21. Historie Van De Tijdrekening. Yesno Akkerman 4Vwo 1, 2001 De cyclus van Meton en callippus. In de 5 e eeuw v. Chr. Later voerdecallippus een cyclus in die nog beter aansloot bij het zonnejaar. http://anw.hml.nl/Werkstukken/Yesno_Akkerman/Historie_van_het_tijdrekenen/

Historie van de tijdrekening Door Yesno Akkerman 4v1 Julius Caesar Een kalender is de benaming van de tabel waarop de verdeling van het jaar in dagen, weken en maanden is aangegeven. In algemenere zin is een kalender een tijdrekenkundig stelsel en het wordt vaak ook wel tijdrekening genoemd. Ik ga nu in het kort vertellen over een aantal kalenders die bestaan hebben om zo aan te geven hoe onze huidige tijdrekening is ontstaan. Daarna vertel ik nog wat over een aantal andere kalenders. Maan- en zonnekalenders De alleroudste kalenders zijn de maankalenders. Ze berusten op periodes die 29,5306 dagen lang zijn. Door dan omstebeurt een maand 29 en 30 dagen te laten duren heeft het jaar 354 dagen. Maar een maanjaar telt 354,367 dagen dus om een bepaalde tijd moesten er schrikkeljaren worden ingevoegd. De zonnekalender berust op het tropische jaar dat 365,2422 dagen lang is. Het tropisch jaar is een tijdspanne van 4 seizoenen en die tijd wordt door alle culturen als jaar ervaren. Het was heel moeilijk voor de oude culturen om de lengte van het jaar nauwkeurig te bepalen. Hiervoor moesten namelijk zorgvuldige astronomische waarnemingen voor gedaan worden. Sommigen richtten daarvoor speciale constructies op waarmee de opkomst van hemellichamen boven de horizon kon worden bepaald (Stonehenge). De cyclus van Meton en Callippus In de 5 e eeuw v. Chr. Ontwierp de Atheense astronoom Meton een 19-jarige cyclus waarin de jaren 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 16 en 19 schrikkeljaren waren met 13 maanden en waarin 125 maanden van 30 dagen en 110 maanden van 29 dagen waren opgenomen. In totaal zijn dat 6940 dagen.

22. PSIgate - Browse Results callippus of Cyzicus This site provides a biography of callippus(approx 370310BC). callippus constructed a calendar with a 76 http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psibrowse.pl?limit=0&toplevel=policy&subj

23. PSIgate - Full Record For 2004210-1620 Home Search Options Full record. callippus of Cyzicus This siteprovides a biography of callippus (approx 370310BC). callippus http://www.psigate.ac.uk/roads/cgi-bin/psifullrecord.pl?handle=2004210-1620

24. Eclipses 441 Monate von 29 Tagen Wenn wir den Durchschnitt der Monatslängen dieser drei Systemeberechnen erhalten wir Meton 29,531915 Sonnentage callippus 29,530851 http://www.specialtyinterests.net/eclipse.html

Main Menu Perpetual Calendar The Medicin Man's Secret and Eclipses in Egypt Any published dates for eclipses in ancient times are only so good as the software is which calculated them! Alle veröffentlichten Daten für Finsternisse sind nur so gut wie die Komputerprogramme, die sie erechneten! In Deutsch He was the most powerful and feared man around. People said the gods spoke to him, - and when they did, watch out, the next victim could be you or someone dear to you. Medicine man or shahmans often had an aura of secrecy about them which was designed to instill this fear among their people that way they could at particular times exercise their mystical powers and prove once more that they held the secret to the very existence to their nation. How did they do it? Because medicine man and shamans, witch doctors, had learned to predict when lunar or solar eclipses would take place, this ability made it appear that they had communications with the gods and acted in their behalf. And there is no doubt that they used this learned wisdom to their own advantage to enrich themselves and cause the people in dramatic ways, often requiring human sacrifices, to acknowledge their superiority. Even kings and queens had to submit to their influence at times like this. Greek Estimates of the Synodic Month by Livio Stecchini The problem that Meton intended to solve was - which is the smallest number of solar years that can be divided exactly into a series of more or less alternating months of 30 and 29 days? He knew that solar years are about 365.25 days and that a lunar month is about 29.5 days. He counted that 19 solar years are:

25. Vitrum: The Crystalline Celestial Spheres callippus of Cyzicus (IV century BC) made these models more faithful to the phenomenaobserved, increasing the number of spheres up to four or five per planet. http://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/vitrum/emodello_09.html

SEARCH: in Vitrum entire site INFO INSTITUTE MUSEUM ENGLISH Vitrum Models Gallery The crystalline celestial spheres Mathematician Eudoxus of Cnidus (IV century B.C.) conceived a series of geometric models to explain the complex motions of the planets with respect to the Earth, considered immobile at the centre of the Universe. Each model employed three or four spheres concentric to the Earth, and uniformly revolving one inside the other. Callippus of Cyzicus (IV century B.C.) made these models more faithful to the phenomena observed, increasing the number of spheres up to four or five per planet. The models of Eudoxus and Callippus were probably mere geometric constructions. And yet, when he laid out the physical architecture of the Cosmos, the philosopher Aristotle (384-322 B.C.) decided to join these models into a single celestial machine. Movement was propagated by contiguity and progressively decreased from the outer regions of the World towards the inner regions. It began in the highest and fastest of the stars, and was passed in order to the spheres of Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Mercury, Venus and the Sun, finally reaching the lowest and slowest sphere, the Moon. In order to connect the models of Eudoxus and Callippus, Aristotle introduced a consistent number of additional spheres, up a total of 55 ( Metaphysics , XII, 8). All of the celestial spheres were formed of crystalline matter, innate, eternal, incorruptible, imponderable and perfectly transparent (

26. MMS: Aristotle's Cosmos callippus (b. ca. Aristotle improves on callippus by including additionalspheres to counteract some of the motions of the planetary spheres. http://ls.poly.edu/~jbain/mms/handouts/mmstotle.htm

Return to MMS homepage Return to MMS syllabus Aristotle's Cosmos *Aristotle, Metaphysics Book XII, Chap 8

27. Lunar Cycles Callipic cycle of 76 years, or 940 lunations, or 27,759 days, or in other words4 Metonic cycles, was introduced by the Greek astronomer callippus of Cyzicus http://www.sizes.com/time/lunar_cycles.htm

lunar cycles The amount of time that must pass before the phases of the moon fall again on the same days that they do in the present year. Neither the tropical year nor the synodic month are a whole number of days. Not only that, but they have no common factor. If there were a whole number X such that dividing the number of days in X tropical years by the number of days in a synodic month left no remainder, then the phases of the moon would fall on the same days of the year as they had X years before. Actually, there is always a remainder, but historically several approximations have proven useful in making calendars that predict the phases of the Moon. Metonic cycle The Metonic cycle of 19 years, or 235 lunations, or 6,940 days. Although known earlier in Babylon and China, the cycle is named for the Greek astronomer Meton ( 5th century bce ), who wrote a book titled Enneadecaterides on the cycle. (Meton is also remembered for pretending insanity to avoid "the draft," having foreseen that the Athenian attack on Syracuse would end in disaster.) Taking the length of the tropical year and synodic month in Meton’s time

28. Astronova.nl gasreus. callippuscyclus. callippus-cyclus. Een cyclus die kortstondig(twee eeuwen) werd gebruikt bij de Griekse tijdregeling. Astronomen http://www.astronova.nl/encyclopedie/c/

Astro-art Encyclopedie Fotografie Galerie ISS Materiaal Messier catalogus Radiosterrenkunde Ruimtevaart Verdieping Waarnemingen Weer Weersverschijnselen Zonnestelsel Verduisteringen Archief Belangrijke data Diensten Links Nieuwsbrief Caliban Caliban Maantje van Uranus dat in 1997 door een viertal astronomen werd ontdekt met behulp van de 5-meter telescoop op Palomar Mountain . Caliban is ongeveer 60 kilometer in diameter en bevindt zich in een sterk excentrische en gehelde baan op ruim 7 miljoen kilometer van de gasreus Callippus-cyclus Callippus-cyclus Een cyclus die kortstondig (twee eeuwen) werd gebruikt bij de Griekse tijdregeling lunaties , wat volgens hun waarnemingen overeenkwam met 76 jaar.

29. ARTICLE: A Brief History Of Time From Thales to callippus. by C. W. April 9, 1995. callippus improved upon Eudoxus theory of concentric spheres by adding an additional two layers. http://www.theorderoftime.com/science/sciences/articles/abriefhistoryoftime.html

A Brief History of Time (with apologies to Stephen Hawkings) From Thales to Callippus by: C. W. April 9, 1995 Presented by Gr. C. email at the Perseus project Abstract: A brief overview of the history of our western time management. From the perspective of the ancient greek philosophers are so issues discussed in the development of our modern time-awareness. With the old philosophers setting the foundation for the modern understanding of chronology is explained that much depended on a calendar correct for agricultural purposes. Table of Contents Introduction Initial Evidence of Time The Presocratics Changing Attitudes Towards Time ... Look at the comments on this paper. Introduction With our without astronomy, casual observation over the course of one's life makes the cyclical nature of seasons self-explanatory. One need have no appreciation of the earth's orbit around the sun to discover that fall invariably follows summer, which is preceded by spring, the successor of winter. This order is unfailing, and easily discernible to the naked or even blind eye.

30. Tyhe Order Of Time: Articles About The Time You Need To Read Them." Switzerland. A Brief History of Time From Thales to callippus by C. W. A brief overview of the history of our western time management. http://www.theorderoftime.com/science/sciences/articles/article.html

ARTICLE This page offers articles dealing with the politics, science and spirituality of time. "Articles about the time you need to read them." The Articles The running article: by: M.P.B (retired Chief Technical Examiner to the Goverment of Kerala in India). Management of time is a systematic way of doing all activities in any field of human effort. The westem management thought of prosperity to some for some time has absolutely failed in its aim to ensure betterment of individual life and social welfare. The despondent position of Arjuna in the first chapter of the Gita This sign N.B. In many cases names - maily of persons incarnate or under dispute, have been replaced by initials in order to take the ego relative and put it second to the content. For further research on names and other references one must follow the links given . All passages of special relevance to The Order of Time are marked red.

31. William Smith A Smaller History Of Greece His unpopularity continued to increase, till at length one of his bosom friends the Athenian callippus seized the opportunity to mount to power by his http://ancienthistory.about.com/library/bl/bl_smithhistoryofgreece18.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About History Ancient / Classical History Home ... Trojan War Hero Achilles - Troy zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Atlas and Places - Where? Ancient Greece - Greek Ancient Rome - Romans ANE Egypt Persia Israel... ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Ancient / Classical History newsletter. Search Ancient / Classical History A Smaller History of Greece A history of Greece from the earliest times to the Roman conquest. More of This Feature CONTENTS of A Smaller History of Greece from the earliest times to the Roman conquest. Related Resources Etext of Ancient Rome from the Earliest Times Down to 476 A.D., by Robert F. Pennell Greece Elsewhere on the Web Project Gutenberg A SMALLER HISTORY OF GREECE from the earliest times to the Roman conquest. by William Smith (1813 - 1893), D.C.L., LL.D. Note: In this Etext, some of the orthography has been changed. CHAPTER XVIII HISTORY OF THE SICILIAN GREEKS FROM THE DESTRUCTION OF THE ATHENIAN ARMAMENT TO THE DEATH OF TIMOLEON.

32. Heliocentrism The Impact Of The Heliocentric Theory Heliocent... Aristotle refined. callippus geometrical and spherical concepts, and developedthe geocentric theory, which was believed for two thousand years. http://www.instant-essays.com/astronomy/heliocentrism.shtml

Home Donate Search Links document.write("Contact"); Heliocentrism The impact of the Heliocentric Theory Heliocent... Heliocentrism The impact of the Heliocentric Theory Heliocentric: Relating to the sun as a center; appearing as if seen from the sun's center.(Webster,447) The heliocentric theory was first introduced to the world by a Polish astronomer named Nicolaus Copernicus. Copernicus published his views on the heliocentric theory in his book Commentariolus, in 1514, which sparked the time period now known as the Copernican Revolution. Heliocentrism was proven true by the discoveries of Galileo, Kepler, and Newton; through their efforts to prove the validity of the heliocentric theory people began to find truth in science through experimentation rather than religion with no proof. Many scientists went through great ordeals for their scientific beliefs, thus making the heliocentric theory the most electrifying idea in human history. Ancient people's believed in Gods and deities for causes to nature and the unexplained. Once the fourth century BC rolled around, people began to see "astronomical phenomena" as "natural compound products of simple operations repeated in perpetuity" rather than the actions of Gods. (Morphet, p.6) Greeks did not revere celestial bodies very strongly in their religion, despite having deities for the Sun and Moon. (North, p.78) Different peoples beliefs varied greatly in ancient times. Different countries progressed in thought at different speeds.

33. Table Of Contents And Excerpt, Demosthenes, Speeches 50-59 The speeches Against Polycles (50), Against callippus (52), Against Nicostratus (53),and Against Neaera (59), as well as Against Stephanus II (46) and Against http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exberdem.html

Skip navigation Advanced Search Search our site 5 1/2 x 8 1/2 in. 237 pp. ISBN 0-292-70921-8 $45.00, hardcover, no dust jacket ISBN 0-292-70922-6 $22.95, paperback Demosthenes, Speeches 50-59 Back to Book Description Translated by Victor Bers Series Editor's Preface (Michael Gagarin) Translator's Preface (Victor Bers) Series Introduction (Michael Gagarin) Oratory in Classical Athens The Orators The Works of the Orators Government and Law in Classical Athens The Translation of Greek Oratory Abbreviations Note on Currency Bibliography of Works Cited DEMOSTHENES Introduction to Demosthenes (Michael Gagarin) Life Works Style Significance Supplementary Bibliography Introduction to This Volume (Victor Bers) Apollodorus Text 50. Against Polycles 51. On the Trierarchic Crown 52. Against Callippus 53. Against Nicostratus 54. Against Conon 55. Against Callicles 56. Against Dionysodorus 57. Against Eubulides 58. Against Theocrines 59. Against Neaera Index Introduction To This Volume By Victor Bers Although this volume of The Oratory of Classical Greece bears the title Demosthenes I, Speeches 50-59

34. Athletes At Olympia 5.21.5 Next after Eupolus they say that callippus of Athens, who had enteredfor the pentathlum, bought off his fellowcompetitors by bribes, and that this http://www.utexas.edu/courses/classicalarch/readings/athletes.html

Pausanias's descritpion of votives dedicated by athletes, statues paid for from fines imposed on dishonest athletes, statues of Zeus As memorials of Apollonia have we been dedicated, which on the Ionian sea Phoebus founded, he of the unshorn locks. The Apollonians, after taking the land of Abantis, set up here These images with heaven's help, tithe from Thronium. The Cleitorians dedicated this image to the god, a tithe From many cities that they had reduced by force. The sculptors were Aristo and Telestas, Own brothers and Laconians.1 I do not think that these Laconians were famous all over Greece, for had they been so the Eleans would have had something to say about them, and the Lacedaemonians more still, seeing that they were their fellow-citizens. Accept, king, son of Cronus, Olympian Zeus, a lovely image, And have a heart propitious to the Lacedaemonians. He spake, and cut the boar's throat with ruthless bronze; And the boar Talthybius swung and cast into the great depth Of the grey sea, to feed the fishes. Such was the ancient custom. Before the feet of the Oath-god is a bronze plate, with elegiac verses inscribed upon it, the object of which is to strike fear into those who forswear themselves.

35. Eudoxus described it in his Metaphysics . It was later more fully worked outby his pupil, callippus. On making spheres Eudoxus constructed http://www.mlahanas.de/Greeks/Eudoxus.htm

EUDOXUS OF CNIDUS (408-355 BC) Archimedes, Newton and Gauss are considered the most important mathematicians ever. It is difficult to say who is the best because it is difficult to compare the knowledge at different times. Should not Pythagoras considered the most important mathematician, since he established mathematics and he is considered the father of mathematics. He may not have discovered the Pythagorean theorem, but he provided a proof and he gave an identity to the number, he declared that everything can be expressed by numbers. I consider that Eudoxus is also to be considered among the greatest. He provided the basis of the exhaustion method, he provided the first geometric model of the cosmos and he wrote Incommensurables, a important book for Greek mathematicians. Archimedes become famous mainly in helping to defend Syracuse and the life of Eudoxus is less spectacular. I consider Eudoxus to be influential and one of the most important mathematicians even if he is almost unknown. Eudoxus, son of Aeschines, Greek mathematician, astronomer, geographer and philosopher, whose genius was apparent from a very young age. He was born in Cnidus (or Cnidos), (Black Sea) He studied first with the famous Pythagorean

36. Heliocentrism: The Vatican Menace Aristotle refined callippus geometrical and spherical concepts, and developedthe geocentric theory, which was believed for two thousand years. http://www.freeessays.cc/db/41/skx130.shtml

Home Free Essays Listing Book Reports Search Paper Writing ... Top 25 Sites Our free essays, book reports and paper writing database is supported with a powerful search engine. American History Art Essays Book Reports Business Essays ... Home > Science > Heliocentrism: The Vatican Menace Heliocentrism: The Vatican Menace Browse essays using search option Access free essay links resource page Need help with paper writing services? var lnk = "http://www.freeessays.cc/"; var dsc = "FreeEssays.cc - free essays, paper writing, book reports"; var str = "Bookmark our site for future reference"; document.write(str) Bibliography Words: 2686 Resources: Can`t Find Your Essay? Our writers can help you with any essay topic, any form of report, any essay volume and level of writing. Fill in the request form to order your custom written essay or book report today! Category: Research Sites: Visit these research sites top 25 top 50 and top 100 for assistance with high quality paper writing samples.

37. Online treatment Also those against whom we have had any grievance or any previous differenceswith them as callippus had when he You can find a lot of information http://www.all-for-pc-and-mac.com/computer_component_part_mfg.asp

38. Online previous differences with them as callippus had when he behaved as he did tonightDion here too it seems as if almost no We offer candy stand, candy store http://www.all-for-pc-and-mac.com/lexmark_printer_part.asp

39. Science In Christian Perspective circles centered upon the Earth. In the next few decades, callippusoffered further refinements. Though these schemes introduce http://www.asa3.org/ASA/PSCF/1973/JASA3-73Leith.html

Science in Christian Perspective Galileo and the Church: Tensions with a Message for Today Part I T. H. LEITH Atkinson College York University Toronto, Ontario, Canada From: JASA 25 (March 1973): 21-24. The year of 1973 has been designated Copernican Year in honor of the 500th anniversary of the birth of Copernicus M 1473. In keeping with this commemoration, the journal ASA offers o four-port publication of a paper presented by T. H. Leith at the 1972 Convention of the American Scientific Affiliation at York University. Introduction The Copernican revolution began in the first decade of the Sixteenth century in an unpublished manuscript, entitled the Commentary, by a rather obscure household physician in a bishop's palace in northern Europe. Some thirty years later the seeds of its heliocentric reformation of astronomy were to find a stony reception in the minds of two other reformers: Luther called its author a fool and Melanchthon was prodded by it to remark that "wise governments ought to repress the impudence of the intellectuals ". In 1543 there appeared in print Copernicus' full defence of his unsettling scheme, the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres.

40. L'Encyclopédie De L'Agora: La Vie De Dion - 3e Partie Translate this page LX. Trame perfide de callippus contre Dion. -LXI. LXII. callippus rassure,par les plus forts serments, la femme et la sœur de Dion. – LXIII. http://agora.qc.ca/reftext.nsf/Documents/Platon--La_vie_de_Dion_-_3e_partie_par_

Accueil Index Catégories Dossiers ... Imprimer associé au dossier Platon La vie de Dion - 3e partie Plutarque Présentation première année de la 93e olympiade environ jusqu'à la 3e année de la 106e , 354 ans avant J.-C.. Extrait « Péloponnésiens, leur dit-il, et vous, nos alliés, je vous ai rassemblés ici, afin que vous délibériez sur ce qui vous concerne personnellement; car il me serait honteux de penser à moi quand Syracuse est au moment de périr. Si je ne puis la sauver, j'irai du moins me jeter au milieu des feux qui la consumeront, et m'ensevelir sous ses ruines. Pour vous, si vous daignez encore nous secourir, nous les plus imprudents et les plus malheureux des hommes, venez relever une ville qui est votre ouvrage. Texte XLVII Dès que cette parole qu'on avait eu enfin le courage de prononcer eut été entendue, ce ne fut, de la part des Syracusains, qu'un cri unanime accompagné de larmes de joie; ils suppliaient les dieux de le leur les soldats en plus grand nombre et plus ardents que la veille , ils achevèrent de détruire la muraille qui les en-fermait; de là, se répandant de tous côtés dans la ville, ils la mettent au pillage; ils égorgent non seulement les hommes, mais les femmes et les enfants; peu s'arrêtent à piller, tous les autres ne s'occupent qu'à détruire. Denys, qui désespérait de son rétablissement, et qui avait voué aux Syracusains une haine, implacable, voulait en quelque sorte ensevelir la tyrannie sous les ruines de Syracuse. Les soldats, pour prévenir le secours de Dion, eurent recours au moyen de destruction le plus rapide, celui du feu; ils brûlaient avec des torches et des flambeaux tout ce qui était à leur portée, et lançaient des traits enflammés sur les maisons éloignées. Les Syracusains qui fuyaient pour éviter les flammes étaient arrêtés et égorgés dans les rues; ceux qui se réfugiaient dans les maisons en étaient chassés par les flammes; plusieurs édifices embrasés tombaient sur les passants, et les écrasaient.

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