1. Clausius Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius. Rudolf Clausius s father, Rev CEG Clausius,was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html

Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius Born: 2 Jan 1822 in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) Died: 24 Aug 1888 in Bonn, Germany Click the picture above to see two larger pictures Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Rudolf Clausius 's father, Rev C E G Clausius, was a Councillor of the Royal Government School Board. He founded a small private school, becoming its Principal, and as a minister of the church he also served as its pastor. Rudolf was brought up in a large family, being the sixth of his father's sons. He attended his father's school for a few years and then moved to a Gymnasium in Stettin (now Szczecin, Poland) where he remained until he had completed his schooling in 1840. One of his brothers, Robert Clausius, wrote that at school:- ... all intimate with him learnt to esteem his reliability and truthfulness. ... the greatest confidence and trust were placed in him. His judgement ... was highly valued. Clausius entered the University of Berlin in 1840 although at this stage he was still not clear which subjects he would pursue. For a while he was strongly attracted towards history, but finally he decided to concentrate on mathematics and physics. It was in these subjects that he completed his degree by Easter of the year 1844 and then spent a probationary year teaching at the Frederic-Werder Gymnasium. At the Gymnasium Clausius taught the advanced classes in mathematics and physics. In 1846 he entered Boeck's Royal Seminary and submitted his dissertation, on the problem of reflected light in the sky, to Halle University in 1847. He received his doctorate, with distinction, on 15 July 1848. This early work by Clausius was aimed at explaining the blue colour of the sky, the red colours seen at sunrise and sunset, and the polarisation of light; see [11] for details. It has turned out not to be based on correct physics because it assumed the effects were caused by reflection and refraction of light rather than being caused by the scattering of light as

2. Poster Of Clausius Rudolf Clausius . lived from 1822 to 1888. Rudolf Clausius did importantwork in thermodynamics. Find out more at http//www http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Posters2/Clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius' lived from 1822 to 1888 Rudolf Clausius did important work in thermodynamics. Find out more at http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/ Mathematicians/Clausius.html

3. Rudolf Clausius --  Encyclopædia Britannica Encyclopædia Britannica. Clausius, Rudolf ( Julius Emanuel) Encyclopædia Britannica MLA style " Rudolf Clausius." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. Encyclopædia Britannica Premium http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=24636&tocid=0&query=rudolf claus

4. Clausius Rudolf Clausius (18221888). Drawing by Soshichi Uchii. BACK TO GALLERYINDEX. Last modified, January 25, 1999. suchii@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp. http://www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp/phisci/Gallery/clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius [Drawing by Soshichi Uchii] BACK TO GALLERY INDEX Last modified, January 25, 1999. suchii@bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp

5. WIEM: Clausius Rudolf Emanuel clausius rudolf Emanuel (18221888), fizyk niemiecki. Profesor uniwersytetóww Zurychu i Bonn. Fizyka, Niemcy clausius rudolf Emanuel (1822-1888). http://wiem.onet.pl/wiem/006551.html

WIEM 2004 - zobacz now± edycjê encyklopedii! Kup abonament i encyklopediê na CD-ROM, sprawd¼ ofertê cenow±! Oferta specjalna abonamentów dla szkó³ i instytucji! Uwaga! Przedstawione poni¿ej has³o pochodzi z archiwalnej edycji WIEM 2001! Prace redakcyjne nad edycj± 2001 zosta³y zakoñczone. Zapraszamy do korzystania z nowej, codziennie aktualizowanej i wzbogacanej w nowe tre¶ci edycji WIEM 2004 Fizyka, Niemcy Clausius Rudolf Emanuel Clausius Rudolf Emanuel (1822-1888), fizyk niemiecki. Profesor uniwersytetów w Zurychu i Bonn. Prace g³ównie z zakresu termodynamiki i  kinetycznej teorii gazów . By³ jednym z twórców drugiej zasady termodynamiki , wprowadzi³ pojêcie entropii WIEM zosta³a opracowana na podstawie Popularnej Encyklopedii Powszechnej Wydawnictwa Fogra zobacz wszystkie serwisy do góry

6. Rudolf Clausius [Pictures And Photos Of] Rudolf Clausius. Rudolf Clausius Picture, Photo, Photograph; middle age; threequarterview; beard; bowtie; clausius rudolf A2. Item ID clausius rudolf A2. http://www.aip.org/history/esva/catalog/esva/Clausius_Rudolf.html

A larger image of any photo may be purchased. Click on an image to place an order. For more information visit our home page Rudolf Clausius Description old age ; three-quarter view ; suit Item ID Clausius A1 Rudolf Clausius Description middle age ; three-quarter view ; suit Item ID Clausius A3 Rudolf Clausius Description middle age; three-quarter view; beard; bowtie Item ID Clausius Rudolf A2

7. Rudolf Clausius --  Encyclopædia Britannica Clausius, Rudolf (Julius Emanuel) Encyclopædia Britannica Article. To citethis page MLA style Rudolf Clausius. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2004. http://www.britannica.com/eb/article?eu=24636&tocid=0&query=rudolf clausius

8. Rudolf Clausius - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Rudolf Clausius. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. imageRudolfClausius.jpg Rudolf Clausius physicist and mathematician. Rudolf http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius

Rudolf Clausius From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Rudolf Clausius physicist and mathematician Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius January 2 August 24 ), was a German physicist and mathematician. Clausius was one of the founders of thermodynamics . His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in , first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics . In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844, and got his doctorate from the University of Halle in 1848. He then taught in Berlin, Zürich Würzburg , and Bonn In Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War . He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his services. His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. edit External link Clausius biography from the University of Saint Andrews http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html Views Article Discussion Edit History Personal tools Log in Navigation Main Page Community portal Current events Recent changes ... Donations Search Toolbox What links here Related changes Special pages Other languages Nederlands This page was last modified 17:52, 8 May 2004.

9. Clausius Rudolf Clausius (18221888). Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme. Annalender Physik und Chemie , 79, 368-97, 500-24 (1850) translated http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/Clausius.html

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) Annalen der Physik und Chemie , 368-97, 500-24 (1850) [translated and excerpted in William Francis Magie, A Source Book in Physics [New York: McGraw-Hill, 1935] Since heat was first used as a motive power in the steam-engine, thereby suggesting from practice that a certain quantity of work may be treated as equivalent to the heat needed to produce it, it was natural to assume also in theory a definite relation between a quantity of heat and the work which in any possible way can be produced by it, and to use this relation in drawing conclusions about the nature and the laws of heat itself. In fact, several fruitful investigations of this sort have already been made; yet I think that the subject is not yet exhausted, but on the other hand deserves the earnest attention of physicists, partly because serious objections can be raised to the conclusions that have already been reached, partly because other conclusions, which may readily be drawn and which will essentially contribute to the establishment and completion of the theory of heat, still remain entirely unnoticed or have not yet been stated with sufficient definiteness. Joule , in which heat is produced in several different ways by the application of mechanical work, have almost certainly proved not only the possibility of increasing the quantity of heat in any circumstances but also the law that the quantity of heat developed is proportional to the work expanded in the operation. To this it must be added that other facts have lately become known which support the view, that heat is not a substance, but consists in a motion of the least parts of bodies. If this view is correct, it is admissible to apply to heat the general mechanical principle that a motion may be transformed into work, and in such a manner that the loss of kinetic energy is proportional to the work accomplished.

10. Clausius Rudolf Clausius (18221888). On the nature of the motion which we callheat. Ueber die Art der Bewegung welche wir Wärme nennen, Annalen http://webserver.lemoyne.edu/faculty/giunta/CLAUSIUS57.html

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) On the nature of the motion which we call heat Annalen der Physik , 353-380 (1857); translation published in Philosophical Magazine , 108-127 (1857) [from Stephen G. Brush, Kinetic Theory vol. 1 (Oxford: Pergamon, 1965)] 1. Before writing my first memoir on heat, which was published in 1850, and in which heat is assumed to be a motion, I had already formed for myself a distinct conception of the nature of this motion, and had even employed the same in several investigations and calculations. In my former memoirs I intentionally avoided mentioning this conception, because I wished to separate the conclusions which are deducible from certain general principles from those which presuppose a particular kind of motion, and because I hoped to be able at some future time to devote a separate memoir to my notion of this motion and to the special conclusions which flow therefrom. The execution of this project, however, has been retarded longer than I at first expected, inasmuch as the difficulties of the subject, as well as other occupations, have hitherto prevented me from giving to its development that degree of completeness which I deemed necessary for publication. In the first place, the hypothesis of a rotary as well as a progressive motion of the molecules at once suggests itself; for at every impact of two bodies, unless the same happens to be central and rectilinear, a rotary as well as a translatory motion ensues.

11. MSN Encarta - Résultats De La Recherche - Clausius Rudolf Emanuel clausius rudolf Emanuel . Page1 sur 1. Plus de résultats avec MSN pour clausius rudolf Emanuel . http://fr.encarta.msn.com/Clausius_Rudolf_Emanuel.html

Accueil MSN Mon MSN Hotmail Rechercher ... S'abonner   Encarta Premium Rechercher Encarta R©sultats de la recherche pour "Clausius Rudolf Emanuel" Page sur 1 R©serv© aux abonn©s MSN Encarta Premium. Clausius, Rudolf Emanuel Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Clausius, Rudolf Emanuel (1822-1888), physicien et math©maticien allemand, l’un des fondateurs de la thermodynamique. Rudolf Clausius Encyclop©die EncartaImage physique Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article physique Maxwell, James Clerk Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article Maxwell, James Clerk chimie physique Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article chimie physique R©serv© aux abonn©s MSN Encarta Premium. Page sur 1 R©sultats provenant de MSN Search Clausius, Rudolf Emanuel (1822-1888), physicien et math©maticien allemand, l'un des fondateurs de la thermodynamique Rudolf Emanuel Clausius (1822-1888) Physicien et math©maticien allemand, l'un des fondateurs de la thermodynamique. Il fait ses ©tudes   l'universit© de Berlin et de Halle. http://isimabomba.free.fr/biographies/chimistes/clausius.htm

12. Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius. Rudolf Clausius was professor of physics in Berlin (1850), thenin Zurich (1855), then at Würzburg (1867) and finally at Bonn (1869). http://www.eat-online.net/english/education/biographies/clausius .htm

Rudolf Clausius Born: 2 Jan 1822 in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) Died: 24 Aug 1888 in Bonn, Germany Rudolf Clausius was professor of physics in Berlin (1850), then in Zurich (1855), then at Würzburg (1867) and finally at Bonn (1869). Essentially a theoretical physicist, he did important work in thermodynamics. In a paper of 1865 he stated the First and Second laws of thermodynamics in the following form. 1. The energy of the universe is constant. 2. The entropy of the universe tends to a maximum. In all Clausius wrote eight important papers on the topic. He restated Sadi Carnot's principle of the efficiency of heat engines. The Clausius-Clapeyron equation expresses the relation between the pressure and temperature at which two phases of a substance are in equilibrium. References Dictionary of Scientific Biography Biography in Encyclopaedia Britannica J W Gibbs, Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius, Proc. Amer. Acad. of Arts and Sciences G Ronge, Die Zuricher Jahre des Physikers Rudolf Clausius, Gesnerus E Mendoza (ed.)

13. RUDOLF CLAUSIUS RUDOLF CLAUSIUS. 2. 1. 1822 24. 8. 1888. nemecký fyzik a matematik.Profesor na technice v Curychu, na univerzite ve Würzburgu av Bonnu. http://vedci.wz.cz/Osobnosti/Clausius_R.htm

RUDOLF CLAUSIUS nìmecký fyzik a matematik Profesor na technice v Curychu, na univerzitì ve Würzburgu a v Bonnu. Spoluautor rovnice vyjadøující závislost tlaku par kapalin na teplotì (rovnice Clausiova-Clapeyronova). Zabýval se termodynamikou, formuloval první a druhý termodynamický zákon, zavedl pojem entropie. Je považován za zakladatele kinetické teorie plynù a zabýval se též elektrolýzou. ZPÌT

14. SmartPedia.com - Free Online Encyclopedia - Encyclopedia Books. Rudolf Clausius. Everything you wanted to know about Rudolf Clausius but hadno clue how to find it.. Learn about Rudolf Clausius here! Rudolf Clausius. http://www.smartpedia.com/smart/browse/Rudolf_Clausius

Search: Math and Natural Sciences Applied Arts Social Sciences Culture ... Interdisciplinary Categories Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius physicist and mathematician Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius January 2 August 24 ), was a German physicist and mathematician. Clausius was one of the founders of thermodynamics . His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in , first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics . In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844, and got his doctorate from the University of Halle in 1848. He then taught in Berlin, Zürich Würzburg , and Bonn In Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War . He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his services. His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. External link Clausius biography from the University of Saint Andrews http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Clausius.html WorldVillage Coupon Codes Family First Buy Books ... Caption This This document is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), which means that you can

15. Clausius RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS. (18221888). (OrigemBild-Archivdes Osterreichischem Nationalbibliotek, Wien; Fotog. da época). http://www.eq.uc.pt/~eq1amf/claus.html

RUDOLF JULIUS EMMANUEL CLAUSIUS (Origem: Bild-Archiv des Osterreichischem Nationalbibliotek , Wien; Fotog. da época) Clausius was born in Koslin, Prussia (now Koszalin, Poland) and was educated at the Stettin Gymnasium and the University of Berlin, and obtaining his doctorate at the University of Halle in 1847. In 1855 he became professor of mathematical physics at the Polytechnicum of Zurich, moving to the University of Wurzburg in 1867 and the University of Bonn in 1869.He remained at Bonn to the end of his life, serving as Rector of the University in his later years. Clausius was not an experimentalist, altough much of his work had significant pratical implications. He carried out research on a variety of topics in theoretical physics, making particularly important contributions to Thermodynamics and to the kinetic theory of gases. His work in Thermodynamics, carried out in the 1850s and 1860s,... his main contributions being to make a detailed analysis of the Carnot cycle and to introduce the concept of entropy. In 1865-1867 he published an important book, Die mechanishe warmetheorie which was later translated into English as The Mechanical Theory of Heat.

16. Clausius Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius (1822 1888). born January 2, 1822 inKölin. died August 24, 1988 in Bonn. German physicist. R. Clausius http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/courses/me354/clausius.html

Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius born: died: August 24, 1988 in Bonn He formulated the second law of thermodynamics and introduced the entropy as equation of state. Carnot's law such, that the work produced by heat is not only proportional to the heat transferred from the warmer to the colder body, but is also proportional to the temperature difference of the two bodies. Most recent update: 12-01-99

17. Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius. Rudolf Clausius fyzik a matematik. Rudolf Julius EmanuelClausius (Leden 2, 1822Srpen 24, 1888), byl Nemec fyzik a matematik. http://wikipedia.infostar.cz/r/ru/rudolf_clausius.html

švodn­ str¡nka Tato str¡nka v origin¡le Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius fyzik a matematik Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius Leden 2 Srpen 24 ), byl Němec fyzik a matematik. Clausius byl jeden ze zakladatelek termodynamika . Jeho nejdůležitějÅ¡­ pap­r, na mechanickou teorii tepla, publikoval v , nejprve řečen½ z¡kladn­ myÅ¡lenky druh© pr¡vo termodynamiky . V 1865 on představil pojet­ entropie Clausius vystudoval univerzitu Berl­na v 1844, a dostal jeho doktor¡t z univerzity Hallea v 1848. On pak zaÅ¡kolil Berl­n, Curych, Wurzburg, a Bonn. V Clausius organizovan½ ambulance sbor v Franco-prusk¡ v¡lka . On byl zraněn v bitvě, zanech¡vat jej s trvalou invaliditou. On byl udělil Železn½ kř­Å¾ pro jeho služby. Jeho manželka, Adelheid Rimpham, zemřel při porodu v 1875, nechat jej odstranit jejich Å¡est dět­. On pokračoval učit, ale mělo m©ně času na studium potom. Extern­ spojen­ Clausius biografie z univerzity svat©ho Andrewse Toto je strojov½ překlad čl¡nku z encyklopedie Wikipedia poř­zen½ překladačem Eurotran . Cel½ text je dostupn½ za podm­nek GNU FDL licence

18. Rudolf Clausius Rudolf Clausius (18221888). Alman fizikçi. Termodinamigin ikinci yasasiniformüle etmis ve termodinamigi bir bilim dali durumuna getirmistir. http://www.erkanergen.com/bilim/bilim_adamlari/clausius.htm

Rudolf Clausius (1822-1888) Alman fizikçi. Termodinamiðin ikinci yasasýný formüle etmiþ ve termodinamiði bir bilim dalý durumuna getirmiþtir. 1850 Berlin’deki Topçuluk ve Ýstihkam Okulunda öðretim üyeliðine atanan Clausius, ayný yýl yayýmladýðý bir makalede termodinamiðin ikinci yasasýný günümüzde bilinen biçimi ile ortaya koydu: “Isý soðuk bir cisimden sýcak bir cisime kendiliðinden geçemez”. Buradan elde ettiði sonuçlarý ve buna baðlý olarak geliþtirdiði entropi (olanaklý enerjinin yitirilmesi) kavramýný buhar makinesi kuramýna uyguladý ve ayrýntýlý olarak geliþtirdi. 1855’te Zürich Politeknik Okulu’nda fizik profesörü oldu. Ýki yýl sonra,moleküllerin sürekli olarak birbiriyle yer deðiþtiren atomlardan oluþtuðunu ve elektrik kuvvetinin bu yer deðiþtirmenin nedeni olmayýp yalnýzca onu yönlendirdiðini vurgulayarak elektroliz kuramýna katkýda bulundu. Bu görüþ daha sonra elektrolitik ayrýþma kuramýnda (moleküllerin elektrik yüklü atomlara yani iyonlara ayrýþmasý) temel ilke olarak kullanýldý. 1867’de Würzburg üniversitesi’nde, 1869’da Bonn Üniversitesi’nde fizik profesörlüðüne getirilen Clausius, molekül fiziði alanýnda Fransýz fizikçi Sadi Carnot’nun ýsý makinelerinin verimine iliþkin kuramýný geliþtirdi ve böylece ýsý kuramýnýn çok daha saðlam bir temele oturmasýný saðladý.

19. Rudolf Clausius - Wikipedia NL Rudolf Clausius. Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius. Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius.Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius (18221888) Pruisisch natuurkundige. http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius

Rudolf Clausius Categorieën Natuurkundige Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius Pruisisch natuurkundige Polen ). Hij studeerde in Berlijn en in Halle , waar hij in thermodynamica en van de kinetische gas theorie. Hij onderwierp de Carnot cyclus aan een grondige analyse. In de jaren legde hij de grondslag voor een sleutelbegrip van de thermodynamica, de entropie en formuleerde hij de Tweede Hoofdwet. Hij is bekend van de Clausius-Clapeyron-vergelijking die het verband tussen dampdruk en temperatuur beschrijft. Van zijn hand is ook de ongelijkheid van Clausius die stelt dat de kringintegraal over q/T alleen dan nul is als het pad waarlangs de kringloop plaatsvindt volledig reversibel is. Anders is de integraal altijd kleiner. In de kinetische gas theorie voerde hij het begrip vrije weglengte in. Na 1875 werkte hij voornamelijk aan de elektriciteitsleer , zij het zonder veel succes. In gaf hij een boek uit getiteld Lord Kelvin bijvoorbeeld heeft nooit ingezien dat het begrip entropie nuttig was om tot een goed begrip van de Tweede Hoofdwet te komen Views artikel overleg Bewerk geschiedenis Personal tools Aanmelden Navigation Hoofdpagina Gebruikersportaal In het nieuws Recente wijzigingen ... Financieel bijdragen Zoeken Toolbox Referenties Verwante wijzigingen Speciale pagina's Andere talen English De laatste wijziging op deze pagina vond plaats op 31 mei 2004 00:56.

20. Rudolf Clausius - Information An online Encyclopedia with information and facts Rudolf Clausius Information,and a wide range of other subjects. Rudolf Clausius - Information. http://www.book-spot.co.uk/index.php/Rudolf_Clausius

Rudolf Clausius - Information Home Mathematical and natural sciences Applied arts and sciences Social sciences and philosophy ... sl:Rudolf Julius Emmanuel Clausius Rudolf Clausius physicist and mathematician Rudolf Julius Emanuel Clausius January 2 August 24 ), was a German physicist and mathematician. Clausius was one of the founders of thermodynamics . His most important paper, on the mechanical theory of heat, published in , first stated the basic ideas of the second law of thermodynamics . In 1865 he introduced the concept of entropy Clausius graduated from the University of Berlin in 1844, and got his doctorate from the University of Halle in 1848. He then taught in Berlin, Zurich, Wurzburg, and Bonn. In Clausius organized an ambulance corps in the Franco-Prussian War . He was wounded in battle, leaving him with a lasting disability. He was awarded the Iron Cross for his services. His wife, Adelheid Rimpham, died in childbirth in 1875, leaving him to raise their six children. He continued to teach, but had less time for research thereafter. External link Clausius biography from the University of Saint Andrews All text is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License (see for details).

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