copernicus' landmark work On the Revolutions De revolutionibus orbium coelestium ) was dedicated to Pope Paul III and published in 1543 in Nurenberg, as Copernicus lay on his deathbed. However, his heliocentric hypothesis had been circulating for over 30 years, starting with his Commentariolus , written between 1512 and 1515 and circulated in manuscript form. Georg Joachim Rheticus (1514-1574), who joined Copernicus in Frombork in 1539 as his first and only disciple, published in 1540 his

11. COPERNICUS Nicolaus Portraits Iconography Translate this page Cette page sera affichée dans les navigateurs non-cadres. Sélectionnez cemode afin de personnaliser la page pour les navigateurs incompatibles. http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Ptolemy/Copernic/

12. COPERNICUS Nicolaus Portraits Translate this page Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Index des portraitsde Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543). circa 1597? Bry. Bry, Theodor http://www.er.uqam.ca/nobel/r14310/Ptolemy/Copernic/Bry.html

Ptolemy Ptolemaeus 2nd Century A.D. - Iconography of Ptolemy's Portrait Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Index des portraits de Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543) circa 1597? Bry Bry, Theodor de (1528-1598), , circa 1597?, engraving, dimensions unknown, collection unknown. Bry, Theodor de (1528-1598), , vers 1597 ?, gravure, dimensions inconnues, collection inconnue. Web Nicholas Copernicus Museum in Frombork (Poland) Ptolemy Ptolemaeus Index of Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Portraits Index des portraits de Nicolas Copernic (1473-1543)

13. Biography - Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543). Latest Modification July 22, 1996.Web Sites. The five-hundredth anniversary of Copernicus s birth http://www.physics.gmu.edu/classinfo/astr103/CourseNotes/ECText/Bios/copernic.ht

Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Latest Modification: July 22, 1996 Web Sites The five-hundredth anniversary of Copernicus's birth was celebrated throughout the world in 1973. Various governments issued commemorative stamps in his honor; the last of the two orbiting astronomical observatories, launched by NASA in 1972, was named OAO-Copernicus , and historians of science met to eulogize the accomplishments of the man who revolutionized astronomy with his heliocentric system. After the death of his father when Copernicus was 10 years old, an uncle, a churchman who later became a bishop, raised him and saw to it that he had an excellent education. Copernicus studied mathematics, philosophy, astronomy, and astrology at the University of Cracow, and he studied law and medicine at the Universities of Bologna and Padua. When he returned to Poland, he lived for a while in his uncle's castle. There he spent time as a physician, engaged in diplomatic activities, and undertook various administrative duties. After he was elected a canon through his uncle's influence, he had sufficient income to devote more of his time to astronomy, his first love. Beginning in 1512, Copernicus set himself the task of examining critically the various systems of the world that had been proposed in the past. Becoming dissatisfied with the complexity and improbability he found in the Ptolemaic system, he revived Aristarchus's heliocentric concept sometime before 1514. Placing the Sun at the center of the Solar System simplified matters, as wrote Copernicus: "In the center of everything the Sun must reside;...there is the place which awaits him where he can give light to all the planets." In his development of the heliocentric system, Copernicus also retained the notion of uniform circular motion. He was thereby compelled to introduce a number of epicycles and eccentrics in order to account for the variable movements of the planets.

14. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus 1473 1543 Polish Astronomer. Copernicus is regardedthe founder of modern astronomy. He was born in Torunac, Poland. http://www.hyperhistory.com/online_n2/people_n2/persons6_n2/copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus Polish Astronomer Copernicus is regarded the founder of modern astronomy. He was born in Torunac, Poland. He studied mathematics and optics at Cracow, then canon law at Bologna, before becoming canon of Frombork. Copernicus discovered the mathematically yet unproven heliocentric solar system. In his treatise, 'On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres' he postulated that the planets, including the earth, revolve around the sun, and that the earth revolved around its axis once every day. The work had a hostile reception when it was published (1543), as it challenged the ancient teaching of the Earth as the centre of the universe. In the 1600' Galileo and Kepler began to develop the physics that would prove Copernicus right. www link : From the University of St. Andrews, Scotland School of Mathematics Biography

15. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolaus Schloessern. Der beruehmte MathematicusNicolaus Copernicus (About the Cities and Castles ). Quotes. http://www.fact-index.com/n/ni/nicolaus_copernicus.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus (or Nicholas Copernicus February 19 May 24 ) was an astronomer and mathematician who developed a heliocentric Sun -centered) theory of the solar system . He was also a church canon , governor and administrator, a jurist astrologer and a doctor. He is generally considered to be Polish, but of German origins, although there is some debate on the subject among ethnic nationalists (see Copernicus' nationality ). His theory about the Sun as the center of the solar system , turning over the traditional geocentric theory (that wanted the Earth to be its central star ), is considered one of the most important discoveries ever, and is the fundamental starting point of modern astronomy . His theory affected many other aspects of human life. Table of contents 1 Biography 2 The Copernican Heliocentric System 2.1 Earlier theories 2.2 De Revolutionibus Orbium Coelestium ... 7 External links: Biography Copernicus was born in in the city of Torun German Thorn ), in Royal Prussia , a newly acquired province of Poland . His father, citizen of

16. NICOLAUS COPERNICUS NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 14731543. From ancient times onwards, astronomicalresearch was based on the Ptolemaic theory, which claimed http://muse.tau.ac.il/museum/galileo/copernicus.html

NICOLAUS COPERNICUS 1473-1543 F rom ancient times onwards, astronomical research was based on the Ptolemaic theory , which claimed that the earth was static and stood at the center of the cosmos. Copernicus was the first astronomer to present an astronomical theory suggesting that the earth and the rest of the planets circle the sun . This hypothesis was named the heliocentric theory . These changes in astronomical thought were the catalysts for the scientific revolution of the 16th and 17th centuries , which is sometimes known as the Copernican revolution. Copernicus was a Renaissance intellectual and clergyman who was involved in a variety of different areas. He held doctorates in medicine and law. He was an astronomer who studied Greek philosophy, mainly Platonic, and was involved in the translation of books from ancient Greek into Latin. Copernicus was born in Torun in Poland . In , he began his studies at the famous university in Cracow. In 1497 he resumed his studies, this time in Italy, where he attended a number of universities - Bologna, Padua and Ferrara. There he received his double doctorate (in medicine and law). Through his meetings with Italian astronomers, Copernicus extended his astronomical knowledge. After six years of study, Copernicus returned to Poland in the year 1503 where he served as a canon of the cathedral of Frauenberg. In addition to his clerical duties, he continued his astronomical research and medical practice. It seems that Copernicus became convinced of the sun's location in the middle of the cosmos already during his stay in Italy. After returning to Poland he wrote a manuscript explaining his new theory. The manuscript was read by many astronomers, and rumors of Copernicus' claim that the earth revolves about the sun spread throughout Europe. Mathematicians and astronomers came to Copernicus in order to learn about his new theory. One of them

17. Nicolaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus DNLB s portrætsamling. DNLB. Nicolaus Copernicus(14731543). Copernicus var kannik, læge, jurist - og astronom. http://www.udstillinger.dnlb.dk/astroweb/Astronomer/Copernicus.html

Nicolaus Copernicus DNLB's portrætsamling Copernicus' fremstilling af hans verdensbillede i De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, 1543. DNLB Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) Copernicus var kannik, læge, jurist - og astronom. Copernicus er kendt for at have fremsat teorien om det heliocentriske verdenssystem. Copernicus' ændring af verdensbilledet - at Solen er i centrum af universet - blev først publiceret af en af hans elever, Georg Rheticus (1514-1574) i en Narratio prima (første beretning) i 1540. Copernicus var fuldt på det rene med, at hans tanker kunne bringe ham i vanskeligheder, fordi de var i modstrid med den katolske kirkes opfattelse af verdensbilledet; derfor brugte han Rheticus' bog som prøveklud. Hans egen bog De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (Om de himmelske sfærers omdrejning) udkom i hans dødsår. Legenden siger, at han fik et eksemplar overbragt på sit dødsleje. Copernicus foretog ikke mange observationer selv; han brugte, hvad tidligere astronomer havde efterladt. Copernicus var en overgangsfigur mellem den klassiske tankegang og en mere moderne. Han placerede Solen i midten af universet i stedet for Jorden for at forenkle det komplicerede verdensbillede, Ptolemæus havde konstrueret. Han forlod dog hverken den klassiske opfattelse af, at planeterne sad fast på sfærer, eller at disse sfærer bevægede sig i jævne cirkelbevægelser. Resultatet blev, at selv om Copernicus skabte en meget enkel forklaring på planeternes retrograde bevægelse (det forhold, at de ydre planeter på et tidspunkt i banebevægelsen går 'baglæns' på himlen), så måtte han - for at få sit system til at passe overens med de observationer, han lagde til grund for sine beregninger - etablere et system, der faktisk var mere kompliceret end Ptolemæus'. Han måtte fx lade centrum af planetsfærerne ligge en lille smule ved siden af Solen, og han måtte igen indføre

18. Nicolaus Copernicus - Encyclopedia Article About Nicolaus Copernicus. Free Acces encyclopedia article about Nicolaus Copernicus. Nicolaus Copernicus in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. Nicolaus Copernicus. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Nicolaus Copernicus

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Nicolaus Copernicus Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Nicolaus (or Nicholas Copernicus , original name February 19 February 19 is the 50th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 315 days remaining, 316 in leap years. Events 607 - Boniface III becomes Pope. 1674 - England and the Netherlands sign the Peace of Westminster. A provision of the agreement transfers the Dutch colony of New Amsterdam to England, which renamed it New York. 1807 - In Alabama, Former Vice President of the United States Aaron Burr is arrested for treason. Click the link for more information. Centuries: 14th century - 15th century - 16th century Decades: 1420s 1430s 1440s 1450s 1460s - Years: 1468 1469 1470 1471 1472 Events Births February 19 - Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer. March 17 - King James IV of Scotland (+ 1513) August 17 - Richard, Duke of York, one of the Princes in the Tower. Click the link for more information. May 24 May 24 is the 144th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar (145th in leap years). There are 221 days remaining. Events 1153 - Malcolm IV becomes King of Scotland 1487 - Imposter Lambert Simnel is crowned as "King Edward VI" at Dublin 1626 - Peter Minuit buys Manhattan 1689 - The Act of Toleration passes the English Parliament protecting Protestants (Roman Catholics are intentionally excluded).

19. Niclaus Copernicus Nicolaus Copernicus. Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473,. Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543Poland. principal papers . Nicolaus Copernicus (14731543). Polish astronomer. http://www.thocp.net/biographies/copernicus_nicolaus.htm

Nicolaus Copernicus Torun (Thorn), 19 February, 1473, Frauenburg, 24 May, 1543 Poland principal papers hardware software keyords related subjects Achievement Phylosopher and astronomer Biography Kopernik, Nikolaj, Lat. Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543). Polish astronomer. Canon of cathedral of Frauenburg (1497); studied canon law, medicine in Italy; adviser and secretary to uncle, Lucas Waczenrode, bishop of Ermeland (1503-12). Made astronomical observations of orbits of sun, moon, planets (from 1497); gradually abandoned accepted Ptolemaic system of astronomy and worked out heliocentric system in which Earth rotates daily on axis and, with other planets, revolves around sun; circulated manuscript argument privately but was reluctant to publish theory; at urging of student Rhaeticus published at last De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (1543) explaining new system, which in winning acceptance in scientific world constituted a revolutionary step. The five-hundredth anniversary of Copernicus' birth was celebrated throughout the world in 1973. Various governments issued commemorative stamps in his honor; the second of two orbiting astronomical observatories, launched by NASA in 1972, was named

20. Nicolaus Copernicus - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus.jpg. Nicolaus Schloessern. Der beruehmte MathematicusNicolaus Copernicus (About the Cities and Castles ). Quotes. http://www.phatnav.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Copernicus

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