61. MSN Encarta - Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra Translate this page Inicia una sesión arriba. abraham ben Meir ibn ezra. abraham ben Meir ibn ezra(c. 1092-1167), erudito, poeta y autor judeoespañol nacido en Tudela. http://es.encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761560300/Abraham_ben_Meir_ibn_Ezra.html

Principal Mi MSN Hotmail Buscar ... Suscribirse a MSN Encarta Premium Buscar en Encarta Art­culo de suscripci³n MSN Encarta Premium: Consigue este art­culo junto con 41.000 art­culos m¡s, un atlas din¡mico, diccionarios y mucho m¡s por s³lo 29,95 euros/a±o. M¡s informaci³n. Este art­culo s³lo est¡ disponible para los suscriptores de MSN Encarta Premium. ¿Ya eres suscriptor? Inicia una sesi³n arriba. Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra (c. 1092-1167), erudito, poeta y autor judeoespa±ol nacido en Tudela. Abandon³ su pa­s natal poco antes de 1140 para viajar... ¿Quieres m¡s de Encarta? Suscr­bete hoy y tendr¡s acceso a: M¡s de 41.000 art­culos Diccionario biling¼e Atlas din¡mico M¡s informaci³n sobre Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra de Otras funciones de Encarta Buscar en Encarta Abraham ben Meir ibn Ezra Principal Mi MSN ... Dinero ©2004 Microsoft Corporation. Reservados todos los derechos. Condiciones de uso Declaraci³n de privacidad aprobada por TRUSTe

62. Antopol, Belarus Akiva ben ezra, E. Leidiger, 127. Pintche Berman, A. Baraban, 129. abrahamWarsaw, A. Baraban, 131. Akiva benezra, 127. Pintche Berman, 129. abraham Warsaw,131. http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/antopol/antopol.html

Antopol Yizkor Book (Belarus) English sections from Antopol (Antelpolie); sefer zikaron Ed. Benzion H. Ayalon. Antopol Societies in Israel and America Published in Tel Aviv, 1972 Acknowledgments Project Coordinator Sonia Kovitz Phyllis Goldberg, a devoted friend of JewishGen, scanned the English portion of the text. Without her efforts, this work would not available on the Yizkor Book site. Our sincere appreciation to Avigdor Warscza, President, Antopol Society in Israel, for permission to put this material on the JewishGen web site. From Antopol (Antelpolie); sefer zikaron ; Antopol yizkor book. Ed. Benzion H. Ayalon. Tel Aviv, Antopol Societies in Israel and America, 1972 JewishGen's Translation Fund Donation Form provides a secure way to make donations, either on-line or by mail, to help continue this project. Donations to JewishGen are tax-deductible. JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material for verification. Dedication by Carol Wagner Feldherr Skydell In memory and honor of Mordecai and Benyomin SKIDELSKY, who as young teens in 1880 walked from their home in Slonim to Antopol, where they found support, comfort and work. Both grew up, married, and raised families there before coming to America in 1920. Mordecai and his wife, Frumme Tzaytel Gurstein, came with their children, Samuel, Sarah, and Ruth. Benyomin was followed by his wife, Genia Dina Kotlar, and childrenHilda, Rita, Aaron (Harry), Edith, Isidore (Adrian), and Shoshana (Rose). Their two younger children, Irving and Anita, were born in the U.S. All the children married, had families, and grandchildren. To the memory of Benyomin and Mordecai, their parents, Yitzhak and Beile, this page is lovingly dedicated.

63. Gorodets, Belarus Folk Medicine, Dr. I. Farber, 178. Gatherings, A. benezra, 181. Folk Remediesand Doctors, Yudel Kaplansky, 181. The End, 193. The Letter, 193. abraham Winograd,196. http://www.jewishgen.org/Yizkor/gorodets/gorodets.html

Horodetz: History of a Town, 1142 - 1942 (Belarus) Translation of Horodets; a geshikhte fun a shtetl, 1142 - 1942 Edited by: A. Ben-Ezra, 1949 Published in New York, N.Y., U.S.A. 1949 Click here to see how to add a Dedication Plaque to this Yizkor Book Acknowledgments Project Coordinator and Translator Gene Sucov This is a translation from: Horodets; a geshikhte fun a shtetl, 1142-1942 (Horodec; history of a town, 1142-1942), Editors: A. Ben-Ezra, "Horodetz" Book Committee, 1949 (Y, 238 pages). JewishGen's Translation Fund Donation Form provides a secure way to make donations, either on-line or by mail, to help continue this project. Donations to JewishGen are tax-deductible. JewishGen, Inc. makes no representations regarding the accuracy of the translation. The reader may wish to refer to the original material for verification. Table of Contents Caption Page A note from the translator Introduction Translation of illustration captions First Section General History Foreword vi-vii Map of Horodetz and Surroundings Irving Sussman Horodetz, an historical overview

64. Samuel Ben Hofni ben Hofnil translated and wrote a commentary on the Torah in Arabic, which was usedwidely by abraham ibn ezra, abraham ben Moses ben Maimon, Bachya ben Asher http://www.us-israel.org/jsource/biography/Hofni.html

Samuel ben Hofni (d. 1013) Samuel ben Hofni, thought to be the last gaon of Sura, apparently was the next-to-last gaon. He came originally from Pumpedita's academy, but he was not accepted as gaon there because Sherira's son, Hai, was appointed. There was the possibility of some behind-the-scenes political fighting as there had been between ibn Abitur and Chanoch ben Moses, but the crisis was resolved: Hai married Ben Hofni's daughter, and Ben Hofnil became gaon of Sura in 997 CE.. Although most of Ben Hofnil's works are lost, his reputation survives because other scholars have made several references to his work. Some fragments have been found in the Cairo Geniza Ben Hofnil possessed an orderly, analytical mind which is reflected both in his talmudic and exegetical works. He shows a special predilection for systematic, numbered classification of subjects under discussion. Ben Hofnil wrote the first introduction to the Talmud , summarizing and classifying its basic principles. This work is mentioned by early scholars and is currently being recovered from the Geniza.

65. Torah Productions Web Site - Commentators abraham of Toledo;Ibn ezra, abraham; Ibn ezra, Moses ben Jacob; Ibn Gabirol, Solomon; Ibn Ghayyat;Ibn http://www.torahproductions.com/commentators.html

Home Torah La-Am Library Commentators Weekly Article ... Help Helping parents, teachers, and students of many faiths pursue Biblical wisdom. Make your selection below. A B C D ... Z A Top Abba Gorion of Sidon Abba bar Kahana Abba bar Pappa ... Azulai, the Rabbis B Top Baal Shem Tov, Israel ben Eliezer Baba Batra Baba Kama ... Bunim, Simcha of Przysucha C Top Cardozo, Benjamin Nathan Carlebach, Joseph Caro, Joseph ... Cupid D Top Daat Zekenim Dahood, Father Mitchell Daiches, David ... Dubnow, Solomon E Top Ecclesiastes Rabba Ecclesiastes Edels, Samuel Eliezer ben Judah Halevi ... Ezra F Top Fackenheim, Emil Ludwig Fadiman, Clifton Federbusch, Simon ... Friedman, Alexander Zusia G Top Gamliel I Gamliel II Gamliel III ... Guttmann, Julius H Top HaChassid, Yehudah HaCohen, Tzaddok HaDarshan, Moshe ... Hyatt, J. Philip I Top Ibn Aknin, Joseph ben Judah ben Jacob Ibn Caspi, Joseph Ibn Chaim, Aharon ben Abraham ... Itture Torah J Top Jacob, Benno Jacob, Rabbi Jacobsohn, Kurt ... Judges K Top Kafich, Joseph Kalisher, Zvi Hirsch Kallah ... Kutim L Top Lamentations Rabba Lamentations Langford, Norman F. ... Luzzatto, Samuel David M Top Maaser Sheni Maaserot Maccabees, First and Second Books of

66. Manisa (Magnasia), Jewish Community Raphael abraham Masliah; (died in 1784). 18. Nissim Zerahia Azoulay. He left Manisaand went to Safed, Eretz Yisrael. 19. Joseph ben ezra; there are letters http://www.sephardicstudies.org/manisa.html

Manisa (Magnasia), Jewish Community Contributed by Mathilde Tagger Manisa, formerly known as Magnasia or Magnésie, is situated in the North East of Izmir (38°36N 27°26E). A Jewish 'romaniote' community existed there from the Byzantine period, praying in the Etz Ha-Hayim Synagogue. After 1492, Jews expelled from Spain settled there, joining a hundred or so romaniote families. These newcomers founded two synagogues: Lorca and Toledo. At the end of the 19th century, Alliance Israélite Universelle inaugurated two schools, one for boys in 1891 and one for girls in 1896. At the beginning of the 20th century, the Jewish community numbered about 2000 souls out of a total population of some 40,000. The Greeks had conquered Manisa in 1919 and when they retreated in 1922, a large conflagration destroyed much of the town including many Jewish institutions. Most of the Jews left their community and emigrated to France, South America, U.S. and Israel. Today, there are no Jews in Manisa. There were three Jewish cemeteries in Manisa. The most ancient was damaged after the 1878 Turko-Russian war. In 1900 a wall was built around the second cemetery that was until then an open field. The third was acquired in the 1930s. The two ancient cemeteries have since been destroyed. At the time of writing his book, Abraham.Galante (see bibliography) could still read some of the oldest 16th c. tombstones. The tombstone data of the new cemetery has been collected and computerized by Prof. Minna Rozen (Diaspora Sudies Institute of

67. Meira - Article - Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra - Life & Astrological  Books of abraham ibn ezra is legion. The Hebraists who cited them from the twelfth tothe seventeenth century include Samuel Abu Nasr ibn Abbas, Eleazer ben Juda http://bear-star.com/article - ibn ezra - life and work.htm

Home About Meira Consultation Classes ... Links Rabbi Avraham Ibn Ezra by Meira Epstein, NCGR C.A. CONTENTS: His Life His Death His Astrological Work Yet Unknown Books ... Astrology and Religion Rabbi His Life Ibn Ezra was born in Tudela, Spain, but spent most of his life wandering from one country to another, always restless, always seeking knowledge, writing his books, teaching students, and always in great poverty, depending on people's patronage. In one of his personal poems he ironically says that at his nativity the stars changes their natural course to bring him misfortune, so much so that if he decided to sell candles the sun would never set, and if he decided to sell burial shrouds, no one would ever die. There are many anecdotes and legends about his lack of practicality in worldly matters on the one hand and his great wit and wisdom in intellectual matters on the other. At a young age he was married and a son, Itz'hak, was born. Tradition maintains that his wife was the daughter of the renowned Jewish poet and philosopher Rabbi Yehuda HaLevi. Years later, Itz'hak accompanied Yehuda HaLevi on his journey to the Holy Land, but parted ways with him and stayed behind in Baghdad, never to see his father again. In Baghdad, following his host, Itz'hak converted to Islam, and a few years later he died there of an illness. When Ibn Ezra received the news, he poured out his broken heart in a poem, mourning his son’s death and lamenting his own fate that deprived him of having a son to comfort him at his old age.

68. Kolel's Parasha Study Israel 10401105 Rashi - Shlomo ben Yitzchak, France 1085-1174 Shmuel ben Meir(Rashi’s grandson), France 1092-1167 abraham ben Meir Ibn ezra, Spain 1135 http://www.kolel.org/pages/parasha/commentator.html

Sign up to receive these Parasha thoughts each week automatically! Powered by www.yahoogroups.com What is Commentary Timeline Commentator Biographies What is Commentary? Once thought of as an entirely passive experience, reading is now understood more and more as 'interactive'- that is, that the reader 'constructs' meaning from the text. True of any written text (or even oral communication), but especially relevant to the study of Torah, just understanding the text (ie. the simple, intended meaning- or pshat ) is not always so simple. (Biblical scholars, for example, engage in this; typically, they are interested in what the original listener understood). However, unlike other ancient (and modern) documents, the biblical text is understood by the Rabbis to also speak to today's listener. For the Rabbis, the Torah, having a Divine Author, must be eternal. The Torah must therefore be relevant in every generation, and to every individual. So, in addition to trying to understand the text's pshat , the Rabbis also read the text with a desire to find meaning. While sometimes this secondary meaning may be outside the text's original meaning (

69. CHESMAYNE CHESMAYNE. ezra abraham ben Meir. ezra, abraham (10921167) link. 12th century. Author of several books and poet who wrote a 76 line http://www.chess-dictionary-chesmayne.net/Ezra Abraham Ben Meir Ibn.htm

CH ESMAYNE Ezra Abraham Ben Meir Ezra, Abraham (1092-1167) link th century. Author of several books and poet who wrote a 76 line Hebrew poem about the game of chess Shatranj

70. LookSmart Australia The Web Sites from Australia. Rabbi abraham ben Meir Ibn ezra (Abenezra).Directory Topics The World Personal Religion Belief http://explore.looksmart.com.au/synd-oz/explore/index.jsp?catPath=302562;317837;

71. Zeal.com - United States - New - Library - Humanities - History - Europe - By Re 1. allRefer Reference abraham ben Meir Ibn ezra http//reference.allrefer.com/encyclopedia/I/Ibnezra.htmlOffers a biographical sketch of the 12th century http://zeal.com/category/preview.jhtml?cid=10186497

72. A Window Into Jewish Medieval Life attacks on Jewish funeral processions, members of the benezra Synagogue in The letteris signed Moses ben Maimon, at the bottom The saga of abraham ben Yiju. http://www.tau.ac.il/taunews/97spring/medieval.html

Historic Chinese Treasure Trove To Hell and Back at TAU Creating Global Managers A New Force in Nature A Window into Jewish Medieval Life Edomites Advance into Judah Piecing Together the Past Testament to Links A Window into Jewish Medieval Life TAU celebrates 100 years since the discovery of the Cairo Geniza with a special Centennial Conference, held in conjunction with the Hebrew University by Daniella Ashkenazi Storage of manuscripts, books and various documents in an attic of the Ben Ezra synagogue in Fostat (ancient Cairo). (Diorama. Beth Hatefutsoth, Permanent Exhibition) Most people have heard of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Ask the average person if he's ever heard of the Cairo Geniza, however, and chances are that the response will be a shrug of the shoulders, or a suggestion that " perhaps you mean Giza - home of the Great Pyramids?" In fact, the Geniza is a treasure house of information far more important from a Jewish standpoint than the Dead Sea Scrolls, says world-renowned expert in the Geniza records, Prof. Mordechai A. Friedman, incumbent of the Joseph and Ceil Mazer Chair in Jewish Culture in Muslim Lands and Cairo Geniza Studies at TAU's Chaim Rosenberg School of Jewish Studies, the Lester and Sally Entin Faculty of the Humanities. Discovered 100 years ago, most of the Geniza's 250,000 fragments, including full page documents and a handful of books preserved in their entirety, were penned by members of the Jewish community in Cairo over a period of 250 years, between 1000 and 1250. They shed light on the mainstream of Jewish life and society during a period that had long remained in the dark due to scanty documentation, says Prof. Friedman.

73. Egyptvoyager.com: The Roman Fort- Roman Cairo It was acquired by the Jewish community around the ninth centuryand restored by Rabbi abraham benezra in the twelfth century. http://www.egyptvoyager.com/towns_cairo_history_roman_romanfort.htm

destinations in egypt cairo : roman cairo : roman fort Cairo: History Roman Cairo The Roman fort The Greek Orthodox Church and Monastery of St George (Mari Girgis) is built onto the northern of the twin western towers of the Roman fort. The current structure was built in 1909 after being gutted by fire in 1904, but the original church is documented from the tenth century. This is the seat of the Greek Orthodox Patriarch and the Monastery is closed to the public. Until recently, the basement of this church provided access to the lower rooms of the tower of Babylon, but these rooms have now been 'renovated' and no longer bear any trace of their Roman origins; nor are they open to visitors. Also of interest inside the fort are the Convent of St George, the Churches of St Sergius/St Bacchus and St Barbara and the Synagogue of Ben Ezra. The Convent is closed, but its tenth-century chapel is worth a visit. The crypt of St Sergius's church is reputedly where the Holy Family sheltered after their flight into Egypt; it suffers badly from water damage (as indeed does all of Old Cairo, although steps are being taken by the Egyptian Government to drain groundwater from the area). This ancient Church was the seat of the Coptic Patriarch from the ninthcentury, but it has undergone some restoration.

74. Astrología Clásica Translate this page abraham ben ezra, nacido en Tudela en 1089, posee una lista de obras científicasmuy larga, posiblemente debido al hecho de que a menudo escribió dos o más http://www.segundoruiz.com/astrologia_clasica.htm

La Astrología Clásica Aparte de la astrología moderna, existe otro tipo de astrología, a la cual me voy a referir como astrología clásica o astrología tradicional, que, según mi criterio, es muy diferente a la moderna. La astrología clásica que yo practico se basa en las enseñanzas de los astrólogos árabes y judíos españoles, recopiladas por Alfonso X el Sabio en la Edad Media, y bebe de las primeras fuentes de la astrología occidental, de maestros antiguos como Claudio Ptolomeo, Doroteo de Sidón, Vettius Valens, etc. También astrólogos de otros países, como el inglés William Lilly y el francés Morín de Villefranche, han perfeccionado y mejorado la astrología clásica en épocas posteriores a la Edad Media. Hoy en día en España hay grandes astrólogos que continúan esta tradición, entre los cuales destacan, por citar algunos nombres, Tito Maciá, Pepa Sanchís o Joan Estadella. La astrología clásica funciona y es útil en la actualidad, si bien es cierto que, para poder practicarla hay que conocer bien la tradición astrológica y estar familiarizado con la filosofía hermética, la cábala y el misticismo medieval. Además de una faceta espiritual, esta astrología también presenta una faceta científica. Los astrólogos clásicos no tienen ningún problema a la hora de aceptar la práctica predictiva de la astrología y, de hecho, consideran que toda ciencia es predictiva. Las técnicas de los astrólogos antiguos, muy complejas, están muy enfocadas a la predicción de acontecimientos. Esto en la astrología psicológica moderna ha perdido importancia. No obstante, tanto la astrología clásica como la moderna estudian la relación entre el Cielo y la Tierra, el Macrocosmos y el Microcosmos.

75. LN00005.htm Translate this page Salomon ben BARON Simha ben ezra Anne ben ezra benjamin ben Mardochee ben SIMONMhana ben YAICHE Isaac ben YAICHE Reine BIJAOUI abraham BIJAOUI Isaac http://perso.wanadoo.fr/bob.cassuto/RegIII/Liste/LN00005.htm

Liste des individus BEN BARON Esther BEN BARON Hanania BEN BARON Hanania BEN BARON Hillel ... INDEX DES NOMS

76. Cairo (5 Days), Nile Cruise (8 Days) Detailed Itinarary Day By Day abraham ben Meir Ibn ezra, (c.10891164), was a Spanish-Jewish scholar. abrahamben Meir Ibn ezra, (c.1089-1164), was a Spanish-Jewish scholar. http://www.christmasinegypt.com/Common/PackageResult.asp.Cairo_(5_Days),_Nile_Cr

Home www.christmasinegypt.com Quick Search Nile Cruise Hotels ... Contact us By Activity Safari Historical Diving Golf ... Religious By Budget 250 US$ 500 US$ 750 US$ 1000 US$ ... More ... By Destination Cairo Luxor Aswan Sharm El Sheikh ... Dahab By Category Family Honymooners Students Groups ... Solo Traveler By Duration One Week Two Weeks Three Weeks More ... Please Note That the below Itinerary is only a sample Itinarery. It can be tailored, changed or order reversed depending on the requested package and / or Nile Cruise Chain. Cairo (5 Days), Nile Cruise (8 Days) Day 1 Arrive Cairo where you will be met by our representative, who will help you with your arrival formalities, then you will be escorted to your hotel for an overnight. Areas Cairo Meals N/A Day 2 Breakfast. Departure from hotel towards some of Egypt's earliest and greatest monuments. We will begin with the Pyramids of Giza, where we'll be awed by their timeless splendor as we watch the light shine on the Great Pyramids of Cheops and Chephren, guarded by the eternal enigmatic visage of the Great Sphinx. There you can have an optional camel ride to the nearby the Great Sphinx that is carved out of a single massive outcrop of limestone. You Can also have an optional visit to Solar Boat Museum, which houses a royal barge built to carry the pharaoh's soul on its afterlife journey.

77. I = I-point E abraham ben Ibn-ezra b. in Tudela, Spain. Author of Hebrewchess works. E BW = 1092. IBN-ezra; abraham Ibn-ezra died in London. http://www.chessworld.org/I.htm

I Start i = i-point E I-Punkt I = ITA = Italien I = Italien n Italy E I album ceskoslovenskych sachovych skladieb Q VOLF, J. and Formanek, B. (20cm x 15cm, 60pp, stapled, white edge). 314 works of all kinds by Czechoslovak composers; in Czech and Slovak. UV CSTV Vedeckometodicke Oddeleni, 1976. Formerly in the possession of N. A. Macleod; presented by Mrs Macleod. [BL] I as Ilijumzhinov I CESKE ALBUM SACHOVYCH SKLADEB Q (21cm x 15cm, 40pp, stapled, light blue edge). Results of the first Czech album, with 190 compositions and an introduction; in Czech. SNZZ, Brno, 1995. [BL] I Copa Brilha Lages 05.12.96 Lages. BRA 2.4 –Zone E I don‘t believe that EC E I know Him So Well E Song aus Musical “Chess” I Strongly suggest move EC D I suggest move EC D I Torneio Magistral 26.09.96 Natal. BRA 2.4 –Zone E I UPPNAMI “an original Chess-tale”; Q (24cm x 16cm, 61pp, tattered grey spine). Problem supplement. 68 problems in two and three moves, preceded by in Icelandic. Supplement to I Uppnami, 1901. [BL] I warned you EC I would like E ich möchte gern i.

78. Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra, Michael Linetsky -Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezras Commentary No. 1 Rabbi abraham Ibn ezras Commentary on the Creation . written by. abrahamBen Meir Ibn ezra, Michael Linetsky. Isadore Twersky, Jay M. Harris ! http://www.reviewofbooks.net/298476rabbi_abraham_ibn_ezras_commentary_creation.h

Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezras Commentary on the Creation No. 1: Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezras Commentary on the Creation . [written by] Abraham Ben Meir Ibn Ezra, Michael Linetsky Isadore Twersky, Jay M. Harris ! Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra: Studies in the Writings of a Twelfth-Century Jewish Polymath. Isadore Twersky, Jay M. Harris ! Rabbi Abraham Ibn Ezra: Studies in the Writings of a Twelfth-Century Jewish Polymath. Bruce Chilton ! Rabbi Jesus: An Intimate Biography. Bruce Chilton ! Rabbi Jesus An Intimate Biography. home

79. Ibn Gabirol, Solomon Ben Judah his name a number of times, combining it with that of his father Judah Ibn (or ben)Gabirol Jewish philosophers such as Moses ibn ezra, and abraham ibn ezra http://www.wzo.org.il/en/resources/view.asp?id=1182

80. La Cultura Judía En Los Reinos Cristianos. Translate this page La ciencia árabe influyó en el estudio de la Astronomía, significándose enesta ciencia abraham ben Daud, abraham ben ezra y Yehudá Cohen entre otros. http://sefarad.rediris.es/textos/0cultura.htm

La cultura judía en los reinos cristianos. La sociedad judía de los siglos X, XI y XII corre pareja con la cristiana. En esta época se mantiene una cierta estabilidad social y, por tanto, el matrimonio constituye la base de la familia judía, pudiendo practicar libremente sus ritos religiosos y sus costumbres tradicionales. El nacimiento de un varón sigue siendo un acontecimiento importante para la familia judía. No obstante, la circuncisión es una de las grandes contradicciones de la convivencia, pues mientras los cristianos celebran la circuncisión de Jesús, condenan la práctica de este rito entre los judíos como pertinaz desafío religioso. Para los judíos españoles, la sinagoga sigue siendo el centro de la comunidad. La autoridad moral de los rabinos se constituyó en la guía espiritual del pueblo pero las normas prescritas en la Torá sobre la comida ritual kasher motivó que numerosas legislaciones prohibiesen a judíos y cristianos sentarse juntos a la mesa. La vida familiar giraba en torno a las mujeres de la casa. En las familias modestas trabajaban y se ocupaban del hogar y los hijos, mientras que entre la élite dirigente podían equipararse a las nobles damas cristianas. Las grandes familias judías vivían en la Corte y formaban la clase dirigente de las aljamas gracias a su poder económico e influencia con los monarcas, sobre todo en los siglos XIII y XIV; los Caballería, Benveniste, Santángel, Orabuena o Abravanel formaban con sus familias una casta aristocrática y privilegiada, rodeada en ocasiones de su propia corte. Las costumbres de las clases dirigentes eran a veces tan relajadas que contrastaban con la estricta moral del pueblo llano.

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