61. SONOLUMINESCENCE AT THE ULL sonoluminescence. sonoluminescence is the emission of light or the stars. sonoluminescence EXPERIMENT AT ULL. Motivated by these http://webpages.ull.es/users/mmateo/SONO/SONOEN.htm

SONOLUMINESCENCE. Sonoluminescence is the emission of light produced from small air bubbles, when the latter are exposed to an intense acoustic field. Although sonoluminescence is a rather old phenomenon, a renewed interest on this subject has been triggered by recent papers suggesting that light are produced by the exceedingly high temperature achieved within the gas during the collapsing of the bubble. The relevance of these findings did not pass unnoticed, as it showed that the acoustic energy can be effectively transferred to the gas within the bubble causing the temperatures to rise, as much as that in the sun or the stars. SONOLUMINESCENCE EXPERIMENT AT ULL Motivated by these findings, we decided to build a similar experiment in our Laboratory of Electrónica Básica in the Facultad de Física of ULL. To this end, we contacted Mr. Andrew Steer, at Imperial College, University of London, who, so generously, provided with all required information to set up our own experiment. The experiment is based on an acoustic resonator, made out a 100 ml round flask. The sound is delivered to the flask by means of a couple of piezos, which are glued at opposite positions on the equator of the flask. A little piezo, glued down in the bottom, is used as a microphone to sense the acoustic level in the resonator. See figure at the right.

62. Sonoluminescence :: Online Encyclopedia :: Information Genius sonoluminescence. Online Encyclopedia sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. http://www.informationgenius.com/encyclopedia/s/so/sonoluminescence.html

Quantum Physics Pampered Chef Paintball Guns Cell Phone Reviews ... Science Articles Sonoluminescence Online Encyclopedia Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound . The effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in as a result of work on sonar . Interest in the topic rose again when an inner temperature of such a bubble well above one million degrees Celsius was postulated, making it a possible source for nuclear fusion energy. A major breakthrough occurred when Gaitan et al. were able to produce single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL), in which a single bubble, trapped in a standing acoustic wave, emits light with each pulsation. This development allowed the systematic study of the phenomenon, because it allowed the isolation of the effects of just one bubble, rather than the complex environment of many bubbles. Here are some facts about sonoluminescence: The light flashes from the bubbles are extremely short - between 35 and a few hundred picoseconds long. The bubbles are very small when they emit the light - about 1 micrometer in diameter.

63. Sonoluminescence And Fusion The important subject in this case is sonoluminescence, the emission of pulses of blue light from the collapse of air bubbles in a liquid that has been excited http://www.21stcenturysciencetech.com/articles/sonolum.html

March 5 Evidence showing that nuclear fusion can occur in a beaker of liquid excited by sound waves, has produced a new flurry of press activity reminiscent of that around the 1989 announcement by Pons and Fleischmann that they had achieved fusion in an electrochemical cell. The new evidence, reporting on experiments by a team at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, is reported in an March 8, 2002 article in Science magazine that was released yesterday. As then, the prevailing popular delusions about what science is dominate the discussion, even by the scientists themselves. As the announcment of the 1989 cold fusion anomaly came under attack from lying establishment physicists, discussion unfortunately, degenerated into practical arguments over whether or not, and how soon, a cold-fusion cell in every basement could replace the gas furnace or oil burner. Whether the results announced in the 8 March Science article, ``Evidence for Nuclear Emissions During Acoustic Cavitation,'' prove sound or not, we are reminded again that scientific progress can result only from the posing and resolution of true paradoxes in the mind of an experimental investigator. The important subject in this case is sonoluminescence, the emission of pulses of blue light from the collapse of air bubbles in a liquid that has been excited by sound waves, first studied in Germany in 1934. How a light wave could be produced by a sound wave was the unsolved paradox. In the Oak Ridge experiments, the hydrogen in acetone (C-3 H-6 O), the principal ingredient in nail polish remover, is replaced by the heavier deuterium isotope. Sound waves are passed through the liquid at the same time as a pulse of high energy neutrons. It is hypothesized that the acoustic bubbles which form, then collapse so fast that not only is light produced, but the deuterium is somehow caused to undergo nuclear fusion. The evidence for this is in the excess of neutrons and tritium, a heavier isotope of hydrogen, detected in the solution. The amounts are very small, however, and the existence of the effect is being challenged.

64. Fablis Directory For /Science/Technology/Acoustics,_Ultrasound_and_Vibration/Ult Information and directory resources about and for the category /Science/Technology/Acoustics,_Ultrasound_and_Vibration/Ultrasound/sonoluminescence. http://directory.fablis.com/guide/Science/Technology/Acoustics,_Ultrasound_and_V

Web Directory Quick Search Fablis Science Technology Acoustics,_Ultrasound_and_Vibration ... Sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence Click here to list your site See also: Top/Science/Technology/Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration Boosting Sonoluminescence - Joachim Holzfuss , Matthias Rüggeberg , Robert Mettin Institut für Angewandte Physik, TU Darmstadt, Schloßgartenstr. 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany Drittes Physikalisches Institut, Bürgerstr. 42-44, 37073 Göttingen, Germany Direct Observations of Single Sonoluminescence Pulses - To investigate the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, researchers attempted to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. Felipe Gaitan's Homepage - Dr. Felipe Gaitan's work on Sonoluminesence, Bubble Shape Oscillations and Thermoacoustics; NCPA; The University of Mississippi Impulse Devices, Inc. (USA) - is developing a new product known as Sonofusion™ power generator which will capture a significant percentage of the $500 billion per year electric power generation revenue stream. The fusion of one gallon of water will release the same amount of energy Physics News Graphics: The Sonoluminescence Process - American Institute of Physics Publications on Sonoluminescence - Detlef Lohse Research on sonoluminescence in the Department of Mathematical Sciences.

65. NSF - OLPA - PR 02-63: LIGHT FROM GAS BUBBLES: SONOLUMINESCENCE MEASURED (703) 2924967. mclarke@nsf.gov. Light From Gas Bubbles sonoluminescence Measured. This phenomenon, called sonoluminescence, has been observed for decades. http://www.nsf.gov/od/lpa/news/02/pr0263.htm

Congressional Affairs Newsroom Speeches Priority Areas ... About Us You are in: NSF Home OLPA Home Newsroom Press Releases NSF Press Release Embargoed until 2 p.m. EDT NSF PR 02-63 - July 24, 2002 Media contact: Amber Jones aljones@nsf.gov Program contact: Michael Clarke mclarke@nsf.gov Light From Gas Bubbles: Sonoluminescence Measured A cloud of gas bubbles in a liquid excited by ultrasound (generated by a titanium rod vibrating 20,000 times a second) can emit flashes of light (sonoluminescence) due to extreme temperatures inside the bubbles as they collapse. Image credit: K. S. Suslick and K. J. Kolbeck, University of Illinois Select image for larger version (Size: 177KB) Gas bubbles form and collapse when a liquid is energized by ultrasound. Image credit: K. S. Suslick and K. J. Kolbeck, University of Illinois Select image for larger version (Size: 400KB) Larger versions (Total Size: 1.2MB)

66. Sonoluminescence - InformationBlast sonoluminescence Information Blast. sonoluminescence. Single-bubble sonoluminescence pulses can have very stable periods and positions. http://www.informationblast.com/Sonoluminescence.html

Sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound . The effect was first discovered at the University of Cologne in as a result of work on sonar . Interest in the topic rose again when an inner temperature of such a bubble well above one million degrees Celsius was postulated, making it a possible source for nuclear fusion energy. A major breakthrough occurred when Gaitan et al. were able to produce single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL), in which a single bubble, trapped in a standing acoustic wave, emits light with each pulsation. This development allowed the systematic study of the phenomenon, because it allowed the isolation of the effects of just one bubble, rather than the complex environment of many bubbles. Here are some facts about sonoluminescence: The light flashes from the bubbles are extremely short - between 35 and a few hundred picoseconds long. The bubbles are very small when they emit the light - about 1 micrometer in diameter.

67. Sonoluminescence - Wikipedia sonoluminescence. sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light from imploding bubbles in a liquid when excited by sound. http://www.phatnav.com/wiki/wiki.phtml?title=Sonoluminescence

68. :: Ez2Find :: Sonoluminescence Guide sonoluminescence, Global Metasearch Any Language Guides, sonoluminescence. ez2Find Home Directory Science http://ez2find.com/cgi-bin/directory/meta/search.pl/Science/Technology/Acoustics

Guide : Sonoluminescence Global Metasearch Any Language English Afrikaans Arabic Bahasa Melayu Belarusian Bulgarian Catala Chinese Simplified Chinese Traditional Cymraeg Czech Dansk Deutsch Eesti Espanol Euskara Faroese Francais Frysk Galego Greek Hebrew Hrvatski Indonesia Islenska Italiano Japanese Korean Latvian Lietuviu Lingua Latina Magyar Netherlands Norsk Polska Portugues Romana Russian Shqip Slovensko Slovensky Srpski Suomi Svenska Thai Turkce Ukrainian Vietnamese Mode All Words Any Word Phrase Results Timeout Depth Adult Filter Add to Favorites Other Search Web News Newsgroups Images Guides Sonoluminescence ez2Find Home Directory Science Technology ... Ultrasound : Sonoluminescence Web Sites Boosting Sonoluminescence [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Joachim Holzfuss , Matthias R¼ggeberg , Robert Mettin Institut f¼r Angewandte Physik, TU Darmstadt, SchloŸgartenstr. 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany Drittes Physikalisches Institut, B¼rgerstr. 42-44, 37073 G¶ttingen, Germany URL: http://www.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/~hofu/paper/boosting/main.html The Casimir Effect: Physical Manifestations of Zero Point Energy [Site Info] [Translate] [Open New Window] Kimball A. Milton: High Energy Physics - Theory, abstract (hep-th/9901011) Is there a connection between the Casimir effect and the phenomenon of sonoluminescence?

69. The Virtual Sonoluminescence Symposium sonoluminescence and TableTop Fusion Virtual Symposium © 19962004. Edited by VW. Symposium on sonoluminescence Program of 9/2/97 S. Sibener, MRSEC Director. http://www.wdv.com/Physics/Sonoluminescence/

Sonoluminescence and TableTop Fusion: Virtual Symposium Edited by: VW since my modest SL setup Recent News (2004) Evidence Bubbles Over in Support of Tabletop Fusion Science Magazine Article charging for this after NPR annoucement Science Magazine Featuring Neutron Emission A Steamy Sonic Story Argon Mystery Solved Joachim Holzfuss @ Darmstadt - 1993 - SL Overview Seth Putterman @ UCLA - Feb. 1995 - SL Scientific American David Knapp's Lawrence Livermorian introduction to SL. American Institute of Physics Overview Aaron Levinson @ UIUC - overview of SL Carey Sublette's Basic Fusion Physics Fusion Physics Resources FLASHES MIGHT YIELD CLUES ABOUT FUSION UCLA Dr. Seth Putterman's Bio Dr. Gary William's Bio Spontaneous Energy Focusing MIT Norman Redington's Page Micheal Brenner MIT Directed Search Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory Sonoluminescence: an Introduction Cold Fusion Mathematical Investigations CASIMIR Casimir Effect: Original by Philip Gibbs 24-January-1997 The Casimir effect - Interplays between theory and experiment.

70. Single Bubble Sonoluminescence Fred Seeley, University of Alabama in Huntsville Physics Department Laboratory Coordinator is performing original research in Single Bubble sonoluminescence. http://www.uah.edu/physics/seeleypg/sbsl.htm

Single Bubble Sonoluminescence Synchronous sonoluminescence in acrylic resonant chambers , Am. J. of Physics, Vol66, No.3, Mar 98, p 259-260 Additional Photographs of Apparatus Main SBSL Personal Contact ... Email

71. Sonoluminescence Top Science Technology Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration Ultrasound sonoluminescence Try previous searches by other users related to sonoluminescence http://www.supercrawler.com/Science/Technology/Acoustics,_Ultrasound_and_Vibrati

lycos google altavista excite yahoo Click Here! Sponsored Links Top Science Technology Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration ... Boosting Sonoluminescence - Joachim Holzfuss , Matthias R¼ggeberg , Robert Mettin Institut f¼r Angewandte Physik, TU Darmstadt, SchloŸgartenstr. 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany Drittes Physikalisches Institut, B¼rgerstr. 42-44, 37073 G¶ttingen, Germany Casimir Effect: Physical Manifestations of Zero-Point Energy - Zero-point fluctuations in quantum fields give rise to observable forces between material bodies, the so-called Casimir forces.These lectures present the theory of the Casimir effect, primarily formulated in terms of Green's functions. Direct Observations of Single Sonoluminescence Pulses - To investigate the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, researchers attempted to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. Felipe Gaitan's Homepage - Dr. Felipe Gaitan's work on Sonoluminesence, Bubble Shape Oscillations and Thermoacoustics; NCPA; The University of Mississippi Impulse Devices, Inc. (USA)

72. Context Weblog :: January 2002 The project uses the mysterious phenomenon of sonoluminescence the process by which sound in water can be converted directly into light and the Internet http://www.straddle3.net/context/02/blog_0201.en.html

an emerging culture observatory home site map about context january 2002 sampling new cultural context thursday :: january 31, 2002 recombinant spider silk :: proprietary transgenic technology Mimicking the spider's way of spinning silk, a process that has been perfected through 400 million years of evolution, Nexia Biotechnologies Inc. and the U.S. Army Soldier Biological Chemical Command (SBCCOM) reported they have made the world's first spider silk fibers from man-made materials with properties similar to natural spider silk. Genetically engineered goats will be used to produce milk loaded with spider silk, five times as strong, by weight, as steel; tough enough to make a new generation of soft body armor or the finest surgical thread. "It's incredible that a tiny animal found literally in your backyard can create such an amazing material by using only amino acids, the same building blocks that are used to make skin and hair," said Jeffrey Turner, President of Nexia. "Spider silk is a material science wonder - a self-assembling, biodegradable, high-performance, nanofiber structure one-tenth the width of a human hair that can stop a bee traveling at 20 miles per hour without breaking. Spider silk has dwarfed Man's achievements in material science to date."

73. Sonoluminescence sonoluminescence. sonoluminescence (SL) is the mysterious and fascinating phenomenon of the ultrashort flashes of light emitted during http://www.sunysb.edu/metcalf/sonoluminescence.htm

Sonoluminescence Sonoluminescence (SL) is the mysterious and fascinating phenomenon of the ultrashort flashes of light emitted during the catastrophic collapse of a gas bubble caused by an acoustic wave. In some sense, it's the conversion of sound into light. Although the phenomenon was observed as far back as 60 years ago [1], it wasn't until 1990 that it was produced in a single isolated bubble [2], and 1991 that serious studies of it first appeared in the literature [3]. Now Hiller et al. have carried out a precise and careful measurement of the temporal properties of this luminescence [4], further narrowing the range of models to explain the phenomenon. or O J and the spectral density is consistent with a black-body spectrum near 10 [1] H. Frenzel and H. Schultes, Z. Phys. Chem., [2] D. Gaitan and L. Crum, J. Acoust. Soc. Am., [3] B. Barber and S. Putterman, Nature, [4] R. Hiller, S. Putterman, and S. Weninger, submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett.

74. Water Hammer Powers Up Sonoluminescence Water Hammer powers up sonoluminescence. In household plumbing, a water hammer can occur when the flow of water suddenly slows, generating http://www.globaltechnoscan.com/7thMay-13thMay03/sonoluminescence.htm

Please register here to Search or Submit B usiness O pportunities REGISTER HERE LOGIN Water Hammer powers up sonoluminescence In household plumbing, a water hammer can occur when the flow of water suddenly slows, generating a temporary vacuum and a shock wave that together violently shake the plumbing. At this week's meeting of the Acoustical Society of America in Nashville, Seth Putterman of UCLA (310-825-2269) described a new "water hammer" method for generating sonoluminescence (SL), the transformation of sound into light. This new approach yields SL flashes with much higher powers than before. In the ordinary SL process, a sound wave enters a liquid tank, and produces bubbles that collapse and release ultrashort flashes of light. In the SL version of the water hammer, researchers shake a 20-inch-long, 1.5 inch diameter cylindrica l tube with a force of 2 g's. Filled with water and a small amount of xenon gas, the tube shakes so that water in each half of the tube travels in an opposite direction and temporarily creates a centimeter-long region of vacuum in the center. As the vacuum closes, it launches a large shock wave that generates SL in the water, producing an output of approximately 300 million photons (about a hundred times greater than earlier SL experiments) that add up to a peak power of about half a watt.

75. TechnologySeek.net Sonoluminescence Direct Observations of Single sonoluminescence Pulses profile http//www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/sonolum_paper.html To investigate the physical http://www.technologyseek.net/categories/Science__Technology__Acoustics,_Ultraso

@import url(http://www.animationseek.com/style.css); Search Directory Forum Technology Acoustics, Ultrasound and Vibration Ultrasound Sonoluminescence - Found 19 sites about Sonoluminescence Direct Observations of Single Sonoluminescence Pulses profile http://www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/sonolum_paper.html To investigate the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, researchers attempted to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. Impulse Devices, Inc. (USA) profile http://www.impulsedevices.com/ is developing a new product known as Sonofusion power generator which will capture a significant percentage of the $500 billion per year electric power generation revenue stream. The fusion of one gallon of water will release the same amount of energy a Physics News Graphics: The Sonoluminescence Process profile http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/sono1.htm American Institute of Physics Publications on Sonoluminescence profile http://www.tn.utwente.nl/pof/ Detlef Lohse Research on sonoluminescence in the Department of Mathematical Sciences.

76. Sonoluminescence - Encyclopedia Article About Sonoluminescence. Free Access, No sonoluminescence Definition Meaning Information Explanationsonoluminescence definition, meaning and explanation and more about sonoluminescence. FreeDefinition - Online Glossary and Encyclopedia, sonoluminescence. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Sonoluminescence

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Sonoluminescence Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Sonoluminescence is the emission of short bursts of light Nature of light Light often means the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum visible to the human eye, but can also refer to other forms of electromagnetic radiation. The three basic dimensions of light (and of all electromagnetic radiation) are brilliance (or amplitude), color (or frequency), and polarization (or angle of vibration). Due to wave-particle duality, light simultaneously exhibits properties of both waves and particles. Click the link for more information. from imploding bubbles A Bubble may take the form of: a pocket of air or gas caught within a solid or liquid a spherical liquid film (often of surfactant, occasionally of bubble gum) filled with air or gas a metaphor for isolation (e.g. 'living in a bubble') a (normally) transparent dome To blow the perfect surfactant bubble, first mix the perfect surfactant solution: 2 litres of washing-up detergent 4 litres of glycerine 6 litres of water Click the link for more information.

77. Revue L'ATTRACTEUR, Hiver 2000 - La Sonoluminescence Ou L'étoile Mystérieuse - C est la sonoluminescence l art d utiliser le son pour faire de la lumière! http://www.physique.usherbrooke.ca/attracte/09-2000/sonolumin.htm

L'Attracteur No. Hiver 2000 LA REVUE DE PHYSIQUE ISSN 1207-0203 La sonoluminescence La variation de la pression j Effets de la variation de la pression La courbe rouge pression verte illustre la variation du rayon de la bulle. Celle-ci prend de l'expansion lorsque la pression faiblit puis, se contracte subitement lorsque la pression augmente. Les pics de la courbe bleue sonoluminescence B ibliographie Raymond A. Serway, Physique III: Optique et physique moderne e Seth J. Putterman, Sonoluminescence : sound into light, Scientific American Seth J. Putterman, , La recherche , volume 24, juin 1993, p. 750. http://www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/ http://www.scs.uiuc.edu/~suslick/britannica.html Images SONOLUMINESCENCE : http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/sonophot.htm http://rsrch.com/saturna/ GRAPHIQUE : Lawrence Crum, Sonoluminescence, Physics Today , septembre 1994, p.26.

78. Sonoluminescence Top Links sonoluminescence Web Site Links. sonoluminescence (A. SƒÂ¤rkilahti and MM Salomaa) sonoluminescence an Introduction - Answers http://www.wavetech-links.com/Top_Science_Technology_Acoustics_Ultrasound_and_Vi

Click Here to link to our Web Directory Sub Categories Other Useful Web Links Google Yahoo Dmoz Games ... Alltheweb Sonoluminescence Web Site Links Sonoluminescence (A. S¤rkilahti and M. M. Salomaa) Sonoluminescence: an Introduction Answers to questions "What is sonoluminescence?", "Why is it so interesting?" and "What do we know about it?" Direct Observations of Single Sonoluminescence Pulses To investigate the physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence, researchers attempted to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. Sonoluminescence Kits Homepage Sonoluminescence kits ready to run Research on sonoluminescence in the Department of Mathematical Sciences. De Montfort University Sonoluminescence experiment: sound into light W.A. Steer Sonoluminescence (21 Apr 97) 'No nuclear fusion' from glowing bubbles The Physics of Chain Reaction Physics News Preview, American Institute of Physics Public Information Division Boosting Sonoluminescence Joachim Holzfuss , Matthias R¼ggeberg , Robert Mettin Institut f¼r Angewandte Physik, TU Darmstadt, SchloŸgartenstr. 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany Drittes Physikalisches Institut, B¼rgerstr. 42-44, 37073 G¶ttingen, Germany

79. Sonoluminescence Innovations And Patents sonoluminescence Innovations and Patents. © 2002 Dialysis. More information on sonoluminescence and sonoluminescence Research References. http://www.air.xq23.com/energy_science_resources/Sonoluminescence.html

Sonoluminescence Innovations and Patents © 2002, XQ23.COM Research (air.xq23.com) Who were the Great Minds Absolute Zero Acid Rain Acoelomates ... HOME KEY SITES: PRIME-RADIANT FUTURE'S EDGE Future Books Educational Priorities THE LUMINARIES SCIENCE FICTION ARCHIVES: FIRST PILLAR kurt vonnegut arthur c clarke david brin ... Dialysis More information on: Sonoluminescence and Sonoluminescence Research References. Recent U.S. patents related to Sonoluminescence: 6,350,431: Compounds 6,343,227: Miniature spectrometer 6,324,418: Portable tissue spectroscopy apparatus and method 6,289,229: Readable probe array for in vivo use 6,250,011: Method for uptake of a substance into a seed 6,242,847: Ultrasonic transducer with epoxy compression elements 6,234,765: Ultrasonic phase pump 6,216,538: Particle handling apparatus for handling particles in fluid by acoustic radiation pressure 6,195,936: Method for uptake of a substance into a seed 6,193,878: Multi-modal method and apparatus for treating a solution 6,185,865: Method for clearing of fungal spores from seed by ultrasound 6,185,443: Visible display for an interventional device

80. A Guide To Single Bubble Sonoluminescence A brief guide to sonoluminescence. My project is sonoluminescence and, as the name suggests, it is the act of creating light from sound. http://physics.open.ac.uk/~swebb/

Sonoluminescence Who is in the office today then? More silly stuff A brief guide to Sonoluminescence Achieving Sonoluminescence ... Experimental proposals My name is Sarah Webb and I am a second year postgraduate at the Open University, in Milton Keynes. My project is sonoluminescence and, as the name suggests, it is the act of creating light from sound. I first attempted sonoluminescence during my fourth year project at U.C.L. the results of which are detailed in Final project. My proposed PhD work is detailed in experimental proposals If you are interested in finding out more please feel free to look at these links; our review paper: EJP, Vol. 25 (1), Jan 2004, p101 Contact Me References useful links var sc_project=287303;

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