1. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Christopher Clavius Christopher Clavius. Christoph Clau, mathematician and astronomer,whose most important achievement related to the reform of the http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/04009a.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... C > Christopher Clavius A B C D ... Z Christopher Clavius Christoph Clau, mathematician and astronomer, whose most important achievement related to the reform of the calendar under Gregory XIII ; born at Bamberg, Bavaria, 1538; died at Rome, 12 February, 1612. The German form of his name was latinized into "Clavius". He entered the Society of Jesus in 1555 and his especial talent for mathematical research showed itself even in his preliminary studies at Coimbra. Called to Rome by his superiors as teacher of this branch of science at the well-known Collegium Romanum, he was engaged uninterruptedly there until his death. the greatest scholars of his time, such men as Tycho Brahe, Johann Kepler, Galileo Galilei clavis , "key"), that he was appointed a cardinal, that he met his death by the thrust of a mad bull, etc. His relations with Galilei , with whom he remained on friendly terms until his death, have also been often misrepresented. The best evidence of the actual achievements of the great man is presented by his numerous writings, which at the end of his life he reissued at Mainz in five huge folio volumes in a collective edition under the title, "Christophori Clavii e Scoietate Jesu opera mathematica, quinque tomis distributa". The first contains the Euclidian geometry and the "Spheric" of Theodosius (Sphaericorum Libri III); the second, the practical geometry and algebra; the third is composed of a complete commentary upon the "Sphaera" of Joannes de Sacro Bosco (John Holywood), and a dissertation upon the astrolabe; the fourth contains what was up to that time the most detailed and copious discussion of gnomonics, i.e. the art of constructing all possible sun-dials; finally, the fifth contains the best and most fundamental exposition of the reform of the calendar accomplished under

2. Clavius Christopher Clavius. Born 25 Christopher Clavius entered the Jesuit Orderin 1555 and received his education within the Order. He attended http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clavius.html

Christopher Clavius Born: 25 March 1538 in Bamberg (now in Germany) Died: 2 Feb 1612 in Rome (now in Italy) Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Christopher Clavius entered the Jesuit Order in 1555 and received his education within the Order. He attended the University of Coimbra in Portugal. Following this he went to Italy and studied theology at the Jesuit Collegio Romano in Rome. He remained at the Collegio Romano were he taught mathematics. In fact, except for a period in Naples around 1596 and a visit to Spain in 1597, Clavius was to remain Professor of Mathematics at the Collegio Romano for the rest of his life. The Julian leap-year rule created 3 leap years too many in every period of 385 years. As a result, the actual occurrence of the equinoxes and solstices slowly moved away from their calendar dates. The date of the spring equinox determines the date of Easter so the church began to press for reform. Clavius proposed that Wednesday, Oct. 4, 1582 (Julian) should be followed by Thursday, Oct. 15, 1582 (Gregorian). He proposed that leap years occur in years exactly divisible by four, except that years ending in 00 must be divisible by 400 to be leap years. This rule is still used today and is so accurate that no further reform of the calendar will be necessary for many centuries.

3. Poster Of Clavius Christopher Clavius. lived from 1538 to 1612. The Jesuit astronomer Clavius helpedPope Gregory XIII to introduce what is now called the Gregorian calendar. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Posters2/Clavius.html

Christopher Clavius lived from 1538 to 1612 The Jesuit astronomer Clavius helped Pope Gregory XIII to introduce what is now called the Gregorian calendar. Find out more at http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/ Mathematicians/Clavius.html

4. SmartPedia.com - Free Online Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia Books. Christopher Clavius. Everything you wanted to know about Christopher Clavius buthad no clue how to find it.. Learn about Christopher Clavius here! http://www.smartpedia.com/smart/browse/Christopher_Clavius

Search: Math and Natural Sciences Applied Arts Social Sciences Culture ... Interdisciplinary Categories Christopher Clavius Christopher Clavius , born Christoph Clau, ( February 12 ) was a German mathematician and astronomer who was the main architect of the modern Gregorian calendar . In his last years he was probably the most respected astronomer in Europe. Clavius joined the Jesuit order in 1555 and later moved to Rome , where he taught at the order's Collegium Romanum for the rest of his life. In he was assigned to compute the basis for a reformed calendar that would stop the slow process in which the Church's holidays were drifting relative to the seasons of the year. This calendar was adopted in in Catholic countries by order of Pope Gregory XIII and is now used worldwide. His commentary on Euclid's geometry was one of the most influential of the time. As an astronomer Clavius held strictly to the geocentric model of the solar system, in which all the heavens rotate about the Earth . Though he opposed the heliocentric model of Copernicus , he recognized problems with the orthodox model. He was treated with great respect by

5. Christopher Clavius Christopher Clavius. History of a Great Mathematician. http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/educ_school/CI/3m/clavius/slide0001.htm

Christopher Clavius History of a Great http://www-groups.dcs.st- and.ac.uk/~history/Mathemati cians/

6. Clavius Christopher Clavius. Christopher Clavius was a Jesuit astronomer who helped PopeGregory XIII to introduce what is now called the Gregorian calendar. http://intranet.woodvillehs.sa.edu.au/pages/resources/maths/History/Clvs.htm

Christopher Clavius Born: 25 March 1538 in Bamberg (now in Germany) Died: 2 Feb 1612 in Rome (now in Italy) Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Welcome page Christopher Clavius was a Jesuit astronomer who helped Pope Gregory XIII to introduce what is now called the Gregorian calendar. Clavius entered the Jesuit Order in 1555 and received his education within the Order. He attended the University of Coimbra in Portugal. Following this he went to Italy and studied theology at the Jesuit Collegio Romano in Rome. He remained at the Collegio Romano were he taught mathematics. In fact, except for a period in Naples around 1596 and a visit to Spain in 1597, Clavius was to remain Professor of Mathematics at the Collegio Romano for the rest of his life. The Julian leap-year rule created 3 leap years too many in every period of 385 years. As a result, the actual occurrence of the equinoxes and solstices slowly moved away from their calendar dates. The date of the spring equinox determines the date of Easter so the church began to press for reform. Clavius proposed that Wednesday, Oct. 4, 1582 (Julian) should be followed by Thursday, Oct. 15, 1582 (Gregorian). He proposed that leap years occur in years exactly divisible by four, except that years ending in 00 must be divisible by 400 to be leap years. This rule is still used today and is so accurate that no further reform of the calendar will be necessary for many centuries.

7. MSN Encarta - Résultats De La Recherche - Torricelli Evangelista Translate this page Auteurs étrangers. Cavalieri Bonaventura FAVARO A., B. Cavalieri , Venise, 1915.clavius christopher http//odalix.univ-bpclermont.fr/Cibp/Bib17/B17bv5.htm. http://fr.encarta.msn.com/Torricelli_Evangelista.html

Accueil MSN Mon MSN Hotmail Rechercher ... S'abonner   Encarta Premium Rechercher Encarta R©sultats de la recherche pour "Torricelli Evangelista" Page sur 1 R©serv© aux abonn©s MSN Encarta Premium. Torricelli, Evangelista Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Torricelli, Evangelista (1608-1647), math©maticien et physicien italien, connu principalement pour son exp©rience barom©trique,   l’origine de l’... plan de l'article Pr©sentation Le secr©taire de Galil©e L’exp©rience du mercure Evangelista Torricelli Encyclop©die EncartaImage Math©maticien et physicien italien, sp©cialiste en hydraulique,Torricelli est connu aussi pour la fabrication des lentilles de lunettes, qu'on lui... Guericke, Otto von Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article Guericke, Otto von science Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article science fluides, m©canique des Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article fluides, m©canique des italienne, litt©rature Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article italienne, litt©rature

8. CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Index For C Titular see in Asia Minor Claudiopolis Claver, Saint Peter Clavigero, Francisco Saverio Mexican Jesuit (17311787) clavius, christopher Mathematician and http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/c.htm

Home Encyclopedia Summa Fathers ... Catholic Encyclopedia > C A B C D ... Z C Caballero, Raimundo Diosdado Writer (1740-1830) Caballero y Ocio, Juan Priest (1644-1707) Cabas Titular see Cabassut French theologian and priest (1604-1685) Cabello de Balboa, Miguel Sixteenth-century Spanish priest Navigators and explorers Cabral, Francisco Portuguese missionary in Japan (1529-1609) Cabral, Pedralvarez Portuguese navigator (b. 1460) Sixteenth-century sailor Cadalous Bishop and antipope (d.1072) Caddo Indians Cades Cadillac, Antoine de Lamothe, Sieur de Founder of Detroit (1657-1730) Cadiz, Diocese of Cadwallador, Venerable Roger English martyr (1568-1610) Seventh-century poet Caen, University of Titular see and Armenian bishopric in Asia Minor Titular see in North Africa Titular see in Palestine French bishop and theologian (470-543) Cistercian monk (1170-1240) Physician and brother of St. Gregory of Nazianzus (330-368) Twelfth-century Benedictine abbot and Cistercian monk Titular see Cagliari, Archdiocese of Cagli e Pergola, Diocese of Cahier, Charles French antiquarian (1807-1882) Cahill, Daniel William

9. Christopher Clavius, S.J. christopher clavius, S.J. Introduction. The expression "Jesuit Tradition" stimulates unexpected reactions even among colleagues in our own schools. It intimidates some whose image of the Society came http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/clavius.htm

Christopher Christopher Clavius, S.J. and his Gregorian calendar Christopher Clavius, S.J. Introduction The expression "Jesuit Tradition" stimulates unexpected reactions even among colleagues in our own schools. It intimidates some whose image of the Society came from books like Shogun , so that they see the Society as a kind of fanatical and evil empire. Others are uncomfortable with the idea of being engaged in some form of Christocentric plot in which they seem to be only marginally included. Finally there are those who use the expression to justify academic programs that have nothing to do with Jesuits or Tradition. In 1988 on this 450th anniversary of Christopher Clavius' birth it is fitting to anticipate the 450th anniversary of the Society by recalling a Jesuit mathematician who embodies the Jesuit tradition of scholarship, dedication and service. Unfortunately, we cannot say that he is a typical Jesuit educator, but he is a flesh and blood illustration of what we Jesuits think we are trying to accomplish along with our non-Jesuit colleagues in the educational apostolate. Once a New York Times front page story (7/6/79) related discoveries by astronomers that the sun is shrinking. Their evidence was a ring of light at total eclipse which had been meticulously recorded by the sixteenth century Jesuit astronomer Christopher Clavius, and today that ring is missing. It is this kind of periodic intrusion into the development of astronomy that has earned Clavius a place of esteem in every significant history of science for the past four centuries. His name is inscribed in stone on libraries and universities such as the Sorbonne and portraits of him hang in museums throughout the world. He appears on the tomb of Pope Gregory in the Vatican while one of the largest craters on the moon is named in his honor. His works are described in the earliest editions of the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London.

10. Christoph Clavius mathematician and astronomer christopher clavius Clau (15371612). Born in Bamberg in 1537, clavius joined the Jesuit studied at Coimbra. clavius was one of the major architect http://www.hao.ucar.edu/public/education/sp/images/clavius.html

Christoph Clavius (1537-1612) The Jesuit mathematician and astronomer Christopher Clavius [Clau] (1537-1612). Born in Bamberg in 1537, Clavius joined the Jesuit order in 1555, and studied at Coimbra. Clavius was one of the major architect of the Gregorian calendar reform of 1582, and remained professor of mathematics at the Jesuit's Collegio Romano until his death on February 6 1612. In 1570 Clavius wrote what was to become one of the most influential textbook on astronomy of its days, in the form of a commentary on the so-called Spheres of Sacrobosco. In the catholic world, this was the textbook for three generations of astronomers, including Galileo , and most particularly for Jesuit astronomers throughout the world. In later editions of his book Clavius pronounced himself relatively favorably on the Copernican system as a mathematical model, but to the end of his life rejected its physical reality. Until Galileo's condemnation in 1633, this was also the official position of the Roman ecclesiastic authorities. Clavius was chief astronomer at the Jesuit's Collegio Romano at the time of Galileo's first telescopic discoveries, and was still quite active despite his advancing age. He pronounced himself favorably concerning the physical reality of most of these telescopic observations. His doing so effectively silenced the first wave of opposition to Galileo. He did not agree with all of Galileo's interpretations however, and in particular remained staunchly opposed to the notion of mountains on the Moon.

11. MAUROLYCO, Francesco / [ed. CLAVIUS, Christopher]., Photismi De Lumine & Umbra A MAUROLYCO, Francesco / ed. clavius, christopher. Photismi de lumine umbra adperspectivam, radiorum incidentiam facientes Naples Tarquinio Longi 1611. http://www.polybiblio.com/marta/2060.html

Martayan Lan, Inc. EXCEEDINGLY RARE WITH TWO UNRECORDED CANCELS MAUROLYCO, Francesco / [ed. CLAVIUS, Christopher]. Naples Tarquinio Longi 1611 Extremely rare first edition, and an interesting copy (with 2 unrecorded cancels) of Maurolyco’s most important work, posthumously published, anticipating Kepler in a number of respects. The work contains advances in optics so fundamental for the theory of perspective that it is the very first item in Vagnetti’s bibliography (Aa1). This item is listed on Bibliopoly by Martayan Lan, Inc. ; click here for further details.

12. The Clavius Group Collaboration in Mathematical Research. " Let an academy be formed for the advancement of mathematics" ( christopher clavius, S.J. in 1596) clavius group at Fairfield University in 1998. clavius group at Fairfield University in 1991 sixteenth century German Jesuit mathematician, christopher clavius, a friend of Galileo, who http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/cl/clavius.htm

The Clavius Group Collaboration in Mathematical Research "Let an academy be formed for the advancement of mathematics" (Christopher Clavius, S.J. in 1596) Clavius group at Fairfield University in 1998 Clavius group at Fairfield University in 1991 next to the renowned Clavius Townhouse Clavius gatherings from 1987 to 1996 On this page is found A list of Clavius mathematicians A short history of the Clavius Group The host colleges and institutes The hosts according to year Pertinent information about members of the Clavius Group Clavius Activities at Notre Dame University in 1990 Clavius Activities at Fairfield University in 1991 Clavius Activities at Boston College in 1993 Clavius Activities at the Institute for Advanced Study IAS in 1994 Clavius Activities at Notre Dame University in 1995 Clavius Activities at Boston College in 1996 Clavius Activities at Fairfield University in 1998 Clavius Activities at Holy Cross in 1999 Clavius Activities at Notre Dame in 2000 Clavius Activities at the Institute for Advanced Study IAS in 2001 Clavius Activities at Fairfield University in 2002 A few Clavians in uniform List of Clavius mathematicians Hugh Albright FSC Tom Banchoff John Blanton Tom Cecil Lawrence Conlon Margaret Freije Richard Freije James Heitsch Michelle Intermont Ron Knill John MacDonnell SJ Joseph MacDonnell, S.J.

13. Select Clavius Bibliography Homann, Frederick A. " christopher clavius and the Renaissance of Euclidean Geometry The Correspondence of Father christopher clavius S.I. Preserved in the Archives of the Pontifical http://www.sal.wisc.edu/~lattis/clavius/BIBLIO.HTM

Very selective bibliography for Clavius For a more complete bibliography consult Lattis, Between Copernicus and Galileo (below). Baldini, Ugo. "Christoph Clavius and the Scientific Scene in Rome." In Gregorian Reform of the Calendar , 137- 69. In George V. Coyne, M. A. Hoskin, O. Pedersen, eds. Gregorian Reform of the Calendar: Proceedings of the Vatican Conference to Commemorate its 400th Anniversary, 1582-1982 Legem impone subactis: Studi su filosofia e scienza dei Gesuiti in Italia, 1540-1632 Annali dell'Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza di Firenze 6 (1981) fasc. 2: 63-98. Blackwell, Richard J. Galileo, Bellarmine, and the Bible Giornale di Astronomia 10 (1984): 149-55. Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius or The Sidereal Messenger . Translated and edited by Albert Van Helden. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989. Harris, Steven. "Transposing the Merton Thesis: Apostolic Spirituality and the Establishment of the Jesuit Scientific Tradition." Science in Context 3 (1989): 29-65. Homann, Frederick A. "Christopher Clavius and the Renaissance of Euclidean Geometry."

14. Christopher Clavius (1537-1612) christopher clavius (15371612) Slide 1 of 11. (-) http://www.d.umn.edu/~aroos/HTMLtrial/slide1.html

Christopher Clavius (1537-1612) Slide 1 of 11

15. Clavius Biography of christopher clavius (15381612) christopher clavius. Born 25 March 1538 in Bamberg (now in Germany) christopher clavius entered the Jesuit Order in 1555 and received his education within the Order http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clavius.html

Christopher Clavius Born: 25 March 1538 in Bamberg (now in Germany) Died: 2 Feb 1612 in Rome (now in Italy) Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Christopher Clavius entered the Jesuit Order in 1555 and received his education within the Order. He attended the University of Coimbra in Portugal. Following this he went to Italy and studied theology at the Jesuit Collegio Romano in Rome. He remained at the Collegio Romano were he taught mathematics. In fact, except for a period in Naples around 1596 and a visit to Spain in 1597, Clavius was to remain Professor of Mathematics at the Collegio Romano for the rest of his life. The Julian leap-year rule created 3 leap years too many in every period of 385 years. As a result, the actual occurrence of the equinoxes and solstices slowly moved away from their calendar dates. The date of the spring equinox determines the date of Easter so the church began to press for reform. Clavius proposed that Wednesday, Oct. 4, 1582 (Julian) should be followed by Thursday, Oct. 15, 1582 (Gregorian). He proposed that leap years occur in years exactly divisible by four, except that years ending in 00 must be divisible by 400 to be leap years. This rule is still used today and is so accurate that no further reform of the calendar will be necessary for many centuries.

16. Clavius [Klau], Christoph Philips, "The Correspondence of Father christopher clavius, S.I. " Archivum historicum Societas Iesu, 8 la vie et oeuvre de christopher clavius " Revue d'histoire des sciences, 41 http://es.rice.edu/ES/humsoc/Galileo/Catalog/Files/clavius.html

Catalog of the Scientific Community Clavius [Klau], Christoph Note: the creators of the Galileo Project and this catalogue cannot answer email on genealogical questions. 1. Dates Born: Bamberg, c. 25 March 1538 Died: Rome, 6 February 1612 Dateinfo: Dates Certain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: No Information No information on financial status. 3. Nationality Birth: Germany Career: Italy Death: Italy 4. Education Schooling: Coimbra, Collegio Romano, D.D. Studied for a time at the University of Coimbra (Portugal). One statement indicates that he was there in 1559. From ca. 1563, studied theology at the Collegio Romano in Rome. From subsequent career I assume a B.A., and as a Jesuit who had taken all four vows, he had to have had a degree in theology. 5. Religion Affiliation: Catholic, a Jesuit. He entered the Jesuit order in 1555. 6. Scientific Disciplines Primary: Mathematics, Astronomy 1574: Elements of Euclid, which contained thoughts of his own. Also an Algebra in 1608. Clavius was a supporter of the Ptolemaic system. He was the major technical advisor on the calendar reform. 7. Means of Support

17. LookSmart - Directory - Christopher Clavius YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences Mathematics Mathematicians clavius,christopher. christopher clavius Access biographies of http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317914/us328800/us518756/us539570/

@import url(/css/us/style.css); @import url(/css/us/searchResult1.css); Home IN the directory this category YOU ARE HERE Home Sciences Mathematics Mathematicians Christopher Clavius - Access biographies of Christopher Clavius, the mathematician responsible for reforming the calendar. Directory Listings About Clavius, Christopher - Catholic Encyclopedia Encyclopedia biography of the Jesuit mathematician focuses on his revision of the calendar and his friendship with Galileo. Clavius, Christopher - Galileo Project, Community Outline details Clavius' work with the compass and a device for measuring the fractions of an angle. Find out about his life and his work. Clavius, Christopher - High Altitude Observatory Jesuit was an astronomer and mathematician who engineered the reform of the Gregorian calendar. Read a biography, or follow textual links. Clavius, Christopher - MacTutor History of Mathematics First man to use the decimal point in mathematics, Clavius is mostly known for his reformation of the calendar. Clavius, Christopher - Select Clavius Bibliography

18. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Sciences - Mathematics - Mathematicia A great resource for United States New - Library - Sciences - Mathematics - Mathematicians- clavius, christopher. clavius, christopher Preview Category, http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=539570

19. The Galileo Project | Science | Christopher Clavius christopher clavius. christopher clavius (15371612). Nothing is known of clavius searly life, except that he was born in Bamberg in the German region. http://galileo.rice.edu/sci/clavius.html

The Galileo Project Science Christopher Clavius Christopher Clavius Christopher Clavius (1537-1612) Nothing is known of Clavius's early life, except that he was born in Bamberg in the German region. We do not even know his German name, although various possibilities have been suggested. Clavius grew up during the initial stages of the Protestant Reformation in a region of Germany, Franconia, that remained Catholic. Three years after he was born, Ignatius de Loyola founded the Jesuit order with ten initial members; its membership had reached about a thousand by 1555, when Clavius was admitted to the order in Rome, a month before his seventeenth birthday. In 1556 he was sent to the university of Coimbra in Portugal, where the Jesuits had founded their own college. Here he took the normal university curriculum but excelled in the mathematical subjects, and his observation of the total solar eclipse of 1560 made him decide that astronomy would be his life's work. In 1560 he returned to Rome and began his study of theology at the Collegio Romano . He was ordained in 1564 while still pursuing his theological studies. In 1575 he became a full member of the order. He began teaching the mathematical subjects at the college as early as 1564 and, except for a two-year stay in Naples, he was on the faculty of the Collegio Romano until his death in 1612.

20. The Galileo Project EC Philips, The Correspondence of Father christopher clavius, SI, Archivum historicum Societas Iesu, 8 (1939), 193222. Edmond http://galileo.rice.edu/Catalog/NewFiles/clavius.html

Clavius [Klau], Christoph 1. Dates Born: Bamberg, c. 25 March 1538 Died: Rome, 6 February 1612 Dateinfo: Dates Certain Lifespan: 2. Father Occupation: No Information No information on financial status. 3. Nationality Birth: Germany Career: Italy Death: Italy 4. Education Schooling: Coimbra, Collegio Romano, D.D. Studied for a time at the University of Coimbra (Portugal). One statement indicates that he was there in 1559. From ca. 1563, studied theology at the Collegio Romano in Rome. From subsequent career I assume a B.A., and as a Jesuit who had taken all four vows, he had to have had a degree in theology. 5. Religion Affiliation: Catholic, a Jesuit. He entered the Jesuit order in 1555. 6. Scientific Disciplines Primary: Mathematics, Astronomy 1574: Elements of Euclid, which contained thoughts of his own. Also an Algebra in 1608. Clavius was a supporter of the Ptolemaic system. He was the major technical advisor on the calendar reform. 7. Means of Support Primary: Ecc 1555, Entered Jesuit Order. Secondary: 1565-1612, For All But Two Years On The Faculty Of The Collegio Romano either as Professor of Mathematics or Scriptor. I will list this as an ecclesiastical position, in keeping with my policy on Jesuits in Jesuit institutions.

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