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         Thunderstorms:     more books (100)
  1. On the Nature of Thunderstorms; and on the Means of Protecting Buildings and Shipping against the Destructive Effects of Lightning by William Snow Harris, 1843-01-01
  2. Analyzing Horizontal Distances Between WSR-88D Thunderstorm Centroids and Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Strikes by Steve L. Renner, 1998
  3. Forecasting Downdraft Wind Speeds Associated with Airmass Thunderstorms for Peterson Air Force Base, Colorado, Using the WSR-88D by Travis A. Steen, 1999
  4. Forecasting Wet Microbursts Associated with Summertime Airmass Thunderstorms Over the Southeastern United States by James B. Mackey, 1998
  5. Forecasting thunderstorms over a 2- to 5-hour period by statistical methods (NASA contractor report) by Joseph Allen Zak, 1977
  6. Evolution of Cloud-to-Ground Lightning Discharges in Tornadic Thunderstorms by Wendy L. Seaman, 2000
  7. Chinese Plays (Study Guide): Chinese Republican Era Plays, Romance of the West Chamber, Circle of Chalk, the Other Shore, Thunderstorm
  8. Never Shower in a Thunderstorm: Surprising Facts and Misleading Myths About Our
  9. My Thunderstorm Romance by Ozzie, 2009-01-26
  10. An Improved Thunderstorm Forecast Index For Cape Canaveral, Florida by James A. Everitt, 1999
  11. Studies of Clouds, Precipitation and Thunderstorm Electricity
  12. Benji Bear's Adventures in the Thunderstorm (Kinder Books) by Ingrid Shelton, 1984-06
  13. A treatise on lightning conductors; comp. from a work on thunderstorms, by S.W. Harris, F.R.S., and other standard authors by Lucius Lyon, 2008-01-18
  14. Rumble Boom! A Book About Thunderstorms by Rick Thomas, 2004

121. Thunderstorms
thunderstorms. Florida has more thunderstorms than any other area of the United States. Nearly 1,800 thunderstorms are occurring at any moment around the world.
http://www.santarosa-emergency.com/tstorm.html
Thunderstorms
Florida has more thunderstorms than any other area of the United States. Thunderstorms affect relatively small areas when compared to hurricanes, however they occur much more frequently. The typical thunderstorm is 15 miles in diameter and lasts an average of 30 minutes. Nearly 1,800 thunderstorms are occurring at any moment around the world. That's 16 million a year! Despite their small size, all thunderstorms are dangerous. Every thunderstorm produces lightning , which kills more people each year than tornadoes. Heavy rain from thunderstorms can lead to flash flooding. Strong winds (straight-line winds or downbursts), hail, and tornadoes are also dangers associated with some thunderstorms. Straight-line winds are responsible for most thunderstorm wind damage. Some of these winds can exceed 100 mph. A downburst is a small area of rapidly descending air beneath a thunderstorm. When these occur, many times clouds are pulled toward the ground with the wind and give a tornado-like appearance. Of the estimated 100,000 thunderstorms that occur each year in the U.S., only about 10 percent are classified as severe. The National Weather Service considers a thunderstorm severe if it produces hail at least 3/4-inch diameter, wind 58 mph or higher, or tornadoes.

122. Thunderstorms Along East Coast And Over Northern Plains
CNN
http://cnn.com/2003/WEATHER/07/14/weatherpage.pm.ap/index.html

123. Www.weather.com/breaking_weather/encyclopedia/thunder/
thunderstormsthunderstorms affect relatively small areas when compared to winter storms. However, despite their small size all thunderstorms are dangerous.
http://www.weather.com/breaking_weather/encyclopedia/thunder/

124. Rain And Thunderstorms Move Across Southwest
CNN
http://cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/04/06/weatherpage.pm.ap/index.html

125. Thunderstorms Rumble Into Plains
CNN
http://cnn.com/2001/WEATHER/04/06/weatherpage.weather.ap/index.html

126. Thunderstorms
ALL the information you need on tornadoes and thunderstorms. Tons of information and links, plus my own tornado damage photos. thunderstorms.
http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/2430/thunder.html
Thunderstorms
Thunderstorm Ingredients
Thunderstorm Life-Cycle

Convective Variables

Thunderstorm Types
...
Books on Thunderstorms

Thunderstorm Ingredients
To have a thunderstorm you need three things: 1)instability, 2) some sort of uplifting mechanism, and 3) moisture in the mid to lower levels of the atmosphere.
An unstable air mass is warm and moist near the ground and relatively cold and dry in the upper atmosphere. If an air mass is unstable, air which is pushed upward will continue upward.
Lift is the mechanism which pushes the air upward. Sources of lift can be cold fronts, mountains, converging air (as in Florida), or differential heating. The most common of these is differential heating. Differential heating takes place when portions of the earth's surface warm more readily than other nearby areas. These "warm pockets" are less dense then the surrounding air and will then rise.
The last ingredient is moisture. As air rises in a thunderstorm updraft, moisture condenses into small water drops which form clouds. When the moisture condenses, heat is released into the air, making it warmer and less dense than its surroundings. This lets the updraft continue rising.
To table of contents
Thunderstorm Life-Cycle There are three stages in a thunderstorm's life. They are the cumulus stage, mature stage, and dissipating stage.

127. Vortex100 Storm Chase Page: Your Severe Weather Forecasting Resource
Valuable resource page for storm chasers, including a daily 5Day Severe Weather Discussion and forecast, tools for forecasting severe thunderstorms and tornadoes, and NCEP weather forecast models.
http://members.aol.com/vortex100
................................................................Meteorologist Robert Lattery Your storm chase begins here with:
  • The weather data you need, and
  • Timely outlooks from weather professionals
Try out our new Severe Weather Forum
Current Conditions
Site Map

Links
Weather Chat Severe Weather Forum document.write(year) Robert Lattery s="na";c="na";j="na";f=""+escape(document.referrer)

128. Weather & Climate -- Section 16 -- Thunderstorms And Lightning
thunderstorms and Lightning. Adapted for the web by Brad Jahn. 3. Can you explain how downdrafts form in thunderstorms? 4. Can you describe how gust fronts form?
http://www.physics.isu.edu/weather/kmdbbd/unit16.htm
Focus topics Key Terms ... Quiz
    Focus topics
    • What are Thunderstorms? Ordinary (Air Mass) Thunderstorms Severe Thunderstorms Distribution of Thunderstorms Lightning and Thunder
    Back to Top
    Key Terms
  • ordinary thunderstorm microburst stepped ladder cumulus stage macroburst return stroke mature thunderstorm derecho dart ladder dissipating stage supercell storm ball lightning multicell storms squall line sheet lightning severe thunderstorms dry line heat lightning gust front flash flood St. Elmo's Fire mesohigh lightning fulgurite shelf cloud thunder sferics roll cloud sonic boom downburst Mesoscale Convective Complexes

    • Back to top
      Go to the images and diagrams page.
      Check for Comprehension

      1. Can you describe the developmental stages for an ordinary thunderstorm? 2. Can you describe the conditions required for the development of a multicell thunderstorm? 3. Can you explain how downdrafts form in thunderstorms?

    129. Thunderstorms Soak West
    CNN
    http://cnn.com/2004/WEATHER/04/05/weather.am.ap/index.html

    130. Cosmic Thunderstorms By C.E.R Bruce
    6, December, 1959. Cosmic thunderstorms. BY. CER Bruce. * Based on a series of Reports of the Electrical Research Association, Leatherhead, England. Summary.
    http://www.catastrophism.com/texts/bruce/cosmic.htm
    Reprinted from:
    Journal of the Franklin Institute, Vol. 268, No. 6, December, 1959
    Cosmic Thunderstorms
    BY
    C. E. R. Bruce
    * Based on a series of Reports of the Electrical Research Association, Leatherhead, England.
    Summary
    Introduction
    Atmospheric Electric Field-building
    In a letter to Dr. Lining of Charles Town, South Carolina, addressed and dated "Philadelphia, March 18, 1755," Franklin wrote: "I wish I could give you any satisfaction in the article of clouds. I am still at a loss about the manner in which they become charged with electricity; no hypothesis I have yet formed perfectly satisfying me." After over 200 years that last sentence might, and indeed can still be found in any exhaustive discussion of the subject. For example a paper presented to last year's U. S. Air Force Conference on Atmospheric Electricity and entitled "'The Lightning Mechanism and its Relation to Natural and Artificial Freezing Nuclei" opens with the sentence, "There is as yet no generally accepted theory for the electric charge generation in thunderstorms", while another paper refers to "the unsolved problem of thunderstorm electricity." not observed in the conditions existing in these stellar atmospheres.

    131. Thunderstorms In Northeast
    CNN
    http://cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/05/31/weatherpage.pm.ap/index.html

    132. Northeast Climate Impacts For July 1996
    Mary s County, MD. Cold Front Sparks thunderstorms. thunderstorms on the 14th16th. A frontal system sparked thunderstorms in some areas on the 14th - 16th.
    http://met-www.cit.cornell.edu/climate/Impacts_07-96.html
    Climate Impacts - July 1996
    Cool and Wet Conditions Contradict July Expectations
    The hot and steamy weather that often typifies the summer months never materialized in July. Cool and rainy conditions instead dominated the month's weather picture. Temperatures for the month averaged 1.8 degrees below normal across the twelve-state region, making it the 10th coolest July in 102 years of record. One of the major factors contributing to this deficit was the lack of a "heat wave" during the month. In Philadelphia, PA, the temperature never reached 90 degrees during the month. This was the first time that has happened since 1906. In New York City, Central Park also failed to reach the 90 degree plateau, the first such occurrence in the last 107 years. (See July Extreme Temperature Summary .) The state that reported the largest monthly departure was Vermont, with an area-weighted average of 2.3 degrees below normal. Massachusetts recorded the smallest departure at 1.1 degrees below the long-term mean.
    July Summary of State Temperature and Precipitaiton Averages.

    133. CNN.com - Thunderstorms Developing In Southeast - July 3, 2001
    CNN
    http://cnn.com/2001/WEATHER/07/03/southeast.thunderstorms.ap/index.html
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    Thunderstorms developing in southeast
    Satellite image from 6:02 a.m. EDT (AP) Thunderstorms were developing in the southeastern United States on Tuesday while the Northeast was expected to remain fairly tranquil. Storms over Tennessee, Kentucky, Illinois, Indiana, Ohio and Pennsylvania were expected to bring strong winds, lightning, heavy rainfall and large hail to parts of the area. Strong to severe thunderstorms were also developing along the central and northern Plains. Winds of up to 70 miles per hour were possible along with hail of more than one inch in diameter. The west was expected to be quiet Monday with the exception of Arizona, New Mexico, and the mountains of Colorado and Wyoming where afternoon thunderstorms were predicted. The Pacific Northwest and California were expected to remain clear for most of the day, with afternoon high temperatures ranging from the lower 70s in the Pacific Northwest to the mid 80s in most of the mountainous regions to the lower 90s in central California, Nevada, and western Arizona. Temperatures were expected to be in the 60s and 70s in the Northeast; in the 80s in the central and northern Plains, the Virginias and Northern Carolina; in the 80s and 90s through the southeast; and in the upper 90s and 100s in the deserts of southern California and southwest Arizona.

    134. In The Clouds Photography - Weather Gallery (supercells)
    Supercell thunderstorms Supercell thunderstorms refer to thunderstorms which are rotating. Most, but not all, supercells rotate
    http://www.inclouds.com/Wx/supercell.html

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    Supercell Thunderstorms:
    Supercell thunderstorms refer to thunderstorms which are rotating. Most, but not all, supercells rotate cyclonically (counter-clockwise in the northern hemisphere). Rotation is produced by wind shear (a change in wind speed and/or direction with height) and exists for the updraft portion or the entire scale of the storm (usually from a few to tens of kilometers horizontally and five to twelve kilometers vertically).
    Suggested Reading:
    Storms . ASTeR Press Inc.
    Tornado Alley. Monster Storms of the Great Plains . Oxford University Press
    Weather Gallery (Page 4 of 6): Supercell Thunderstorms
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    135. Thunderstorms Scattered From Southwest To East, Heavy Rain In Texas
    CNN
    http://cnn.com/2002/WEATHER/07/14/weatherpage.pm.ap/index.html

    136. Thunderstorms
    thunderstorms.
    http://www.stormwarn.com/rants/thunderstorm_genesis.html
    THUNDERSTORMS
    What causes a thunderstorm?
    thunderstorm thunderstorms severe thunderstorms lightning thunderstorm ... convection
    By the founder of StormWarn!
    Go to StormWarn!

    137. CNN.com - Thunderstorms In The Northeast - May 24, 2000
    CNN
    http://cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/05/24/weatherpage.am.ap/index.html
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    Thunderstorms in the Northeast
    Satellite image of the United States, taken Wednesday at 5:45 a.m. EDT May 24, 2000 Web posted at: 8:12 a.m. EDT (1212 GMT) (AP) A low pressure system was spreading showers and thunderstorms throughout the Northeast early Wednesday, while skies over much of the Plains were fair and dry.

    138. Formation Of Thunderstorms
    thunderstorms. In its earliest stages, tornadoes are said to stem from thunderstorms. thunderstorms are formed within three distinct
    http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/mandias/honors/student/tornado/thunderstorms.htm
    Thunderstorms In its earliest stages, tornadoes are said to stem from thunderstorms . Thunderstorms are formed within three distinct stages, the first being the cumulus-stage . Certain atmospheric conditions which are present during the thunderstorm, such as moisture in the unstable air and some sort of lifting force, creates atmospheric instability. Unstable air, which is warm and moist, rises when a lifting mechanism is present. Surface heating, which acts as the primary lifting force, heats the air near the ground. The air, in turn, becomes buoyant and begins to rise, otherwise known as an updraft . These updrafts, warm, moist swells of rising air, eventually begin to cool.
    As this occurs the air begins to condense into a cumulus cloud . The interactions between the rising and cooling air result in the development of a positive feedback mechanism. As the warm air within the cloud continues to rise, it eventually cools and condenses. The condensation releases heat into the cloud, warming the air. This, in turn, causes it to rise adiabatically. The process continues and works to form a towering cumulus cloud.
    During the mature-stage , the second stage in thunderstorm development, the condensed solid and liquid water, within the upper-levels of the cloud, begins to fall, causing a downdraft . The velocity of the downdraft is strengthened by further evaporational cooling and frictional drag. Frictional drag occurs when the rain or snow drags down the surrounding colder air, which in turn increases the velocity of the downdraft. As the mature-stage thunderstorm develops, the cumulus cloud continues to increase in size, height and width. The resulting

    139. CNN.com - Thunderstorms In Tennessee, Ohio Valleys - July 18, 2000
    CNN
    http://www.cnn.com/2000/WEATHER/07/18/weatherpage.am.ap/index.html
    weather Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback
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    More than 11,000 killed in India quake

    Israelis, Palestinians make final push before Israeli election

    Davos protesters face tear gas
    MORE ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES:
    Thunderstorms in Tennessee, Ohio valleys
    Satellite image of the United States, taken Tuesday at 5:45 a.m. EDT July 18, 2000 Web posted at: 7:39 a.m. EDT (1139 GMT) (AP) A cold front pressing through the East was expected to bring some showers and thunderstorms to New York and New England early Tuesday, while strong to severe storms were possible in the Tennessee and Ohio valleys. Later in the afternoon, storms were expected to develop over southern Ohio, West Virginia and the western Carolinas, with localized flash flooding possible.

    140. FirstScience.com - Storms On Jupiter
    Superthunderstorms on Jupiter, Click here for others comments about this article. For 400 years scientists have puzzled over the
    http://www.firstscience.com/site/articles/cornell.asp
    Brain Strain
    Fun Stuff
    The Facts
    Other
    Site Map Super-Thunderstorms on Jupiter Click here for others comments about this article
    For 400 years scientists have puzzled over the swirling and turbulent clouds on Jupiter. Now the giant planet's secret is out. Based on information provided by Cornell University Anvil clouds tower more than 30 miles high. Amid the gathering gloom, 100 mph winds whip clouds across the sky. Painfully brilliant lightning flashes punctuate the tumult. Meanwhile, clouds from another giant storm dump several inches of water, every day, over an area more than 600 miles across.
    NASA The giant planet is 1300 times larger than Earth Given the supernatural severity of these storms, and thunderheads three times higher than we see on our planet, we are clearly not on the Earth. Welcome to the super-storms of Jupiter. The giant planet of the Solar System is as different from the Earth as any planet could be. Jupiter is big enough to fit 1300 Earths inside, and it is made of gas and liquid throughout. Yet some of its storms are remarkably similar - though vaster in scale - to thunderstorms on Earth. Even stranger, the latest results from NASA's Galileo spacecraft reveal that these storms are powered in a completely different way from terrestrial thunderstorms.

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