1. Newsletter 44, November 2000: History And Culture In Mathematics Education rule 47), Thakkura Pheru (c. 1300) in his Ganitasara, and aryabhata ii in his Mahasiddhanta(now placed in the 16 th century) give (6) with k = v10/3. As a http://www.hpm-americas.org/nl48/nl48frm.html

International Study Group on the Relations Between HISTORY and PEDAGOGY of MATHEMATICS NEWSLETTER An Affiliate of the International Commission on Mathematical Instruction: No. 48, November 2001 A new formula from Babylonian mathematics A particular rule for finding the arc length of a bow-figure (i.e. segment of a circle) has been found on an ancient Babylonian tablet. fig.1 Let s, c, h be, respectively, the length of the arc PNQ (see fig.1), chord PQ, and the arrow or height MN of the circular segment (assumed to be not greater than a semicircle). Then the formula extracted from the procedure given in the old Babylonian text BM85194 (dated about 1600BC) is equivalent to s c h Actually, the scribe used (1) for finding h (without specifying it so) correctly equal to 10 from given s = 60 and c = 50. The true formula is s d sin c d where the diameter is given by the familiar rule c h d h But the exact formula (2) is not expected to be known in that remote pre-trigonometric antiquity and the empirical rule (1) can be regarded to be quite practical. Surprisingly the rule (1) is found preserved in some later traditions (see below). As an application of (1), consider the old common formula

2. Madhurima's Page - Scientific Literature Of Ancient India a physician, moralist and philopher.(ii)Sushruta Samhita of Sushruta is a Manjulacharya's (932 AD) Laghumanasa; aryabhata ii's (950AD) Mahasddhanta; BhaskaracharyaII's (1114 http://www.geocities.com/fisik_99/sci_liter.htm

About me Food Arts Places ... Miscellaneous SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE OF ANCIENT INDIA Science is essentially the systematic study of anything. It is a well known fact that science was well developed in ancient India. Science was cultivated by the brahminical schools. It was preserved and written in the form of Sutras - formulae. Later commentaries were written to explain these sutras. A vast collection of scientific literature is available in India of which a few are mentioned here. GRAMMAR The earliest known work on grammar is the Asthadhyi of Panini (circa 4-5 C BC)which refers to previous works. The Vartikas of Katyayana (3 C BC) are the critical, explanatory and commentary works of some rules of Panini. Patanjali's Mahabhasha (2 C BC) is a commentary on the Vartikas. Vakyapadiya of Bhartrihari (7 C AD) is more a work on the philosophy of language. LEXICOGRAPHY (KOSHAS) Koshas were a collection of rare and important works and their meanings. Unlike the modern dictionaries the Koshas were in the form of verses. They were of two types: those of synonyms and those of homonyms. The best known works are Amarasimha's Namalinganushasana (or AMARAKOSHA) - a three section dictionary of synonyms and Shasvata's Anekarthasamuchchaya - a dictionary of homonyms.

3. SDDS Volume 1 Issue 16 KAUTILYA's ARTHA SASTRA ii. RAMA BARATHA SAMVADA in Ramayana a.k.a RAMA GITA 6 JYOTISH SASTRA (ASTRONOMY AND ASTROLOGY) i. aryabhata ii. VARAHAMIHIRA iii. PARASARA iv http://www.srivaishnava.org/sgati/sddsv1/v01016.htm

Vol 01.016 Pre-SaraNAgati Issues 28 October, 1996 In this Issue: From Rahasya Traya Sara Adhikara 25 Prabhaava Vyavasta Adhikara (Limitations under which Bhakti and Prapatti operate) Adhikara 26 Prabhaava Raksha Adhikara (Vindication of the efficacy of Prapatti) From Chapter 3 of " Hinduism Rediscovered" Sources of Knowledge - Sastras and Vedangas Annexure 1 : A Note on Astrology 1. FROM RAHASYA TRAYA SARA ADHIKARA 25 : PRABHAVA VYAVASTHA ADHIKARA (Limitations under which Bhakti and Prapatti operate) Certain people exaggerate the efficacy of Prapatti to absurd extents. This chapter seeks to disabuse the views so expressed on certain aspects. ( 1 ) That even though one is born in a lower caste, he becomes one of a higher caste on performing Prapatti. The answer is that so long as the body exists, the caste does not change. EVEN A TEMPLE COW, HOWEVER HOLY IT MIGHT BE, REMAINS ONLY A COW. Even though Sri Krishna eulogized VIDURA a person belonging to the fourth caste, he did not say that he changed his caste. Similarly, even Viswamitra never became a Brahmin. The story regarding his birth shows that since his mother partook of the potion meant for a Brahmin foetus, he was already a Brahmin indeed by birth but his brahminic traits remained eclipsed. This does not mean that one can afford to despise another on the basis of caste. EVEN A PERSON OF THE SO CALLED LOWER CASTE, IF THEY ARE DEVOTEES - DUE

4. The Date Of Mahabharata Based On The Indian Astronomical Works with Saka era in some places later. Aryabhata makes a specific mention about Bharata in his Aryabhatiyam i.4), MahaSiddhanta of aryabhata ii (i.5), Siddhanta-sekhara (i http://www.hindunet.org/saraswati/colloquium/astronomy01.htm

Mahabharata as the sheet-anchor of bharatiya itihasa International Colloquium The Date of Mahabharata Based on the Indian Astronomical Works K.V. Ramakrishna Rao, B.Sc., M.A., A.M.I.E., C.Eng.(I)., B.L., Introduction The date of Mahabharat is analyzed for determination only based on the Indian astronomical works. The following facts are taken into consideration for such critical study: The Indian astronomers of Siddhantic works and followers have recorded the date of Bharata implying Mahabharat war in particular and starting of Kaliyuga or Era, that is used to reckon the dates of themselves at many places and in conjunction with Saka era in some places later. Aryabhata makes a specific mention about Bharata in his Aryabhatiyam. Most of the scholars including westerners have taken the connotation of it as referring to Mahabharat and in particular Mahabharat war, because, that is considered as the staring point of Kaliyuga / era in Indian astronomy and history too. Therefore, taking the astronomical works - Siddhantas, Tantras and Karanas like - Aryabhatiyam, Mahabhaskariyam, Vatesvara - Siddhanta

5. History Of Mathematics: Chronology Of Mathematicians 965) *SB. aryabhata ii (fl. c.? 9501100) *SB Gerbert d'Aurillac, Pope Sylvester II (c. 945-1003) *SB http://aleph0.clarku.edu/~djoyce/mathhist/chronology.html

Chronological List of Mathematicians Note: there are also a chronological lists of mathematical works and mathematics for China , and chronological lists of mathematicians for the Arabic sphere Europe Greece India , and Japan Table of Contents 1700 B.C.E. 100 B.C.E. 1 C.E. To return to this table of contents from below, just click on the years that appear in the headers. Footnotes (*MT, *MT, *RB, *W, *SB) are explained below List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT Apastamba (c. 600) Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. Katyayana (c. 500) Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) Kidinu (c. 480) Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT Hippocrates of Chios (fl. c. 440) *SB Meton (c. 430) *SB

6. Aryabhata_II aryabhata ii. Born about 920 in India Died about 1000 in India. Essentiallynothing is known of the life of aryabhata ii. Historians http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aryabhata_II.html

Aryabhata II Born: about 920 in India Died: about 1000 in India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Essentially nothing is known of the life of Aryabhata II. Historians have argued about his date and have come up with many different theories. In [1] Pingree gives the date for his main publications as being between 950 and 1100. This is deduced from the usual arguments such as which authors Aryabhata II refers to and which refer to him. G R Kaye argued in 1910 that Aryabhata II lived before al-Biruni but Datta [2] in 1926 showed that these dates were too early. The article [3] argues for a date of about 950 for Aryabhata II's main work, the Mahasiddhanta, but R Billiard has proposed a date for Aryabhata II in the sixteenth century. Most modern historians, however, consider the most likely dates for his main work as around 950 and we have given very approximate dates for his birth and death based on this hypothesis. See [7] for a fairly recent discussion of this topic. The most famous work by Aryabhata II is the Mahasiddhanta which consists of eighteen chapters. The treatise is written in Sanskrit verse and the first twelve chapters form a treatise on mathematical astronomy covering the usual topics that Indian mathematicians worked on during this period. The topics included in these twelve chapters are: the longitudes of the planets, eclipses of the sun and moon, the projection of eclipses, the lunar crescent, the rising and setting of the planets, conjunctions of the planets with each other and with the stars.

7. Aryabhata_II Biography of aryabhata ii. (9201000) Essentially nothing is known of the life of aryabhata ii. Historians have argued about his date and arguments such as which authors aryabhata ii refers http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Aryabhata_II.html

Aryabhata II Born: about 920 in India Died: about 1000 in India Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Essentially nothing is known of the life of Aryabhata II. Historians have argued about his date and have come up with many different theories. In [1] Pingree gives the date for his main publications as being between 950 and 1100. This is deduced from the usual arguments such as which authors Aryabhata II refers to and which refer to him. G R Kaye argued in 1910 that Aryabhata II lived before al-Biruni but Datta [2] in 1926 showed that these dates were too early. The article [3] argues for a date of about 950 for Aryabhata II's main work, the Mahasiddhanta, but R Billiard has proposed a date for Aryabhata II in the sixteenth century. Most modern historians, however, consider the most likely dates for his main work as around 950 and we have given very approximate dates for his birth and death based on this hypothesis. See [7] for a fairly recent discussion of this topic. The most famous work by Aryabhata II is the Mahasiddhanta which consists of eighteen chapters. The treatise is written in Sanskrit verse and the first twelve chapters form a treatise on mathematical astronomy covering the usual topics that Indian mathematicians worked on during this period. The topics included in these twelve chapters are: the longitudes of the planets, eclipses of the sun and moon, the projection of eclipses, the lunar crescent, the rising and setting of the planets, conjunctions of the planets with each other and with the stars.

8. References For Aryabhata_II References for aryabhata ii. SK Jha and VN Jha, Computation of sinetable basedon the Mahasiddhanta of aryabhata ii, J. Bihar Math. Soc. 14 (1991), 9-17. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/References/Aryabhata_II.html

References for Aryabhata II. Biography in Dictionary of Scientific Biography (New York 1970-1990). Articles: B Datta, Two Aryabhatas of al-Biruni, Bull. Calcutta Math. Soc. T Hayashi, T Kusuba and M Yano, Indian values for derived from Aryabhata's value, Historia Sci. No. S K Jha and V N Jha, Computation of sine-table based on the Mahasiddhanta of Aryabhata II, J. Bihar Math. Soc. V N Jha, Aryabhata II's method for finding cube root of a number, Ganita Bharati V N Jha, Indeterminate analysis in the context of the Mahasiddhanta of Aryabhata II, Indian J. Hist. Sci. D Pingree, On the date of the Mahasiddhanta of the second Aryabhata, Ganita Bharati Main index Birthplace Maps Biographies Index History Topics ... Anniversaries for the year JOC/EFR November 2000 School of Mathematics and Statistics University of St Andrews, Scotland The URL of this page is: http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/References/Aryabhata_II.html

9. Swaveda - Background - Mathematics In Ancient India - Introduction arithmetic with other systems, such as the Greek system of numerals I, II, III, X, G, L etc 950 AD Maha-Siddhanta by aryabhata ii. 1039 AD - Siddhanta-Sekhara http://www.theinquirer.net/clickthru.aspx?id=566

10. 8 IV. Mathematics Over The Next 400 Years (700AD-1100AD) Prior to Bhaskara II it is worth noting the contributions of aryabhata ii (c 9201000AD) a mathematical-astronomer who notably made important contributions to http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Projects/Pearce/Chapters/Ch8_4.h

Indian Mathematics MacTutor Index Previous page (8 III. Brahmagupta, and the influence on Arabia) Contents Next page (8 V. Bhaskaracharya II) 8 IV. Mathematics over the next 400 years (700AD-1100AD) Mahavira (or Mahaviracharya), a Jain by religion, is the most celebrated Indian mathematician of the 9 th century. His major work Ganitasar Sangraha was written around 850 AD and is considered 'brilliant'. It was widely known in the South of India and written in Sanskrit due to his Jaina 'faith'. In the 11 th century its influence was still being felt when it was translated into Telegu (a regional language of the south). Mahavira was aware of the works of Jaina mathematicians and also the works of Aryabhata (and commentators) and Brahmagupta , and refined and improved much of their work. What makes Mahavira unique is that he was not an astronomer, his work was confined solely to mathematics and he stands almost entirely alone in the history of Indian mathematics (at least up to the 14 th century) in this respect. He was a member of the mathematical school at Mysore in the south of India and his major contributions to mathematics include: Arithmetic: GSS was the first text on arithmetic in the present form. He made the classification of arithmetical operators simpler. Detailed operations with fractions (and unit fractions), but no section on decimals (which were not an Indian invention).

11. Great Indian Mathematicians Mahavira (Mahaviracharya), (850). Pruthudakaswami, (850). Sridhara, (900). Manjula,(930). aryabhata ii. (950). Prashastidhara, (958). Halayudha, (975). Jayadeva,(1000). http://hinduism.about.com/library/weekly/extra/bl-indianmathematicians.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Hinduism Home Essentials ... Articles Archive zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Astrology The Bhagavad Gita Hinduism for Kids Ancient India ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Hinduism newsletter. Search Hinduism Great Mathematicians Mathematicians of India MATHEMATICIAN TIME PERIOD Baudhayana (700 B.C.E.) Apastamba Katyayana Umaswati (150 B.C.E.) Aryabhata (476-c. 550 C.E.) Varahamihira (c. 505-c. 558) Brahmagupta (c. 598-c. 670) Govindaswami (c. 800-850) Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) Pruthudakaswami Sridhara Manjula Aryabhata II Prashastidhara Halayudha Jayadeva Sripathi Hemachandra Suri (b. 1089) Bhaskara (1114-c. 1185) Cangadeva Madhava of Sangamagramma (c. 1340-1425) Narayama Pandit Paramesvara Nilakantha Somayaji Sankara Variar (c. 1500-1560)

12. Swaveda - Background - Mathematics In Ancient India - Introduction 932 AD Laghu-Manasa by Manjula. 950 AD - Maha-Siddhanta by aryabhata ii. 1039AD - Siddhanta-Sekhara by Sripati. 1039 AD - Ganita-Tilaka by Sripati. http://www.swaveda.com/background.php?category=science&title=Mathematics in Anci

13. 8th Grade 534) *SB *MT ·. Aryabhata (476c. 550) *SB *MT 965) *SB ·. aryabhata ii (fl. c.? 950-1100) *SB http://mslombardo.freehosting.net/catalog.html

Free Web site hosting - Freeservers.com Web Hosting - GlobalServers.com Choose an ISP NetZero High Speed Internet ... Dial up $14.95 or NetZero Internet Service $9.95 8th Grade Info Home Page 5th Grade 6th Grade 7th Grade ... Guest Book Page Your project You need to hand me a 2 page paper on the mathematician of your choice by May 31st. You must have 3 sources. I have compiled a list of "MaThMaGiCiAnS" you can choose from. Mathmaticians List of Mathematicians 1700 B.C.E. - Ahmes (c. 1650 B.C.E.) *MT 700 B.C.E. - Baudhayana (c. 700) 600 B.C.E. · Thales of Miletus (c. 630-c 550) *MT · Apastamba (c. 600) · Anaximander of Miletus (c. 610-c. 547) *SB · Pythagoras of Samos (c. 570-c. 490) *SB *MT · Anaximenes of Miletus (fl. 546) *SB · Cleostratus of Tenedos (c. 520) 500 B.C.E. · Katyayana (c. 500) · Nabu-rimanni (c. 490) · Kidinu (c. 480) · Anaxagoras of Clazomenae (c. 500-c. 428) *SB *MT · Zeno of Elea (c. 490-c. 430) *MT · Antiphon of Rhamnos (the Sophist) (c. 480-411) *SB *MT · Oenopides of Chios (c. 450?) *SB · Leucippus (c. 450) *SB *MT

14. Expand Ghiyath alDin al-Kashi (d. 1429) India. Aryabhata (476-c. 550 C.E Mahavira (Mahaviracharya) (fl. 850) aryabhata ii (fl. 950) Bhaskara (1114-c http://www.csce.uark.edu/~crane/workon/expand.html

This is a page with various links about famous mathematicians and cultures that I am currently expanding. Fibonacci Leonardo Pisano Fibonacci The Italian American Web Site of New York Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) Blaise Pascal (1623 - 1662) From `A Short Account of the History of Mathematics' (4th edition, 1908) by W. W. Rouse Ball. Galileo The Galileo Project Rice University S hypertext source of information on the life and work of Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) and the science of his time. mathematicians of the Renaissance The geometry of War Renaissance Mathematics Lesson Plans Muslim Muslim Scientist Mathematicians and Astronomers Before European Renaissance, 700-1500 CE Kepler Johannes Kepler Neugenbauer Neugebauer 1899-1990 Fermat’s Last Theorem Fermat’s Last Theorem The quest to solve the world's most notorious mathematical problem Algebra Article by Karen Hunger Parshall Japanese History of Japanese Mathematics Contains links to information about: Temple Geometry, Mathematicians, Calculating Machines, Maths in E.Asia, Magic Squares, Journal of Historical Science, Maths Museum India Ancient India's Contribution to Mathematics A short history of mathematics in India and it's contribution to Mathematics(Algebra, algorithm, geometry, trignometry).

15. Math Words Page 17 of Numbers, I, 337346 - J. Tropfke (1980) Geschichte der Elementar Mathematik,p 166 erstmals bezeugt in den Mahasiddhanta von aryabhata ii (c. 950) - D http://www.pballew.net/arithm17.html

Math Words, pg 17 Back to Math Words Alphabetical Index Annus Mirabilis, Newton's Year of Miracles. . During the period around 1664 to 1667 Newton's study at Trinity College in Cambridge was interrupted several times due to the recurring episodes of the black plague. During this period of time he returned to his mother's farm in Woolsthorpe, Lincolnshire and studied independently. According to legend, while working at Woolsthrorpe during the year 1666 at the age of 23, he developed most of the calculus, as well as major works on color and optics, and the foundation for his theory of gravity and the three famous laws of motion that bear his name. After his death among his papers was found an unsent letter to Pierre Des Maizeaux. It contained the following description of the Miracle Year by Newton's own hand. Avoirdupois A system of weight measurement still used in many of the English speaking nations of the world. In the early days of merchant trade some items were traditionally sold by the piece, some by volume, and some by weight. The traditional system of measure for English goods sold by weight was the avoirdupois system, which included pounds and ounces. In fact the origin of

16. Sanscrito 4 sistemas de codigos principales , a saber KATAPAYA. aryabhata ii. KATAPAYA II. KATAPAYA III ( Pali) Alfabeto completo, analizaremos el Katapaya II(mas simple), los nombres de los http://www.angelfire.com/fl/ugf/sanscrito.html

var cm_role = "live" var cm_host = "angelfire.lycos.com" var cm_taxid = "/memberembedded" Sanscrito El termino "Sanscrito" en su uso actual significa " bienhecho" o " rectificado". Los Vedas, unas de las Escrituras Sagradas mas antiguas conocidas fueron escritas en esta lengua. Asi otros textos como los Upanishads,Mahabharata, Bagavadgita, los Yoga Sastras,etc. De alli la importancia de su estudio y de conocer algunos de sus elementos mas basicos. El Idioma Sanscrito fue escrito y hablado en India Antigua y hoy es de uso de estudiosos e intelectuales pues otros dialectos lo han reemplazado en el uso comun. El Sanskrito ha sido llamado tambien Devanagari ( Ciudad Divina) pues se considera hablado por los Dioses ( devas) en su Morada ( nagari). Este Idioma pertenece al Grupo de Lenguas Indo-Europeas, que un grupo bastante amplio al cual pertenecen el Ingles,Español, Latin entre otros. Se puede ver cierta similitud: Ingles Mother Father Frances Mere Pere Español Madre Padre Sanscrito Mata Putra Latin Mater Pater Una gran mayoria de los terminos utilizados en la Filosofia India, de la cual Yoga es una de ellas ( existen 6 Dharsanas o filosofias tradicionales), provienen del Sanskrito o del Pali (otro dialecto antiguo).

17. CHRONOLOGY OF RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS By David Singmaster 943 elMasudi Meadows of Gold - first Chessboard Problem. 950 aryabhata ii.10C Europeans learn chess from north Africa, probably via Moorish Spain. http://anduin.eldar.org/~problemi/singmast/recchron.html

Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics 87 Rodenhurst Road South Bank University London, SW4 8AF, England London, SE1 0AA, England Tel/fax: 0181-674 3676 Tel: 0171-815 7411 Fax: 0171-815 7499 E-mail: ZINGMAST@VAX.SBU.AC.UK CHRONOLOGY OF RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS by David Singmaster last Web revision:December 22, 1998 Mario Velucchi's Web Index visitors since Dec. 22, 1998 Web page processed by Web Master - Mario Velucchi velucchi@bigfoot.com Mario Velucchi / Via Emilia, 106 / I-56121 Pisa - Italy Receive email when this page changes Click Here Powered by Netmind Resources provided by Brad Spencer

18. QUERIES ON ORIENTAL SOURCES IN RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS By David Singmaster It appears in alKhw_rizm_ (c820) and al-Uql_dis_ (952/953) as well as in AryabhataII s Mah_-siddh_nta THE CHESSBOARD PROBLEM. aryabhata ii, Maha-Siddhanta. http://anduin.eldar.org/~problemi/singmast/mideastr.html

Computing, Information Systems and Mathematics 87 Rodenhurst Road South Bank University London, SW4 8AF, England London, SE1 0AA, England Tel/fax: 0181-674 3676 Tel: 0171-815 7411 Fax: 0171-815 7499 E-mail: ZINGMAST@VAX.SBU.AC.UK QUERIES ON MIDDLE-EASTERN SOURCES IN RECREATIONAL MATHEMATICS by David Singmaster last Web revision:December 22, 1998 Mario Velucchi's Web Index visitors since Dec. 22, 1998 Web page processed by Web Master - Mario Velucchi velucchi@bigfoot.com Mario Velucchi / Via Emilia, 106 / I-56121 Pisa - Italy Receive email when this page changes Click Here Powered by Netmind Resources provided by Brad Spencer

19. Did You Know? great astronomermathematicians of the Siddhanta period, in a chronological orderwere Aryabhata I, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, aryabhata ii, Sripati, Bhaskara http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_dy/t_dy_Q13.htm

Did You Know? By D.P. Agrawal Question: Did you know Bhaskaracharya? What was he famous for and when did he live? Bhaskaracarya was a mathematician-astronomer of exceptional abilities. He was born in 1114 AD. Mathematics became the hand-maiden of astronomy and, from the time of Aryabhata I, it began to be incorporated in astronomical treatises. Thus all components of mathematics came to be developed: geometry, trigonometry, arithmetic and algebra. The great astronomers had to be great mathematicians too. The great astronomer-mathematicians of the Siddhanta period, in a chronological order were: Aryabhata I, Varahamihira, Brahmagupta, Aryabhata II, Sripati, Bhaskara II (known popularly as Bhaskaracarya), Madhava, Paramesvara and Nilakantha. These great scientists, except the last three, grew in different parts of this vast sub-continent. Perhaps such isolated growth may explain the apparent abruptness in astronomical and mathematical development in India. Even before Bhaskara made his mark on Indian Jyotisa, there were three distinct schools, the Saura, the Arya and Brahma. Bhaskara was respected and studied even in distant corners of India. Bhaskara was perhaps the last and the greatest astronomer that India ever produced. Brahmagupta was Bhaskara's role model and inspirer. To Brahmagupta he pays homage at the beginning of his

20. Ancient Jaina Mathematics: An Introduction The formula for the arc of a segment less than a semicircle reappears in the Ganitasara-samgrahaof Mahavira and the Mahasiddhanta of aryabhata ii (AD 950). http://www.infinityfoundation.com/mandala/t_es/t_es_agraw_jaina.htm

Ancient Jaina Mathematics: an Introduction by D.P. Agrawal Brahmanas , the maths served the main purpose of rituals. The credit for giving maths the form of an abstract discipline goes to the Jainas. Jaina mathematics is one of the least understood chapters of Indian science, mainly because of the scarcity of the extant original works. For example, the Jainas recognized five different kinds of infinity. They were the first to conceive of transfinite numbers, a concept, which was brought to Europe by Cantor in the late 19th century. The two thousand year old Jaina literature may hold valuable clues to the very nature of mathematics. This is one area where further research could prove very fruitful. Joseph's book, The Crest of the Peacock , makes a delightful reading and is a powerful book against the Eurocentric History of Science and Technology. And precisely for this reason it has been criticised by western scholars. The following introduction to Jaina maths is mainly based on Joseph's work and A Concise History of Science in India edited by Bose et al.

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