61. PICE Translate this page Amontons, Guillaume (1663-1705), físico francês bartholin, erasmus (1625-98),médico dinamarquês Bernoulli, Daniel (1700-1782), matemático e físico http://www.fis.ufba.br/dfg/pice/pice-retratos.htm

Curso Seleção Eventos e Congressos Links ... Principal Retratos de Cientistas (com algumas biografias) 1. Cientistas e Filósofos Antigos (até séc. V) Alcmaeon (c. 500 a.C. - ?), médico grego Anaxágoras (c. 500 - c. 428 a.C.), filósofo grego Anaximandro (610 - c. 546 a.C.), filósofo grego Apolônio (c. 261 - c. 190 a.C.), matemático grego Aristarco (c. 320 - c. 250 a.C.), astrônomo grego Aristóteles (384-322 a.C.), filósofo e cientista grego Arquimedes (c. 287 - c. 212 a.C.), matemático e físico grego Boethius, Anicius (c. 480 - 524), filósofo romano Calipo (c. 370 - c. 300 a.C.), astrônomo grego Celsus, Aulus Cornelius (c. 10 a.C.- ?), enciclopedista romano Conon (c. 300 a.C. - ?), matemático grego Ctesibio (c. 200 a.C.), inventor grego Demócrito (c. 470 - c. 380 a.C.), filósofo e cientista grego Diofanto (c. 210 - c. 290), matemático grego Dioscórides (c. 20 a.D. - ?), médico greco-romano Empédocles (c. 490 -c. 430 a.C.), filósofo e médico grego Erasístrato (c. 304 - c. 250 a.C.), médico grego Eratostenes (c. 276 - c. 196 a.C.), astrônomo grego

62. The Scientific Revolution - 700 Biographies - Scientific Community Of The 17th C bartholin, erasmus (1625 - 1698) - (Life Span 73) Father s Occupation/StatusMedicine; Academic; Father s Financial Status Affluent; Country of Birth http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-

The Scientific Revolution: A Comprehensive Single Listing of the Westfall Catalogue: The Scientific Community of the Scientific Revolution - Compiled from R.S. Westfall's data by Robert A. Hatch - With Permission of G. Westfall T H E S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N The Scientific Revolution - (1450-1750) - A Collective Biography A Comprehensive - Searchable List - 700 Biographies Created from Westfall's DSB Catalogue Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida Nota Bene: T he following biographical index to the Scientific Revolution has been constructed from D-Base files originally compiled under the direction of Richard S. Westfall. Each of the individuals listed below was included in the Dictionary of Scientific Biography . I have developed this single comprehensive list of some 700 individuals from the Scientific Revolution to facilitate a ' First Search ' capability. The purpose is twofold. This list is designed at once to allow users a general overview of the Scientific Community while also providing quick access to basic information on each individual. By design, 'First Search' entries are short and searchable and serves as an Index. After surveying this Comprehensive Index, users are then advised to conduct a '

63. TH E SCIEN TIFI C REVOLUTION bartholin, erasmus 5869. Not Consulted Axel Garboe, Nicolaus Steno erasmusbartholin in Danmarks geologiske undersogelse, 4th ser., 3, no. http://web.clas.ufl.edu/users/rhatch/pages/03-Sci-Rev/SCI-REV-Home/resource-ref-

Scientific Revolution - Westfall - DSB - Catalogue - RSW-DSB-RAH - Scientific Revolution - Dr Robert A. Hatch T H E S C I E N T I F I C R E V O L U T I O N WESTFALL CATALOGUE - SCIENTIFIC COMMUNITY Dr Robert A. Hatch - University of Florida Search - Name - Word - Category - Concept - Secondary Source - Author Bachet de Meziriac, Claude-Gaspar 1. Dates Born: Bourg-en-Bresse, 9 October1581; Died: Bourg-en-Bresse, 26 February 1638; Datecode: Lifespan: 57 2. Father: Aristocrat; Government Position. The honorable Jean Bachet, from an ancient and noble family, appeals judge in Bresse, the highest judicial official in the province, and counselor to Henry II. He died when Bachet was six. It seems clear that he grew up in wealthy circumstances 3. Nationality : Birth: Bourg-en-Bresse, France; Career: France; Death: Bourg-en-Besse, France 4. Education: Pad He had his early education in a house of the Jesuit order of the Duchy of Savoy. Probably studied in the Jesuit school in Lyons. Presumbly studied in Padua and may have been taught in a Jesuit School in Milan or Como. 5. Religion:

64. November 4 - Today In Science History Based on the absolute date of that artifact, other artifacts of thatgeographical region are compared and dated. erasmus bartholin. http://www.todayinsci.com/11/11_04.htm

NOVEMBER 4 - BIRTHS Sir Joseph Rotblat (source) Born 4 Nov 1908 Polish-born British physicist who is a leading critic of nuclear weaponry. Rotblat and the Pugwash Conferences, "for their efforts to diminish the part played by nuclear arms in international politics and in the longer run to eliminate such arms," received theNobel Peace Prize in 1995. Forty years earlier, he and other scientists, with philosopher Bertrand Russell and Albert Einstein, published a manifesto calling on researchers to take responsibility for their work, particularly those working on the atomic bomb. This led to the Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, first convened in 1957 in Pugwash, Nova Scotia, Canada. He was secretary-general (1957-73), and president (from 1988) of this London-based worldwide organization. Spyridon Marinatos (image) Born 4 Nov 1901; died 1 Oct 1974. Spyridon Nikolaou Marinatos was a Greek archaeologist whose most notable discovery was the site of an ancient port city on the island of Thera , in the southern Aegean Sea. The city, the name of which was not discovered, apparently had about 20,000 inhabitants when it was

65. Table Of Contents Translate this page ARTICLE, bartholin, erasmus CLXIX. Wahrnehmung. Von dem IsländischenCrystall, 253. . ARTICLE, bartholin, erasmus CLXX. Wahrnehmung. http://134.76.163.65/agora_docs/147754TABLE_OF_CONTENTS.html

Der Römisch-Kaiserlichen Akademie der Naturforscher auserlesene medizinisch-chirurgisch-anatomisch-chymisch- und botanische Abhandlungen Bibliographic description for this electronic document This is volume 2 of Der Römisch-Kaiserlichen Akademie der Naturforscher auserlesene medizinisch-chirurgisch-anatomisch-chymisch- und botanische Abhandlungen TITLE PAGE PREFACE ARTICLE Berniz, Martin Bernhardi von I. Wahrnehmung. Von der Abbildung des Reichs-Adlers in dem Engelfüß ... Browsing list

66. The Science Bookstore - Chronology DeWitt, John Born 9/24/1625 Died 8/20/1672, 1625 AD, bartholin, erasmus Born8/13/1625 Died 11/4/1698, 1625 AD, Snell, Willebord Died 10/30/1626, 1626 AD, http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp?pg=4

67. The Science Bookstore - Chronology 1669 AD, Steno, N. Fossils correctly identified Nicolaus Steno. 1669 AD, bartholin,E. Double refraction of light erasmus bartholin. 1670 AD, Megaphone. http://www.thesciencebookstore.com/chron.asp?pg=5

68. Rabi Isidor Isaac (1898-1988) USA bartholin brothers, Thomas and erasmus. In fact, Ole lifted in erasmusbartholin s house, where he studied astronomy and mathematics. http://www.mlahanas.de/Stamps/Data/PHPerson/R.htm

R Rabi Isidor Isaac (1898-1988) USA Nobel Physics prize for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei Racah Yoel (Giulio) (1909-1965) Rainwater Leo James (1917-1986) USA Nobel Physics prize for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection Raman Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata (1888-1970) India Nobel Physics prize for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him. Born November 7, 1888 in Madras. He died November 21, 1970 in Bangalore, India. - India 548 Ramsey Norman F. (1915-) USA Nobel Physics prize for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks Reines Frederick (1918-1998) USA Nobel Physics prize for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics for the detection of the neutrino Richardson Robert C. (1937-) USA

69. Boyle Workdiaries Index Of References Ball, William WD 36105. Barlow, William WD 22-63 WD 22-64 WD 22-65 WD22-66 WD 22-67 WD 22-68. bartholin, erasmus WD 32-8. Barèges WD 36-70. http://www.livesandletters.ac.uk/boyle/boyle_ref.htm

Research Masters in Research News and Events Contacts ... Robert Boyle Workdiaries Boyle Workdiaries Index of References Accademia del Cimento WD 22-198 WD 22-209 Agricola, Georgius WD 22-132 WD 22-214 Albemarle, Christopher Monck, 2nd Duke of WD 36-87 WD 36-89 Aldrovandi, Ulisse WD 22-48 Alexander the Great WD 28-980 Amatus Lusitanus WD 22-2 Anaxagoras WD 22-199 Andros, Sir Edmund WD 36-81 Archimedes WD 22-53 WD 28-859 WD 28-1001 Aristotle WD 22-17 WD 22-48 WD 22-65 WD 22-206 ... WD 40-3 Arnald of Villa Nova WD 31-3 Atkinson, Thomas WD 12-64 WD 12-95 Augustus WD 28-980 Bahrain Islands WD 22-99 Ball, Nepthlali WD 19-35 Ball, William WD 36-105 Barlow, William WD 22-63 WD 22-64 WD 22-65 WD 22-66 ... WD 22-68 Bartholin, Erasmus WD 32-8 Barèges WD 36-70 Bathurst, Ralph WD 13-20 Bauhin, Jean WD 22-17 WD 22-18 WD 22-19 WD 23-69 Beale, John WD 21-3 WD 21-24 Beauvoir, Gabriel de WD 13-16 Beguin, Jean WD 14-13 Benedetti, Alessandro WD 22-59 Benivieni, Antonio WD 22-1 Benlowes, Edward WD 12-62 WD 12-62a Bernier, François WD 22-192 WD 22-193 Berry, John WD 36-74 Blackmore, Richard WD 36-86 Bleny, Mary

70. Index For Surnames Beginning With B (Descendancy Pages) Elisabeth Birgitta , (bartholinFritz) , (Farenhusen-Johansdatter) , (Brygger-Ipsdatter), (Morian-Schilsers) , (Ennes-NN) bartholin, erasmus , (Ivers-Tetens http://www.d033049.suite.dk/internethtml/h_b.html

Index for surnames beginning with B (Descendancy Pages) For privacy reasons, Date of Birth and Date of Marriage for persons believed to still be living are not shown. A B C D ... Back to Main Page Baagøe, Marie Cathrine , (Baagøe) Bach, Jens Andersen , (Bach) Bach, Julie , (Kobberøe-Laursdatter) (Christensdatter-Damsgaard) (Poulsdatter-Thyrhove) (Snæver-Andersdatter) ... (Søndergård-Bach) Bach, Ole , (Søndergård-Bach) Badstue, Anne Christensdatter , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) Badstue, Christen Jensen , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Pedersdatter-Dybdahl) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) (Christophersen-Neergaard) Badstue, Christen Nielsen , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Pedersdatter-Dybdahl) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) (Christophersen-Neergaard) Badstue, Christen Pedersen (d. 25 DEC 1793) , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) Badstue, Christen Pedersen , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) Badstue, Dorthe Pedersdatter , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) Badstue, Hendrick Jensen , (Christensen-Chrsitensdatter) (Pedersdatter-Dybdahl) (Rolighed-Christensdatter) (Christophersen-Neergaard) Badstue, Inger Catrine Jensen

71. Roemer Translate this page Là il a vécu et a étudié avec erasmus bartholin, un professeur demédecine mieux connu pour sa découverte de la double réfraction. http://www.ac-nantes.fr/peda/disc/scphy/dochtml/mpi/echelles/roemer.htm

Ole Roemer (1644-1710) , astronome danois Christensen Ole Roemer était le fils d'un négociant, né à Aarhus, Danemark. Il est allé à l'école de cathédrale d'Aarhus dans sa jeunesse et en 1662 a été envoyé à l'université de Copenhague. Là il a vécu et a étudié avec Erasmus Bartholin, un professeur de médecine mieux connu pour sa découverte de la double réfraction. Bartholin a considérablement estimé Roemer et lui a demandé d'éditer des manuscrits de l'astronome Tycho Brahe. Roemer a continué le projet de 1664 à 1670. En 1672, Roemer a commencé à travailler à l'observatoire royal à Paris. Peu après, il a été nommé précepteur d'astronomie du Dauphin par le Roi Louis XIV. Il a construit plusieurs planispheres, un Saturnilabium, un Jovilabium, et un micromètre avançé qui a été rapidement adopté. En 1679, il a été envoyé en Angleterre pour examiner les possibilités de mesure d'un pendule construit par la société royale et rencontré plusieurs des esprits scientifiques supérieurs du jour, dont Isaac Newton, John Flamsteed, et Edmond Halley. Il s'interressa aux sciences et recherches de son temps comme à la "science des thermomètres"

72. Edinburgh Geologist - Nicolaus Steno Thomas bartholin, a member of the family which dominated academic life in Denmarkfor three generations and included erasmus bartholin, who discovered double http://www.edinburghgeolsoc.org/z_41_02.html

E dinburgh G eological S ociety T he E dinburgh G eologist - I ssue no 41 - A utumn 2003 Nicholaus Steno and the foundations of geology by Peter Dryburgh Nicolaus Steno is perhaps best known in connection with the crystallographic law which states that the angle between two faces of a crystal is the same as the angle between the two corresponding faces of any other crystal of the same substance. Indeed, some text-books refer to this law as Steno's Law. What is much less widely appreciated is Steno's enormous contribution to the establishment of the whole science of geology. In order to understand his involvement in geology, it is helpful to know something of his background and the reasons for his international standing as a scientist, which arose initially from his work as an anatomist. Steno's early life and student days During the eight years for which Steno attended the grammar school, a quarter of the population of Copenhagen perished in an epidemic but, ironically, this early part of the seventeenth century was a period when the study of medicine was flourishing in Denmark. Upon leaving school in 1656, Steno matriculated in the University of Copenhagen to study anatomy and medicine. His tutor was the great anatomist Thomas Bartholin, a member of the family which dominated academic life in Denmark for three generations and included Erasmus Bartholin, who discovered double refraction in calcite in 1669. Academic life was severely disrupted in 1667 by the war with Sweden but Steno pursued his studies with diligence and intense concentration. The 'Chaos Manuscript', found in a library in Florence in the nineteen-fifties, consists of ninety pages of Steno's own notes from his time at the University of Copenhagen. There are detailed comments about his many experiments in different fields of study and his reflections on Christianity and philosophy. There are copious notes from a huge variety of sources and descriptions of the construction of different instruments and of chemical and metallurgical experiments. Of particular interest in a geological context, are his reflections on the problems of geomorphology and his emphatic declaration of the importance of practical observation.

73. Food For Thought: Biographies bartholin, Caspar Berthelsen (bartholinus) (Danish physician), 15851629.bartholin, erasmus (Danish physician, mathematician, physicist), 1625-1698. http://www.junkfoodforthought.com/bio/bio_B.htm

Baade, Wilhelm Heinrich Walter (German-born Am. astronomer) Baader, Franz Xaver von (German Roman Catholic philosopher) Baasha (or Baasa) (King of Israel c.900-877 BC) 9th cent. BC Baba Taher "'Oryan" (Persian poet) c.1000-1055? Babbage, Charles (English mathematician, inventor) Babbitt, Bruce Edward (American politician) b.1938 Babbitt, Irving (American scholar, educator) Babbitt, Isaac (American inventor) Babcock, Harold Delos (American astronomer) Babcock, Orville E. (American army officer) Babcock, Stephen Moulton (American agricultural chemist) Babel, Isaac Emmanuilovich (Russian writer) Babell, William (English organist, composer) c.1690-1723 Babes, Victor (Romanian physician, bacteriologist) Babeuf, Francois-Noel (pseud. Gracchus Babeuf) (Fr. agitator) Babic, Ljubomir (pen name Ksaver Sandor Djalski)(Croatian poet) Babinet, Jacques (French physicist) Babington, Anthony (English conspirator) Babinski, Joseph-Francois-Felix (French neurologist) Babits, Mihaly (Hungarian writer) Babo, Joseph Marius von (German dramatist) Babrius (Italian? writer of Greek fables)

74. OBSERVATORIUM TUSCULANUM Translate this page Nascite in Aarhus. Arrivava como juvene studente a Copenhagen, ubi ille studiavapresso su posterior patre affin del prime matrimonio, erasmus bartholin. http://www.castellina.org/interlingua/articoli/observatorio.html

OBSERVATORIUM TUSCULANUM Ole Rømer (1644-1710) Astronomo danese de fama mundial e genio universal. Nascite in Aarhus. Arrivava como juvene studente a Copenhagen, ubi ille studiava presso su posterior patre affin del prime matrimonio, Erasmus Bartholin. Laborava con le notas de observation de Tycho Brahe con le scopo de publication. Adjutava le astronomo francese Picard per locar Uranienborg sur le insula svedese Hven. Accompaniava 1672 Picard a Paris e la deveniva membro del Academia Scientific. Collaborava i.a. con celebritates como le philosopho e astronomo Leibnitz, le inventor del pendula Huygens, e Isaac Newton. Rømer discoperiva e mesurava in 1676 le hesitation del velocitate del lumine. Retornava in 1682 a Copenhagen, revocate per le rege. Travaliava ci usque a su morte, ultra como professor de astronomia, a causa de su versatilitate in plure officios. Ille assi esseva ingeniero urban, conductor urban, physico, judice del corte superior, rector universitari, chef del pumperos, chef de policia, burgomaestro etc. Version in interlingua Le Turre Rotunde Le Turre rotunde esseva, como se sape, construite per rege Christian IV e esseva finite in 1642. Illo fungeva al mesme tempore como turre de ecclesia, turre panoramic e observatorio astronomic (le plus vetere observatorio statal del mundo).

75. Seznam Osob Podle Jména: Ba-Bd 1954), herec. Bart. Barth, Marisa Ferrettiová, kanadský senátor;bartholin, erasmus, (umrel 1698), Dánština matematik; Bartholomew http://wikipedia.infostar.cz/l/li/list_of_people_by_name__ba_bd.html

švodn­ str¡nka Tato str¡nka v origin¡le Seznam osob podle jm©na: Ba-Bd Seznam osob podle jm©na B C D E F ... Br - Bs - Bt - Bu - Bv - Bw - Bx - - Bz Ba Bekot-Bab Bac Å patn½-Baf TaÅ¡ka ... Baz Bekot Baade, Walter, (1893-1960), astronom Baader, Andreas , (1944-77), Němec vůdce Červen¡ arm¡dn­ frakce Baader, Franz Xaver von , (1765-1841), filozof Bab Baba, Meher , Indick½ mystik Baba, Satya Sai , (narozen½ 1926), indick½ spiritualista Babacic, Esad, (narozen½ 1965), b¡sn­k Babbage, Charles , (1791-1871), britsk½ v½početn­ průkopn­k Babbitt, Bruce , (Demokrat) 1978-1987 Babbitt, Milton , (narozen½ 1916), skladatel Babel, Isaak , (1894-1940), autor Babilonia, Tai, (narozen½ 1959), krasobruslen­ hvězda Babington, Churchill , (1821-1889), botanik, archeolog Babur , (1483-1530), zakladatel Indie je Mughal Ř­Å¡e Bac Bacall, Lauren , (narozen½ 1924), n¡s herec Bacard �, Facundo, obchodn­k, zakladatel nebo Bacardi Bacaredda, Antonio Bacaredda, Ottone Bacchelli, Riccardo, romanopisec Bacchylides , (umřel c. 467 BC), b¡sn­k Bacciarelli, Marcello, polsk½ mal­Å™

76. Knihovna Sira Thomase Brownea Amsterdam 1647. erasmus, Prípravy na smrt, Basilej 1532; Thomas Aquinas Summa Thomasbartholin Anatomia Reformata Leyden 1651 bartholin de Medicina Danorun http://wikipedia.infostar.cz/l/li/library_of_sir_thomas_browne.html

švodn­ str¡nka Tato str¡nka v origin¡le Knihovna sira Thomase Brownea Tabulka s obsahem showTocToggle (" přehl­dka ", " se schovat ") 1 ºvod D¡vn½ svět Pozdn­ ř­msk¡ Ř­Å¡e / časn¡ křesÅ¥ansk¡ doba Renaissance a současn­ci ... 11 odkazů švod Ž¡dn½ jeden doklad pod¡ lepÅ¡­ důkaz učen­ sira Thomas Browne , muž, encyclopedist , a filozof, než 1711 Sales aukčn­ho katalogu jeho edice. To poskytuje pohled do rozÅ¡­Å™en­, prodej a dostupnost knih tiskli na rostouc­m počtu během 17th stolet­ Evropa , koupen½ inteligenc­, aristokracie , kněz, l©kař nebo vzdělal obchodn­ka-prvotř­dn­. 1711 Sales aukčn­ho katalogu vyp­Å¡e četbu cel©ho života jednotlivce. To eviduje seznam a objem jednoho 17th stalet¡ Evropa je nejrozs¡hlejÅ¡­, soukrom© knihovny stejně jako někter© ty zdroje pro encyklopedii Pseudodoxia Epidemica v­ce obyčejně zn¡m½ jak Vulg¡rn­ chyby . To tak© upozorn­ na pohřb­t-vztah mezi vědou, n¡boženstv­m a uměn­mi v sedmn¡ct©m stolet­, ačkoli přes pohled mikrokosmosa soukrom© knihovny jednoho z jeho vedouc­ch myslitelů; jak jakmile podotkl: ke studentovi minulosti n¡padů v jeho modern­m smyslu pohřb­t-vztah mezi filozofi­, vědou, umem a filozofi­, Browne je velk© důležitosti

77. Aa, Personal , Ahmet Kaya ,Þebnem Ferah , Göksel , Ebru Gündeþ 403*) Barlow, Peter (623) Barnes, Ernest (609*) Barocius, Franciscus (201) Barrow,Isaac (2332*) Barozzi, Francesco (201) bartholin, erasmus (189) Batchelor http://www.newturk.net/index111.html

English Turkish German French ... Spanish Top20 Free 1. Sexy toplist 3. Hitboss 4. Top20 Free 6. Webservis 7. ErciToplist 8. Sorf Toplist DO YOU WANT TO GET A FREE ALBUM Than click here. This is the easiest and free way. Create your own digital foto album. Click here and download it free. FLIPALBUM creates wicked 3D page-flipping photo album instantly and automatically. ALL FUN! NO HASSLE! Get your FREE TRIAL DOWNLOAD! HOVERFLY-2 INDOOR HELICOPTER Hoverfly is a great little helicopter. It comes attractively finished and ready to fly. It’s small, tough and quiet - and it flies indoors. Yet it handles just like its bigger brothers. You have a web site and you want to earn money, then click here. We recommend you the Otherlandtoys.co.uk, Commission Junction Program WWW Google Altavista document.write(""); document.write(""); document.write(""); document.write(""); var isjs=0, site=665, icon=3; var id = 100 document.write(""); var isjs=0, site=1780, icon=1; Search Web Auctions Forums Jobs for Free Mail UK Banner X Rate this site at CMATHER.COM Top 100! 10- Best 1- Worst Rate this site!

78. Welcome To The Rowland Institute At Harvard erasmus bartholin (16251698) was sent, in 1669, a transparent crystal from Iceland(Iceland spar) and, by rotating the crystal, he discovered that objects http://www.rowland.org/organization/land/polaroid.php

Principal Investigator... Howard Berg Dongmin Chen James Foley Winfield Hill Amit Meller Joel Parks Zvonimir Dogic Jiwoong Park Quick Link.... Administrative Resources Harvard University Employment Opportunities Contact Us Directions Library Michael Burns Alan Stern Member Directory Search our Site Rowland Seminars Freshman Seminar Current Research Past Research Safety Postings Contact People Search Seminars ... Rowland Main Overview of the Institute While not an official biography, the following is reprinted with the kind permission of the Royal Society. Polaroid Erasmus Bartholin (1625-1698) was sent, in 1669, a transparent crystal from Iceland (Iceland spar) and, by rotating the crystal, he discovered that objects seen through it appeared double. He correctly deduced that light traveling through the crystal was refracted at two different angles. Today, these are still called the ordinary and extraordinary rays. The explanation required the genius of Thomas Young (1773-1829) to account for them some 150 years later: the two rays were polarized at right angles to each other. William Nicol (1768-1851) had the ingenious idea of cementing two crystals of Iceland spar together with Canada balsam so that each ray was separated at right angles. The resulting Nicol prism could then be used to measure the angle of polarization of compounds, which later resulted in a profound understanding of many aspects of chemistry. Today, Nicol prisms are still very expensive, bulky and of limited aperture. Edwin Land, when a Harvard freshman, conceived the idea that a polarizer might be made by lining up a myriad of tiny crystals (iodoquinine sulphate) in the same direction and embedding them in transparent plastic which, when set, prevented the crystals from drifting apart. The new polarizer was patented in 1929. With his Harvard physics instructor, George Wheelwright III, he set up the Land-Wheelwright Laboratories in 1932. He established the Polaroid Corporation in Boston in 1937. Thus the word Polaroid was born and entered the dictionary.

79. Aml: How Do Polarized Sunglasses Work? In 1669 erasmus bartholin discovered the polarization of light bydouble refraction in Iceland spar. This finding had a profound http://pw2.netcom.com/~mrlucky/polarized.html

How do polarized sunglasses work? Who's the next question from? Jamie? What a surprise! "How do polarized sunglasses work?" asks this bartender with a passion for knowledge. He just wasn't satisfied with the answer, "You put 'em on and everything gets darker. Now how's about another Gibson?" So I hadda do some reading. thin films transverse wave , in which vibration occurs at right angles to the direction of propagation. These waves can have any vector that is perpendicular to the light's path. Typical non-coherent light, when passed through a polarizing substance, is diminished because one plane of the beam's vibration is removed. Polarizing substances work by either reflection, refraction, or in most man-made polarizers, by absorption. Complex, man-made polarizing crystals are produced in a plastic matrix and oriented by stretching.

80. Mineralogy: A History Of Blowpipe Analysis By Martin On 4/21/2002 1663 and 1665. In 1670 erasmus bartholin wrote concerning the calcinationof calcite to lime, by use of a blowpipe. In 1679 Kunckel http://www.rockhounds.com/rocknet/archive/messages/17714.shtml

Archive Index Start New Topic FAQ and User Tips Back to the Shop Mineralogy: A history of blowpipe analysis A BRIEF HISTORY OF BLOWPIPE ANALYSIS The beginnings of chemistry may be traced far back in history. The Egyptians experimented with substances such as borax and soda (sodium carbonate) found in the desert. These were only the beginnings of science as it was mixed with superstition. The word alchemy meant the art of the land of Khem (northern Africa), the term in turn derived from an ancient ancestor Kham, or Ham, one of Noah's sons. Eventually however, the superstition of alchemy was dropped around the time of Robert Boyle, one of the new scientists, who in 1661 had published The Sceptical Chymist. From then on the name of the science was permanently changed to a respectable Chemistry. The blowpipe was developed probably by the first alchemists in the land of Khem, wood being scarce and such a device making a hotter flame using less fuel. This is a tube which, when blown into, introduces a fine jet of air into the flame, increasing its heat at a small point. Directed against a sample, it may, depending upon its position, either be used to oxidize or reduce the sample. The blowpipe was used for centuries by glassblowers and smiths working in silver and gold, and possibly by some miners in crude assays of ores, but after the age of alchemy had died and the age of chemistry had started, it then, partly due to the growth of science and the printing of books, became widely known in its use in mineral analysis.

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