1. Howard Aiken Howard Aiken. A father of the modernday computer. On March 8, 1900, Howard Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, although he was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. http://www.athsalumni.org/howardaiken.htm

Howard Aiken A father of the modern-day computer On March 8, 1900, Howard Aiken was born in Hoboken, New Jersey, although he was raised in Indianapolis, Indiana. After the eighth grade, he began work as a switchboard operator while attending Arsenal Technical High School during the day. Upon completion of high school in 1918, he attended University of Wisconsin and received his bachelor of science degree in 1923. He became a professor at the University of Miami, but in 1935, decided to obtain his Ph.D. He received his masters in physics from Harvard in 1937. However, it was Aiken's graduate work in 1936, improving the vacuum tube design (which required long hours of tedious mathematical calculations) that sparked his discovery. Aiken's need to complete the complex, non-linear mathematical problems lead him back in time to Charles Babbage and his Analytical Engine. Aiken saw part of Babbage's calculating machine in the attic of a physics lab at Harvard and was amazed. He would use Babbage's 100-year-old idea to serve as the foundation of Aiken's Mark I. Aiken's idea was to use "electromagnetic components controlled by coded sequences of instructions, and one that would operate automatically after a particular process had been developed". What he envisioned was a machine that would use electro-mechanical power to solve differential equations. Aiken was heavily criticized for using electro-mechanical power especially since he was doing frontier work with vacuum tubes, but it was inexpensive, and that was one of his needs at the time. To also save on cost and time, he wanted to build a machine that used parts that had already been invented. Supported by IBM, the results were astounding.

2. Aiken Howard Hathaway Aiken. Born Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin,Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. While http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html

Howard Hathaway Aiken Born: 9 March 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA Died: 14 March 1973 in St Louis, Missouri, USA Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. While he was a graduate student and an instructor in the Department of Physics at Harvard Aiken began to make plans to build a large computer. These plans were made for a very specific purpose, for Aiken's research had led to a system of differential equations which had no exact solution and which could only be solved using numerical techniques. However, the amount of hand calculation involved would have been almost prohibitive, so Aiken's idea was to use an adaptation of the punched card machines which had been developed by Hollerith Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine. He listed four main points [2]:- ... whereas accounting machines handle only positive numbers, scientific machines must be able to handle negative ones as well; that scientific machines must be able to handle such functions as logarithms, sines, cosines and a whole lot of other functions; the computer would be most useful for scientists if, once it was set in motion, it would work through the problem frequently for numerous numerical values without intervention until the calculation was finished; and that the machine should compute lines instead of columns, which is more in keeping with the sequence of mathematical events.

3. Howard Aiken - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Howard Aiken. Howard Aiken is considered one of the pioneers of the computerfield, being the primary engineer behind IBM s Harvard Mark I computer. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Aiken

Howard Aiken From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Howard Aiken is considered one of the pioneers of the computer field, being the primary engineer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I computer. He was born on March 9 in Hoboken, New Jersey and passed away on March 14 in St. Louis, Missouri. He studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison , and later obtained his PhD in physics at Harvard University in . During this time he encountered differential equations that he could only solve numerically. As such, he envisioned an electro-mechanical computing device that could do much of the tedious work for him. This computer was originally called the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) and later renamed Harvard Mark I . With help from Grace Hopper and funding from IBM the machine was completed in . In , Aiken completed his work on the fully electronic Mark II computer. He is also well known for his comment, "Only six electronic digital computers would be required to satisfy the computing needs of the entire United States." edit External link MacTutor biography http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html

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Aiken Howard np. m. personne ] (1900 - 1973). Mathématicien étasunien ayant travaillé sur certains des premiers ordinateurs de l'histoire, comme l' ASCC d'IBM ou la série des Harvard (voir Harvard Mark II ). Il en avait besoin, car ses travaux l'avaient conduit à rencontrer des systèmes d'équations différentielles qui ne pouvaient être résolus que par des voies numériques. Article lié à celui-ci : ASCC Articles voisins : AIF AIFC AIFF aiguillage ... Courrier

5. Howard Aiken aiken howard. Corso,P. The Day After Roswell. 1997 The names below arementioned on the listed pages with the name aiken howard. Click http://www.namebase.org/main2/Howard-Aiken.html

AIKEN HOWARD Corso,P. The Day After Roswell. 1997 Hafner,K. Markoff,J. Cyberpunk. 1992 pages cited this search: 5 Order hard copy of these pages Show a social network diagram for this name The names below are mentioned on the listed pages with the name AIKEN HOWARD Click on a name for a new proximity search: HOLLERITH HERMAN Corso,P. The Day After Roswell. 1997 HORTON NICK Hafner,K. Markoff,J. Cyberpunk. 1992 ... Corso,P. The Day After Roswell. 1997 AIKEN HOWARD pages searched: 5 These names share the indicated number of pages with the above name. Click on a name below for a standard name search: MORRIS ROBERT TAPPAN JR WATSON THOMAS J SR HOLLERITH HERMAN HORTON NICK ... Back to home page

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Aiken Howard (1900 - 1973). Mathématicien étasunien ayant travaillé sur certains des premiers ordinateurs de l'histoire, comme l' ASCC d'IBM ou la série des Harvard (voir Harvard Mark II ). Il en avait besoin, car ses travaux l'avaient conduit à rencontrer des systèmes d'équations différentielles qui ne pouvaient être résolus que par des voies numériques. (23-06-2003). PERS A B C ... Z

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Accueil MSN Mon MSN Hotmail Rechercher ... S'abonner   Encarta Premium Rechercher Encarta R©sultats de la recherche pour "Aiken Howard Hathaway" Page sur 1 R©serv© aux abonn©s MSN Encarta Premium. Aiken, Howard Hathaway Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Aiken, Howard Hathaway (1900-1973), math©maticien et informaticien am©ricain. Howard Aiken Encyclop©die EncartaImage En 1943, Howard Aiken et une ©quipe de chercheurs d'IBM mettent au point un gigantesque calculateur programmable de 5 tonnes (16 m de long) :... Cooper, Gary Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article Cooper, Gary Monroe, Marilyn Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article Monroe, Marilyn Wayne, John Encyclop©die EncartaArticle Trouv© dans l'article Wayne, John R©serv© aux abonn©s MSN Encarta Premium. Page sur 1 R©sultats provenant de MSN Search aLaide.com - Dictionnaire - Howard Hathaway AIKEN Howard Hathaway AIKEN: (1900-1973) Con§oit et r©alise 4 gros calculateurs   relais. En particulier, l'ASCC (ou Harvard Mark 1) en 1943. aLaide.com - Dictionnaire - Howard Hathaway AIKEN

9. Howard Aiken - Encyclopedia Article About Howard Aiken. Free Access, No Registra encyclopedia article about Howard Aiken. Howard Aiken in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. Howard Aiken. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Howard Aiken

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Howard Aiken Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Howard Aiken is considered one of the pioneers of the computer field, being the primary engineer behind IBM's Harvard Mark I The Harvard Mark I also known as the IBM ASCC , the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator was the first widely known and influential large scale automatic digital computer. The Mark I was devised by Howard H. Aiken, created at IBM, shipped to Harvard in February 1944 and formally delivered there on August 7, 1944. The building elements of the Mark I were switches, relays, rotating shafts, and clutches. It was built using more than 750,000 components, amounting to a size of 50 feet in length, 8 feet in height and a weight of about 5 tons. Click the link for more information. computer. He was born on March 9 March 9 is the 68th day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar (69th in Leap years). There are 297 days remaining. Events 1841 - The Supreme Court of the United States rules in the Amistad case that the Africans who seized control of the ship had been taken into slavery illegally.

10. Aphorisms Galore! -- Authors: Howard Aiken Howard Aiken. Showing Results 1 through 1 of 1, Sorted Randomly. Resultsper Page 10 Sort Results Randomly. http://www.ag.wastholm.net/author/Howard_Aiken

It's 09:48 GMT. You are not logged in. [Log In] [Sign Up] Howard Aiken Showing Results 1 through 1 of 1, Sorted Randomly Results per Page: Sort Results: Randomly by Modification Date Search for: Aphorisms Authors Forum Messages Items in Shopping Web Pages Discuss this Author Advertisement Don't worry about people stealing your ideas. If your ideas are any good, you'll have to ram them down people's throats. [Select] Category: Success and Failure Showing Results 1 through 1 of 1, Sorted Randomly Results per Page: Sort Results: Randomly by Modification Date Search for: Aphorisms Authors Forum Messages Items in Shopping Web Pages Discuss this Author Wastholm Media Contact: Feedback discussion forum webmaster@aphorismsgalore.com

11. Aphorisms Galore! -- Forums: Howard Aiken Howard Aiken. Search for Aphorisms. http://www.ag.wastholm.net/forum/Howard_Aiken

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12. Howard Aiken Howard Aiken. Go to Howard s Biography designedby EJ Badgerow. server_on_fire_md_wht.gif. http://www.wchs.srsd.sk.ca/Barteski/Computers 9/EJ's Web Page.htm

Howard Aiken Go to Howard's Biography designed by EJ Badgerow

13. Computerworld - Ojcowie Informatyki: Howard M.  Aiken Howard M. Aiken (19001973). Howard M. Aiken. Pracownik IBM, wedlugpomyslu maszyny analitycznej Babbage a, zbudowal w latach 1939 http://www.computerworld.pl/historia/ojcowie.asp?id=8

14. Howard Aiken Howard Aiken. Howard Aiken je zvažován jeden z prukopníku polepocítace, být primární inženýr vzadu IBM genitive Harvard http://wikipedia.infostar.cz/h/ho/howard_aiken.html

švodn­ str¡nka Tato str¡nka v origin¡le Howard Aiken Howard Aiken je zvažov¡n jeden z průkopn­ků pole poč­tače, b½t prim¡rn­ inžen½r vzadu IBM #genitive Harvard se otiskuje j¡ poč­tač. On byl narozen½ na Březen 9 v Hoboken, nov© tele a zemřel na Březen 14 v St. Louis, Missouri. On studoval u Univerzita Wisconsinu, Madison , a pozdnějÅ¡­ trval jeho PhD ve fyzice u Harvard univerzita v . Během touto dobou, se kterou on se setkal diferenci¡ln­ rovnice, kter© on konzervoval jen plat­ č­selně. Jak takov½, on představil si electro-mechanick½ poč­tačov½ n¡stroj, kter½ mohl konat hodně z nudn© skladby pro jej. Tento poč­tac­ stroj byl původně nazvan½ automat sekvence ř­dila kalkulačku (ASCC) a později přejmenovan½ Harvard se otiskuje j¡ . S postrkem od Grace Hopper a finance od IBM stroj byl vyplněn½ v . V , Aiken dokončil jeho pr¡ci na plně elektronick© značce II poč­tač. On je tak© dobře zn¡m½ pro jeho pozn¡mka, " jen Å¡est elektronick½ch digit¡ln­ch poč­tačů by bylo požadovan© uspokojit poč­t¡n­ potřeby cel½ch Spojen½ch st¡tů. " Toto je strojov½ překlad čl¡nku z encyklopedie Wikipedia poř­zen½ překladačem Eurotran . Cel½ text je dostupn½ za podm­nek GNU FDL licence

15. Howard Aiken - FOLDOC Definition Free Online Dictionary of Computing. Howard Aiken. FOLDOC Feedback. Commentsor Problems. Again, thanks for visiting NightFlight s WWW server. http://www.nightflight.com/foldoc-bin/foldoc.cgi?Howard Aiken

16. Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC) Many consider that the modern computer era commenced with the first largescale automatic digital computer, the Harvard Mark 1, which was developed between 1939 and 1944. but is more commonly referred to as the Harvard Mark I. howard aiken. Copyright (c) 1997 http://www.maxmon.com/1939ad.htm

1939 AD to 1944 AD Howard Aiken's Harvard Mark I (the IBM ASCC) Many consider that the modern computer era commenced with the first large-scale automatic digital computer, which was developed between 1939 and 1944 (see also Konrad Zuse and his Z3 computer This device, the brainchild of a Harvard graduate, Howard H. Aiken, was officially known as the IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC), but is more commonly referred to as the Harvard Mark I. Howard Aiken a The Mark I was constructed out of switches, relays , rotating shafts, and clutches, and was described as sounding like a "roomful of ladies knitting." The machine contained more than 750,000 components, was 50 feet long, 8 feet tall, and weighed approximately 5 tons! a IBM automatic sequence controlled calculator (ASCC) (Courtesy of IBM) Although the Mark I is considered to be the first digital computer, its architecture was significantly different from modern machines. The device consisted of many calculators which worked on parts of the same problem under the guidance of a single control unit. Instructions were read in on paper tape, data was provided on punched cards, and the device could only perform operations in the sequence in which they were received. a This machine was based on numbers that were 23 digits wide it could add or subtract two of these numbers in three-tenths of a second, multiply them in four seconds, and divide them in ten seconds.

17. Howard Aiken And Grace Hopper - Inventors Of The Mark I Computer howard aiken and Grace Hopper computer inventors with the Mark I computer. howard aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University howard aiken was an electrical engineer and physicist who first conceived of an electro http://inventors.about.com/library/weekly/aa052198.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Inventors Home ... Industrial Revolution zau(256,152,145,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Famous Inventions Famous Inventors Black Inventors Women Inventors ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Inventors newsletter. Search Inventors Inventors of the Modern Computer The Harvard MARK I Computer - Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper Harvard Mark 1 Computer Grace Hopper Howard Aiken Inventors of the Modern Computer Series Table of Contents Next Chapter ENTER More on Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken Complete Biography of Grace Hopper and Howard Aiken Looking Back: Grace Hopper's Younger Years Remembering ... Grace Hopper A Legend in Her Own Time By Mary Bellis Howard Aiken and Grace Hopper designed the MARK series of computers at Harvard University. The MARK series of computers began with the Mark I in 1944. Imagine a giant roomful of noisy, clicking metal parts, 55 feet long and 8 feet high. The 5-ton device contained almost 760,000 separate pieces. Used by the US Navy for gunnery and ballistic calculations, the Mark I was in operation until 1959. The computer, controlled by pre-punched paper tape, could carry out addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and reference to previous results. It had special subroutines for logarithms and trigonometric functions and used 23 decimal place numbers. Data was stored and counted mechanically using 3000 decimal storage wheels, 1400 rotary dial switches, and 500 miles of wire. Its electromagnetic relays classified the machine as a relay computer. All output was displayed on an electric typewriter. By today's standards, the Mark I was slow, requiring 3-5 seconds for a multiplication operation.

18. Aiken Biography of howard aiken (19001973) howard Hathaway aiken. Born 9 March 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA howard aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Mathematicians/Aiken.html

Howard Hathaway Aiken Born: 9 March 1900 in Hoboken, New Jersey, USA Died: 14 March 1973 in St Louis, Missouri, USA Click the picture above to see a larger version Show birthplace location Previous (Chronologically) Next Biographies Index Previous (Alphabetically) Next Main index Howard Aiken studied at the University of Wisconsin, Madison obtaining a doctorate from Harvard in 1939. While he was a graduate student and an instructor in the Department of Physics at Harvard Aiken began to make plans to build a large computer. These plans were made for a very specific purpose, for Aiken's research had led to a system of differential equations which had no exact solution and which could only be solved using numerical techniques. However, the amount of hand calculation involved would have been almost prohibitive, so Aiken's idea was to use an adaptation of the punched card machines which had been developed by Hollerith Aiken wrote a report on how he envisaged the machine, and in particular how such a machine designed to be used in scientific research would differ from a punched card machine. He listed four main points [2]:- ... whereas accounting machines handle only positive numbers, scientific machines must be able to handle negative ones as well; that scientific machines must be able to handle such functions as logarithms, sines, cosines and a whole lot of other functions; the computer would be most useful for scientists if, once it was set in motion, it would work through the problem frequently for numerous numerical values without intervention until the calculation was finished; and that the machine should compute lines instead of columns, which is more in keeping with the sequence of mathematical events.

19. Cc.kzoo.edu/~k98hj01/aiken.html aiken, howardaiken, howard (1900 ). (Hathaway) US mathematician and computer pioneer.In 1939, in conjunction with engineers from IBM, he started http://cc.kzoo.edu/~k98hj01/aiken.html

20. Howard Aiken --  Britannica Student Encyclopedia aiken, howard Britannica Student Encyclopedia. elementary and high schoolstudents. , aiken, howard (1900–73). In 1944, with engineers http://www.britannica.com/ebi/article?eu=340750&query=b.e.m.&ct=ebi

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