1. Sonoluminescence: An Introduction sonoluminescence an Introduction. About the LLNL sonoluminescence experiment. What is sonoluminescence? sonoluminescence http://www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/

Sonoluminescence: an Introduction About the LLNL sonoluminescence experiment What is sonoluminescence? Sonoluminescence is the emission of light by bubbles in a liquid excited by sound. It was first discovered by scientists at the University of Cologne in 1934, but was not considered very interesting at the time. In recent years, a number of researchers have sought to understand this phenomenon in more detail. A major breakthrough occurred when Gaitan et al. were able to produce single-bubble sonoluminescence, in which a single bubble, trapped in a standing acoustic wave, emits light with each pulsation. Before this development, research was hampered by the instability and short lifetime of the phenomenon. Why is sonoluminescence so interesting? Sonoluminescence has created a stir in the physics community. The mystery of how a low-energy-density sound wave can concentrate enough energy in a small enough volume to cause the emission of light is still unsolved. It requires a concentration of energy by about a factor of one trillion. To make matters more complicated, the wavelength of the emitted light is very short - the spectrum extends well into the ultraviolet. Shorter wavelength light has higher energy, and the observed spectrum of emitted light seems to indicate a temperature in the bubble of at least 10,000 degrees Celsius, and possibly a temperature in excess of one million degrees Celsius. Such a high temperature makes the study of sonoluminescence especially interesting for the possibility that it might be a means to achieve thermonuclear fusion.

2. Direct Observations Of Single Sonoluminescence Pulses Observations of SinglePulse sonoluminescence. We report attempts to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. http://www-phys.llnl.gov/N_Div/sonolum/sonolum_paper.html

Observations of Single-Pulse Sonoluminescence M. J. Moran R. E. Haigh M. E. Lowry , and D. R. Sweider Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550 G. R. Abel, J. T. Carlson, S.D. Lewia, A. A. Atchley, D. F. Gaitan, and X. K. Maruyama Physics Department, Naval Postgraduate School, Monterey, CA 93943 Abstract The physical processes underlying the phenomenon of sonoluminescence have not been clearly resolved by previous measurements. The possibility that sonoluminescence might involve such extreme conditions that it could produce neutrons makes measurements of parameters such as the source temperature, diameter, and density valuable. We report attempts to measure the diameter and duration of single sonoluminescence flashes. For both parameters, our results were limited by the resolution of the instruments, giving upper limits on source diameters of three microns and upper limits on emission durations of twelve picoseconds. Introduction Sonoluminescence (SL) is the emission of flashes of light by imploding air bubbles in liquid. It was first observed as random flashes of light during studies of cavitation. Recently, repetitive emission of SL has been produced under relatively stable, reproducible experimental conditions. The excellent stability of SL from single acoustically levitated bubbles has made possible detailed studies of the emission characteristics. We have attempted to measure the images and histories of single SL events. If possible, it is important to know whether these quantities differ substantially from their average values. Clearly, the spatial distribution and temporal history are fundamental to probing the basic nature of SL. Furthermore, given the optical flux from a SL event, the duration and size of the source relate directly to its energy density and thus bear directly on remote possibilities such as inertial confinement fusion.

3. Science & Technology At Scientific American.com: Ask The Experts: Physics: The B The bubbles produced by ultrasound in water (sonoluminescence) reach extremely high temperatures and pressures for brief periods. http://www.sciam.com/askexpert_question.cfm?articleID=000950E3-6815-1C71-9EB7809

4. Sonoluminescence (A. S¤rkilahti and M. M. Salomaa) http://waist.hut.fi/annrep/1996/node33.html

Next: THEORETICAL MATERIALS PHYSICS Up: ACOUSTICS Previous: Surface-Acoustic Waves Sonoluminescence (A. Särkilahti and M. M. Salomaa) An intense field of ultrasound in a fluid can trap a sub-millimeter radius gas bubble and make it emit light. This phenomenon is called sonoluminescence. The mechanisms that convert sound into light still remain unexplained despite many various theoretical approaches. A gas bubble is created into a flask filled with fluid. For example degassed, purified water and air are an excellent pair for the phenomenon. A coherent beam of ultrasound makes the bubble cavitate, i.e. to expand and compress in phase with the sound wave. Typical frequency for the sound wave is 25 kHz. While violently imploding in each cycle, the bubble emits light quanta. The duration of the light pulses is less than 50 ps and their energy is about 3 eV. The intensity of the acoustic field is thereby amplified by a factor of Figure 5.12: Motion of the sonoluminescence bubble as a function of time. Notice the supersonic velocity of the radius at the time of imploding. The source of the sonoluminescence light is unknown. The duration of the light pulses is shorter than the electromagnetic transitions in atoms. The exact motion of the bubble cannot be described with classical hydrodynamics, instead the so-called Rayleigh-Plesset equation must be used. The proposed explanations for the phenomenon contradict each other. These vary from shock waves produced into the bubble to quantum vacuum radiation.

5. Christopher Petersen's Page This template allows you to post a personal page on the web. an independent study on single bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). Under Tom Masulis and Joe Polen Manning and I were successful in making sonoluminescence. This is an incredible http://members.aol.com/cpeter2001/science2

Sonoluminescence, Quotes and Links~ Hello, my name is Chris Petersen. I am a Physics major at the University of California Santa Barbara and no longer at Shasta College in Redding, CA. While at Shasta College I completed an independent study on single bubble Sonoluminescence (SBSL). Under Tom Masulis and Joe Polen, Douglas Manning and I were successful in making Sonoluminescence. This is an incredible phenomenon where sound can be converted into light! Sonoluminescence was discovered by accident (like most applications in science) in the early 1930's by a pair of German Physicists @ the University of Cologne. It hasn't been until the last ten years that theorists and researchers have really given sonoluminescence an audience. The leading work has being done by Seth J. Putterman, Robert A. Hiller and Bradley P. Barber at UCLA. While this group has published many papers on sonoluminescence the most popular of their papers can be found in Scientific American Feb. 1995 Vol.272. The phenomenon of single bubble sonoluminescence can be produced as a table top physics project. From 100 to 200 dollars one can make sonoluminescence. To make SBSL (Single Bubble Sonoluminescence) one has to have a bubble (of plain air) surrounded by water in a spherical flask and then bombarded by high frequency sound waves. This causes the bubble to contract and as this happens something very spectacular happens! The bubble starts emitting light. Light, as in photons are being emitted from this bubble of air (now plasma) that is under contraction. I hope that you are as amazed as I was the first time I learned of this effect (that is if you are not already looking for info on SL).

6. Sonoluminescence And Medical Ultrasound Physics News Graphics (American Institute of Physics) http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/sonomed.htm

7. Single Bubble Sonoluminescence HOWTO Single Bubble sonoluminescence HOWTO. So if you already know about sonoluminescence and now want to reproduce it, this is the right place to look at. http://www.physik3.gwdg.de/~rgeisle/nld/sbsl-howto.html

Reinhard's Experimental Physics Letters (unpublished) 5/1996 Single Bubble Sonoluminescence HOWTO What's this all about? There are many papers about the theory of Single Bubble Sonoluminescence available, but exact descriptions how to produce it are rare. So if you already know about sonoluminescence and now want to reproduce it, this is the right place to look at. I tried to give a complete and detailed report of the steps towards SBSL. Any suggestions, supplementations, comments are welcome... Equipment (required): sinus generator: any function generator working around 25 kHz, adjustable to +/- 1 Hz (+/- 10 Hz may work, too) amplifier: nearly any kind of audio amplifier will do. If you're not sure, measure the saturation voltage: 40 V peak-to-peak should be enough. 2-trace oscilloscope 2 piezoceramic Transducers (drivers): around d=16 mm in diameter, h=8 mm thick piezoceramic pill-transducer (microphone): around 3 mm in diameter, 1 mm thick three finger clamp laboratory stand flask: take a 100 ml Pyrex/Duran spherical flask, diameter 65 mm, with a small neck. An industrial one has poor optical quality, so better take a free blown one. coil(s): around 20 mH, see

8. Boosting Sonoluminescence Joachim Holzfuss , Matthias R¼ggeberg , Robert Mettin Institut f¼r Angewandte Physik, TU Darmstadt, SchloŸgartenstr. 7, 64289 Darmstadt, Germany Drittes Physikalisches Institut, B¼rgerstr. 4244, 37073 G¶ttingen, Germany http://www.physik.tu-darmstadt.de/~hofu/paper/boosting/main.html

Boosting Sonoluminescence Joachim Holzfuss , Robert Mettin accepted for publication in PRL, Received: September 26, 1996 Abstract: Single bubble sonoluminescence has been experimentally produced through a novel approach of optimized sound excitation. A driving consisting of a first and second harmonic with selected amplitudes and relative phase results in an increase of light emission compared to sinusoidal driving. We achieved a raise of the maximum photo current of up to 300% with the two-mode sound signal. Numerical simulations of multi-mode excitation of a single bubble are compared to this result. PACS numbers: 78.60.Mq, 43.25.Yw, 42.65.Re, 02.60.Pn By focusing ultrasonic waves of high intensity into a liquid, thousands of tiny bubbles appear. This process of breakup of the liquid is called acoustic cavitation. The bubbles begin to form a fractal structure that is dynamically changing in time. They also emit a loud chaotic sound because of their forced nonlinear oscillations in the sound field [ ]. The large mechanical forces on objects brought into contact with the bubbles enable the usage of cavitation in cleaning, particle destruction and chemistry. Marinesco and Trillat [

9. Sonoluminescence Experiment: Sound Into Light Detailed explanation of how I configured apparatus for the observation of sonoluminescence. Preparation of a flask for use as a sonoluminescence vessel. http://www.techmind.org/sl/

by W.A. Steer  PhD About... Sonoluminescence is a little-understood phenomenon whereby light is emitted by tiny bubbles suspended in a liquid subjected to intense acoustic fields. The aim of this work was to construct apparatus to enable the observation of sonoluminescence, to investigate its basic properties, and leave a kit and instructions to form the basis of a future final-year undergraduate experiment. It was found that despite the apparent simplicity of the setup, to obtain successful and repeatable sonoluminescence required great care in the selection and tuning of system components, and a good degree of patience. The widely-reported increase in bubble brightness at low temperatures was readily confirmed, and a simple Mie scattering arrangement configured to monitor the bubble size gave results consistent with those already published. Contents Introduction Detailed Method Preparation of flask Electrical circuit ... Appendix Introduction Sonoluminescence was first observed in an ultrasonic water bath in 1934 by H. Frenzel and H. Schultes at the University of Cologne, an indirect result of wartime research in marine acoustic radar. This early work involved very strong ultrasonic fields and yielded clouds of unpredictable and non-synchronous flashing bubbles, now termed "multi-bubble sonoluminescence". Such a chaotic phenomenon did not lend itself to detailed scientific investigation. Study of sonoluminescence then made little progress until 1988, when D. Felipe Gaitan succeeded in trapping a stable sonoluminescing bubble at the centre of a flask energised at its acoustic resonance - single-bubble sonoluminescence (SBSL). However their interest soon waned, and the research was subsequently taken up by Dr S. Putterman et. al., at UCLA, California.

10. Plasma-Material Interaction Group sonoluminescence Overview and Future Applications. Introduction. The brilliant blue glow in the picture above is one of many examples of sonoluminescence. The scientificsounding word basically translates to "sound into light." discovered this phenomenon, they called it sonoluminescence. While sonoluminescence was first http://starfire.ne.uiuc.edu/~ne201/1995/levinson/sonolum.html

Quick Links Advisor Funding Objective Research Areas ... Webmaster Sonoluminescence Overview and Future Applications Introduction The brilliant blue glow in the picture above is one of many examples of sonoluminescence. The scientific-sounding word basically translates to "sound into light." The idea is very simplea small bubble, surrounded by some liquid, is bombarded with sound. Due to the high energies now in the bubble, it starts to luminesce, or produce light. When researchers first discovered this phenomenon, they called it sonoluminescence While sonoluminescence was first discovered in the 1930's, it received little attention until recently. In the past few years, a number of discoveries have been made, opening up even more mysteries. While most people have heard nothing about sonoluminescence, it has great potential in many scientific areas. High on the list for many researchers is its applications to fusion , since it is predicted that as sound bombards a bubble, the temperatures can get so hot as to allow fusion to occur within the bubble. Accordingly, there is some exciting research going on in this new field, and, according to Science , it is "a remarkable laboratory for physics and chemistry." [

11. Topics In The Physics Of Highly Correlated Systems (MPhil Or PhD) Student project http://www.phy.cuhk.edu.hk/prog/topics/theory24.html

Experimental Projects Theoretical Projects Theoretical Project nos. 24. Topics in the physics of highly correlated systems (MPhil or PhD) Prof. Lin, H.Q. , Room 110, (852) 2609 6365, E-mail: hqlin@phy.cuhk.edu.hk One student may be accepted to work on any of the following research projects related to the physics of high-Tc superconductivity and magnetism: (1) Phase separation in highly correlated systems; (2) Superconductivity and magnetism in a two-dimensional generalized Hubbard model; (3) Quantum Monte Carlo simulations; (4) Studies of quantum spin systems; (5) Magnetic properties of transition metals; (6) Quantum phase transition and quantum computing. The student is expected to be an honest and hard-working person who has a solid background in undergraduate physics and mathematics. References: The Hubbard model: its physics and mathematical physics, pp. 315-327, D. Baeriswyl et al. eds. (Plenum Press, 1995). Physical Review B 52, 16155 (1995). Physical Review B 63, 115112 (2001). Physical Review Letters 87, 047204 (2001). Physical Review B 64, 214411 (2001).

12. Physics News Graphics The Sonoluminescence Process The sonoluminescence Process. The Soluminescence Process. sonoluminescence is the conversion of sound into light. Ultrasonic http://www.aip.org/physnews/graphics/html/sono1.htm

13. Symposium On Sonoluminescence University of Chicago Chicago, Illinois http://mrsec.uchicago.edu/MRSEC/meetings/sonoluminescence/

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14. Sonoluminescence Report sonoluminescence. The Star In A Jar 1 Author John timing of the light. History Of sonoluminescence. The word sonoluminescence means http://www.dawnlink.ltd.uk/sl/report.html

Sonoluminescence The Star In A Jar Author: John Robson Project Partner: Peter Street Supervisor: Dr R. Smith Assessor: Dr J. Marangos Sonoluminescence is a fascinating phenomenon in which sound energy is converted to light. A summary of the history and prevailing theories of sonoluminescence are presented. Details of the constructed rig are given, with reasons for the choices of each piece of equipment. Although sonoluminescence was not obtained, the work did solve some of the major problems involved with producing the phenomenon. No new data was obtained and the apparatus has now been taken over by another group who have managed to take further steps. Hopefully this apparatus will eventually house a sonoluminescent bubble. Introduction History Of Sonoluminescence The word sonoluminescence means ‘light from sound’ and is derived from the Latin sonus meaning sound and the Greek lumos meaning light. The phenomenon of sonoluminescence occurs when a small gas bubble collapses rapidly in a fluid. There are two main classifications of sonoluminescence: Multiple Bubble SonoLuminescence (hereafter MBSL) and Single Bubble SonoLuminescence (hereafter SBSL). In the 1930’s the two fields of sonochemistry and cavitation combined. In 1933 N.Marinesco and J.J.Trillat found that a photographic plate was fogged by submersion in liquid that was being agitated by ultrasonics thus discovering MBSL. In 1934 H.Frenzel and H.Schultes, from the university of Cologne, reported that they could reproduce a weak but visible light in water using ultrasound. They tried to explain this by suggesting that it was an electrical phenomenon caused by the motion of the bubbles and dismissed it at that, as it was not considered useful in their wartime research into marine acoustic radar.

15. Physics Of Fluids - Faculty Of Applied Physics - University Of Twente Detlef Lohse http://www.tn.utwente.nl/pof/

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16. Sonoluminescence Homepage sonoluminescence kits ready to run http://www.sonoluminescence.com/

Sonoluminescence apparatus ready to run. Email: sl100@sonoluminescence.com johnkord@yahoo.com

17. SL100B SONOLUMINESCENCE SYSYEM! SL100B sonoluminescence SYSYEM! http://www.sonoluminescence.com/SL100B.html

SL100B SONOLUMINESCENCE SYSYEM!

18. Welcome To My Homepage Graduated in physics in 2003, Edinburgh, Scotland and continues to research into the fields of single bubble sonoluminescence and linear/nonlinear properties of II-VI quantum dots. http://www.quasiphysicist.co.uk/

Sorry, but I am very busy at the moment and am unable to resolve a technical issue. last update Page maintained by Arran Curran

19. Untitled Document A research center on the University of Mississippi campus that specializes in the physics of acoustics, including sonoluminescence, resonant ultrasound spectroscopy, outdoor sound, nonlinear acoustics, land mine detection, and agroacoustics. http://www.olemiss.edu/depts/ncpa/

UM Web Directories Organizations Departments People Places ... Important Numbers Jamie Whitten N ational C enter for P hysical A coustics University of Mississippi Coliseum Drive University MS 38677 662-915-5889 (voice) 662-915-7494 (fax) ncpa@olemiss.edu Information Research Events Education Links Search NCPA Home "The most beautiful thing we can experience is the mysterious. It is the source of all true art and all science. He to whom this emotion is a stranger, who can no longer pause to wonder and stand rapt in awe, is as good as dead; his eyes are closed." Albert Einstein Webmaster: libby@olemiss.edu Last update: December 17, 2003 Let both sides seek to invoke the wonders of science instead of its terrors. Together let us explore the stars, conquer the deserts, eradicate disease, tap the ocean depths, and encourage the arts and commerce. - Inaugural Address, 20 January 1961, John Fitzgerald Kennedy You are the 67258th visitor since the big bang.

20. The Physics Of Chain Reaction there in Chain Reaction? What is sonoluminescence? How do scientists create sonoluminescence? What is the light http://www.aip.org/physnews/preview/1996/chain

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