21. Evolution: Library: Radiometric Dating radiometric dating. Topics Covered Deep Time/History of Life. Backgrounder. radiometric dating Geologists have calculated the age of Earth at 4.6 billion years. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/03/3/l_033_01.html

Radiometric Dating Geologist Ralph Harvey and historian Mott Greene explain the principles of radiometric dating and its application in determining the age of Earth. As the uranium in rocks decays, it emits subatomic particles and turns into lead at a constant rate. Measuring the uranium-to-lead ratios in the oldest rocks on Earth gave scientists an estimated age of the planet of 4.6 billion years. Segment from A Science Odyssey: "Origins." Credits: View in: QuickTime RealPlayer Resource Type: Video Format: QuickTime or RealPlayer Length: 1 min, 39 sec Topics Covered: Deep Time/History of Life Backgrounder Radiometric Dating: Geologists have calculated the age of Earth at 4.6 billion years. But for humans whose life span rarely reaches more than 100 years, how can we be so sure of that ancient date? It turns out the answers are in Earth's rocks. Even the Greeks and Romans realized that layers of sediment in rock signified old age. But it wasn't until the late 1700s when Scottish geologist James Hutton, who observed sediments building up on the landscape, set out to show that rocks were time clocks that serious scientific interest in geological age began. Before then, the Bible had provided the only estimate for the age of the world: about 6,000 years, with Genesis as the history book. Hutton's theories were short on evidence at first, but by 1830 most scientists concurred that Noah's ark was more allegory than reality as they documented geological layering. Using fossils as guides, they began to piece together a crude history of Earth, but it was an imperfect history. After all, the ever-changing Earth rarely left a complete geological record. The age of the planet, though, was important to

22. A Science Odyssey: People And Discoveries: Radiometric Dating Finds Earth Is 2.2 radiometric dating finds Earth is 2.2 billion years old 1907 In 1902 Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy discovered that radioactive http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/do07ra.html

Radiometric dating finds Earth is 2.2 billion years old In 1902 Ernest Rutherford and Frederick Soddy discovered that radioactive elements, such as uranium and thorium, broke down into other elements in a predictable sequence or series. This amazing fact seemed like alchemy to many, but American chemist Bertram Borden Boltwood (1870-1927) was intrigued. Boltwood studied this concept of "radioactive series," and found that lead was always present in uranium and thorium ores. He believed that lead must be the final product of the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium. A few years later, in 1907, he reasoned that since he knew the rate at which uranium breaks down (its half-life), he could use the proportion of lead in the uranium ores as a kind of meter or clock. The clock would tell him how long that ore and by extension, the earth's crust had existed. His observations and calculations put Earth's age at 2.2 billion years. This was a dramatic increase in the estimate of Earth's age for the time. Boltwood's basic idea and technique have been used ever since 1907, but advances in technology and knowledge of atomic structure have shown the earth to be even older. Uranium decay is so slow it can indicate geologic time. Boltwood's reasoning holds true for other radioactive elements such as

23. Radiometric Dating Of Fossils And Rocks radiometric dating of Fossils and Rocks The Failure and Inaccuracy of Radiodating and Radiocarbon Dating Methods. We are already http://www.cryingvoice.com/Evolution/Radiodating.html

Creation - Evolution Physics and Evolution Vestigial Organs Radiometric Dating of Fossils and Rocks The Failure and Inaccuracy of Radiodating and Radiocarbon Dating Methods We are already accustomed to such statements made in the media: scientists have discovered 65 million year old dinosaur bones in this or that location; scientists concluded that a certain rock is 4.5 billion years old. We don't even consider questioning the age of these findings. Scientists cannot be wrong so we say. We have heard about some of the dating methods, like radiocarbon dating, or uranium radiodating, but very few of us know much about how inaccurate these methods are, and yet they are presented as infallible scientific tools. In the following, we will take a closer look at these and other methods, and we will make an assessment of their accuracy. At the end we shall conclude that these dating methods are so unreliable that ultimately rocks and fossils cannot be dated by these, thus evolutionists must rely solely on theory. We have seen on the previous pages, that evolution cannot happen, regardless of how much time is available; one thousand or one billion years. Long time does not make possible the impossible. A tornado could rumble through a junkyard for billions of years, and still would not be able to assemble a Rolls Royce, let alone a whole Rolls Royce factory!

24. Assumptions Of Radiometric Dating Assumptions of radiometric dating. ICR IMPACT ARTICLES radiometric dating Study Underway Excess Argon Skews KAr Dating Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth. http://www.rae.org/radiodat.html

Assumptions of Radiometric Dating Author: Doug Sharp Subject: Geology Date: updated 3/17/2003 Essays by Author Essays by Subject Essays by Date ICR IMPACT ARTICLES: Radiometric Dating Study Underway Excess Argon Skews K-Ar Dating Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth I will attempt to give you a few answers to your questions concerning radiometric dating. If you want to study what creationists say about radiometric dating in depth, I recommend three books, The Mythology of Modern Dating Methods and Studies in Flood Geology , both by John Woodmorappe and Creation's Tiny Mystery by Robert Gentry. John Woodmorappe's books are advertised elsewhere on my web site. These books contain an exhaustive study of radiometric dates that do not fit the results evolutionists expect. There is also an exhaustive ongoing study of this subject called the RATE (Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth) Group, a team of six scientists who are investigating the subject in depth, and have published the first of several studies. There are several methods of radiometric dating. Carbon-14 dating has limited value for evolution because its half-life is too short. The method assumes that the production of Carbon-14 in the atmosphere from nitrogen is a process that is in equilibrium, and it is not.

25. Amazing Discoveries:: Radiometric Dating - Page 1 radiometric dating page 1. A radioactive element is capable of changing into a new element by the emission of a charged particle. http://www.amazingdiscoveries.org/rad_dating.html

Home Menu: The Fossil Record Radiometric Dating Age of The Earth Evolutionary Theory Evidence of The Flood Natural Selection as a Creative Force ... Creation to Restoration Radiometric Dating [page 1] In other words, all methods of radioactive dating rely on some a priori assumptions which may not necessarily be true. These are: The rate of radioactive decay and half-lives has remained constant over time. This assumption has the backing of numerous scientific studies and is relatively sound, however, conditions may have been different in the past and could have influenced the rate of decay or formation of radioactive elements. The assumption that the clock was set to zero when the study material was formed. This requires that only the parent isotope be initially present or that the amount of daughter isotope present at the beginning is known so that it can be subtracted. The assumption that we are dealing with a closed system. No loss of either parent or daughter elements has occurred since the study material formed. Let us briefly look at these three assumptions with reference to specific examples.

26. Radiometric Dating And The Bible radiometric dating AND THE BIBLE A HISTORICAL REVIEW BTG No. 104a August 1997 by Henry M . Morris*. © Copyright 2004 Institute for Creation Research. http://www.icr.org/pubs/btg-a/btg-104a.htm

Institute for Creation Research A Christ-Focused Creation Ministry "For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day..." Exodus 20:11 Main Menu Online Store About ICR Back to Genesis Days of Praise ... Tracts ICR Network Grad School ICR Adventures Jonathan Park ICRA Rated ... Donate RADIOMETRIC DATING AND THE BIBLE: A HISTORICAL REVIEW - BTG No. 104a August 1997 by Henry M . Morris "And God called the light Day, and the darkness He called Night. And the evening and the morning were the first day." (Genesis 1:5). The dating of rocks by the radioactive decay of certain minerals is undoubtedly the main argument today for the dogma of an old earth. But the Bible clearly teaches a recent creation of both the heavens and the earth, so Christians have often tried to reinterpret this doctrine to accommodate the long ages required by radioactive dating. For those Christians who believe that Genesis (like the other historical books of the Bible) should be understood as literal history, it has therefore been necessary to show the fallacies in the so-called "scientific proofs" of an old earth. During the century after Lyell and Darwin and up until about 1950, the reaction of practically all Christian leaders was to accept uniformitarianism and the radiometric ages, accommodating them by either the gap theory or the day-age theory.

27. Radiometric Dating radiometric dating USING ISOCHRONS IMPACT No. 113 Research. All Rights Reserved. radiometric dating fascinates nearly everyone. http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-113.htm

Institute for Creation Research A Christ-Focused Creation Ministry "For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day..." Exodus 20:11 Main Menu Online Store About ICR Back to Genesis Days of Praise ... Tracts ICR Network Grad School ICR Adventures Jonathan Park ICRA Rated ... Donate RADIOMETRIC DATING USING ISOCHRONS - IMPACT No. 113 November 1982 by Dr. Russell Akridge Institute for Creation Research. All Rights Reserved. Radiometric dating fascinates nearly everyone. Uranium-lead, potassium-argon, and rubidium-strontium are names associated with radiometric dating. Jesus Christ talked about things that most of his listeners did not comprehend. He used parables. Hear now the parable of two scientists who analyze the fruit layer in the crust of the earth. THE HARVEST The man on the adjoining farm raises bananas and coconuts. Both of his crops yielded about the same. His truck was loaded with 50% bananas well-mixed with 50% coconuts.

28. Radiometric Dating radiometric dating. by Frank Steiger Copyright © 1996 radiometric dating is a means of determining the age of a mineral specimen http://www.holysmoke.org/cretins/chrono.htm

Radiometric dating by Frank Steiger Radiometric dating is a means of determining the "age" of a mineral specimen by determining the relative amounts present of certain radioactive elements. By "age" we mean the elapsed time from when the mineral specimen was formed. Radioactive elements "decay" (that is, change into other elements) by "half lives." If a half life is equal to one year, then one half of the radioactive element will have decayed in the first year after the mineral was formed; one half of the remainder will decay in the next year (leaving one-fourth remaining), and so forth. The formula for the fraction remaining is one-half raised to the power given by the number of years divided by the half-life (in other words raised to a power equal to the number of half-lives). If we knew the fraction of a radioactive element still remaining in a mineral, it would be a simple matter to calculate its age by the formula log F = N/Hlog(1/2) (1) where: F = fraction remaining N = number of years and H = half life. To determine the fraction still remaining, we must know both the amount now present and also the amount present when the mineral was formed. Contrary to creationist claims, it is possible to make that determination, as the following will explain:

29. Unreliability Of Radiometric Dating And Old Age Of The Earth radiometric dating. Photo Gallery of Dating errors. Scientific Essay by David A. Plaisted. radiometric dating. Scientific Essay by David A. Plaisted. http://www.bible.ca/tracks/dating-radiometric.htm

Radiometric Dating Photo Gallery of Dating errors Scientific Essay by David A. Plaisted "Proof of the pudding " There are circumstances that provide opportunities for testing. Dinosaurs which are supposed have lived at least 60 million years ago, should not yield dates of thousands of years. Rocks known to have formed in historical times should not yield dates of millions of years. Dinosaur Bone (Illium bone of an Acrocanthosarus) Radio carbon dated at 19,000 years old! Wood embedded in "110 million year old limestone" Radio carbon dated at 890 years old! Carbonized stick embedded in "110 million year old limestone" Radio carbon dated at 12,900 years old! Mt. St. Helens The new lava dome (dacite) from the at Mount St. Helens was formed in 1986. In 1997 five specimens were taken from this dome at five different locations and subjected to conventional Potassium-Argon dating. The results indicated ages of less than one half to almost three million years old, all from eleven year old rock. (Click on photo for high resolution) We know when this dome formed. When we date rock of known age we test the claims and we see obvious failures. But, when we date rock of unknown age, we are assured that the results are accurate.

30. Radiometric Dating radiometric dating techniques are based on radiodecay series with constant rates of isotope decay. Once a quantity of a radioactive http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/Sciences/Chemistry/NuclearChemistry/NuclearR

Themes Science Chemistry Nuclear Chemistry ... Nuclear Reactions Radiometric techniques were developed after the discovery of radioactivity in 1896. The regular rates of decay for unstable, radioactive elements were found to constitute virtual "clocks" within the earth's rocks. Basic Theory Radioactive elements such as uranium (U) and thorium (Th) decay naturally to form different elements or isotopes of the same element. (Isotopes are atoms of any elements that differ in mass from that element, but possess the same general chemical and optical properties.) This decay is accompanied by the emission of radiation or particles (alpha, beta, or gamma rays) from the nucleus, by nuclear capture, or by ejection of orbital electrons. A number of isotopes decay to a stable product, a so-called daughter isotope, in a single step (for example, carbon-14), whereas other series involve many steps before a stable isotope is formed. Multistep radioactive decay series include, for example, the uranium-235, uranium-238, and thorium-232 families. If a daughter isotope is stable, it accumulates until the parent isotope has completely decayed. If a daughter isotope is also radioactive, however, equilibrium is reached when the daughter decays as fast as it is formed. Radiocarbon (C-14) Dating All living organisms absorb radiocarbon, an unstable form of carbon that has a half-life of about 5,730 years. During its lifetime, an organism continually replenishes its supply of radiocarbon by breathing and eating. After the organism dies and becomes a fossil, C-14 continues to decay without being replaced. To measure the amount of radiocarbon left in a fossil, scientists burn a small piece to convert it into carbon dioxide gas. Radiation counters are used to detect the electrons given off by decaying C-14 as it turns into nitrogen. The amount of C-14 is compared to the amount of C-12, the stable form of carbon, to determine how much radiocarbon has decayed and to date the fossil.

31. Radiometric Dating http://www.humboldt.edu/~gdg1/chronpage.html

32. Hiding The Numbers To Defame Radiometric Dating home1.gif (2214 bytes). Hiding the Numbers to Defame radiometric dating A Few Examples of the Many Misused References in Woodmorappe (1999). Dr. Kevin R. Henke. http://home.austarnet.com.au/stear/hiding_the_numbers_woody_henke.htm

Hiding the Numbers to Defame Radiometric Dating A Few Examples of the Many Misused References in Woodmorappe (1999) Dr. Kevin R. Henke The following material may be freely copied and distributed as long as it's not altered, edited or sold. Woodmorappe (1999) presents numerous examples of what he claims are "discrepant" radiometric dates that contradict each other, fossil data, field structures and/or stratigraphic evidence. For example, Woodmorappe (1999, p. 41) quotes the following statement from Swisher et al. (1993, p. 1994) to "demonstrate" that dates from Evernden et al. (1964), which were once highly regarded and characterized as state-of-the-art, are now considered unreliable: Yet, how anomalously old are Evernden et al.'s results? We find the answer in the proceeding sentences, which Woodmorappe (1999, p. 41) chooses to ignore. Here's a more complete quotation from Swisher et al. (1993, p. 1993-1994): Swisher et al. (1993, p. 1993-1994) are arguing over trivial errors of about 1% and Woodmorappe (1999, p. 41, 52) is misleading us into believing that these errors are huge and fatal to radiometric dating! In another example, Woodmorappe (1999, p. 40-41) quotes Prothero (1994, p. 60) and argues that K-Ar dates from Evernden et al. (1964), which had been used to calibrate the Eocene-Oligocene boundary of the geologic time scale, were later shown to be "unreliable":

33. A Radiometric Dating Resource List home1.gif (8619 bytes) radiometric dating the Truth! A radiometric dating Resource List (off site). radiometric dating a Christian Perspective (off site). http://home.austarnet.com.au/stear/a_radiometric_dating_resource_list.htm

Radiometric Dating - the Truth! Radiometric dating is the process of determining the age of rocks from the decay of their radioactive elements. Creationists rely for their young Earth theories on falsifying the radiometric dating processes. In the links below you will find abundant evidence for the veracity of radiometric dating. Dr Kevin R. Henke exposes the poor science of John Woodmorappe and other creationists A number of essays by Dr Henke A Radiometric Dating Resource List (off site) Radiometric Dating a Christian Perspective (off site) A Blow to the Creationist Cause - Scientists Refine Carbon Dating Techniques (off site) As Old As Time Professor Ian Plimer deals another blow to creationists' radiometric dating arguments. Radio Carbon Web Information (off site) Radio Dating and the Creation "Scientists" (off site) Consistent Radiometric Dates (off site) Radiometric Dating, Paleosols and the Geologic Column: Three strikes against Young Earth Creationism (off site) RATE: (Radioisotopes and the Age of The Earth) More Faulty Creation Science from The Institute for Creation Research (off site) Radiometric Dating and the Geological Time Scale: Circular Reasoning or Reliable Tools?

34. How Good Are Those Young Earth Arguments Carbon-14 And The following material has been taken from a sheet entitled Several Faulty Assumptions Are Used in all radiometric dating Methods. http://www.infidels.org/library/modern/dave_matson/young-earth/carbon-14/

35. Radiometric Dating radiometric dating. Method of dating rock by assessing the amount of radioactive decay of naturally occurring isotopes. The dating http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016796.html

Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames. // Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: radiometric dating Method of dating rock by assessing the amount of radioactive decay of naturally occurring isotopes . The dating of rocks may be based on the gradual decay of uranium into lead. The ratio of the amounts of parent to daughter isotopes in a sample gives a measure of the time it has been decaying, that is, of its age. Different elements and isotopes are used depending on the isotopes present and the age of the rocks to be dated. Once-living matter can often be dated by radiocarbon dating , employing the half-life of the isotope carbon-14, which is naturally present in organic tissue. Radiometric methods have been applied to the decay of long-lived isotopes, such as potassium-40, rubidium-87, thorium-232, and uranium-238, which are found in rocks. These isotopes decay very slowly and this has enabled rocks as old as 3,800 million years to be dated accurately. Carbon dating can be used for material between 1,000 and 100,000 years old. Potassium dating is used for material more than 100,000 years old

36. Radiometric Dating: An Exercise In Faith radiometric dating An Exercise in Faith. Most of us baby boomers were taught in school that radiometric dating showed us the age of rocks and fossils. http://www.otherside.net/radomtrc.html

Radiometric Dating: An Exercise in Faith "The Other Side of the News" Most of us baby boomers were taught in school that radiometric dating showed us the age of rocks and fossils. We were also taught that most rocks were billions of years old and they could prove it. Just the name "radiometric dating" sounds so scientific that most of us probably thought we couldn't understand how it worked anyway so we just smiled and said, "Neato." Radiometric dating is actually quite simple to understandthat is, it is easy to understand how it is supposed to work. The problem with it, once you really understand what it is, is that you have to assume an awfully lot for it to work. We all know what happens when one assumes too much. You have to fill in so many blanks before you start dating an object by guessing that when you get done dating it, the date only tells you what you assumed in the first place. Perhaps a rudimentary lesson in physics 101 is in order here. In the equation distance = rate times time, for example, it is absolutely necessary to know what two parts of the equation are in order to get the third, which is unknown. The equation could also be written time = distance divided by rate, but either way you must know what two parts are in order to determine the third. If you know any two of the unknowns it is quite easy to find the third. If you only know one of the three variables then you really know very little and can't hope to figure out the other two unknowns. At least that would be true with anything other than rocks and fossils, but evolutionists have such faith in their theory that they claim to be able to do the impossible.

37. How Accurate Are Carbon-14 And Other Radioactive Dating Methods? - ChristianAnsw Other radiometric dating Methods. There are various other radiometric dating methods used today to give ages of millions or billions of years for rocks. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c007.html

How accurate are Carbon-14 and other radioactive dating methods? See this page in: Hungarian Russian Spanish P eople who ask about carbon-14 ( C) dating usually want to know about the radiometric dating methods that are claimed to give millions and billions of years carbon dating can only give thousands of years. People wonder how millions of years could be squeezed into the biblical account of history. Clearly, such huge time periods cannot be fitted into the Bible without compromising what the Bible says about the goodness of God and the origin of sin, death and suffering the reason Jesus came into the world (See Six Days? Honestly! Christians, by definition, take the statements of Jesus Christ seriously. He said, "But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female" ( Mark 10:6 This only makes sense with a time-line beginning with the creation week thousands of years ago. It makes no sense at all if man appeared at the end of billions of years. We will deal with carbon dating first and then with the other dating methods. How the Carbon Clock Works Carbon has unique properties that are essential for life on earth. Familiar to us as the black substance in charred wood, as diamonds, and the graphite in "lead" pencils, carbon comes in several forms, or isotopes. One rare form has atoms that are 14 times as heavy as hydrogen atoms: carbon-14, or

38. Radioactive Age Estimation - ChristianAnswers.Net Evolutionists have since attempted to lend increased credibility to these assumptions by use of radiometric dating (which, of course, is also based on http://www.christiananswers.net/q-eden/edn-radioactive.html

RADIOACTIVE AGE ESTIMATION METHODS - Do they prove the earth is billions of years old? See this page in: Russian H ow old is planet Earth? There are enormous differences of opinion. The most common view is that Earth is approximately 4.5 billion years old. Others say it is older or younger. The lowest age defended on a scientific basis is in the 6 to 10 thousand year range. Evolutionism, of course, requires billions of years to support the plausibility of life's emergence and of subsequent Evolution from "amoeba" to man. Theoretically, Creationism remains workable within a wide range of age estimates. Scientists have proposed numerous age estimation methods. Most systems promoted by Evolutionists involve radioactivity. Various radioactive elements are involved, including Carbon-14, Uranium-238, Thorium-232, and Potassium-40. By the way, it is important to understand that most rock strata "dates" were actually assigned long before the first use of radioactive age estimating methods in 1911. The Carbon-14 age estimating method is, at best, only useful for estimating the age of things that are thousands of years old, not millions or billions. And it does not work on rocks or thoroughly mineralized fossils; it is only useful for relatively well-preserved organic materials such as cloth, wood, and other non-fossilized materials. Other methods must be used to estimate the age of rocks and minerals. Two of the most widely-known systems are the potassium-argon method and the uranium-lead method.

39. Short Essays Short essays addressing creation, evolution, intelligent design, dinosaurs, radiometric dating, Noah s flood, youngearth creationists, Big Bang Model http://www.geocities.com/darrickdean/passage.html

Short Essays Traditions, Testing All Things and the Truth What are Miracles and are They Real? Defining Terms of Creation and Evolution Was Noah's Flood Local or Global? ... Quotes Many of the essays on this page are shortened or condensed versions from my book Is The Truth Out There? © 2003 Darrick Dean. Traditions, Testing All Things and the Truth There are quite a few beliefs throughout Christianity that are based on errors. Over the years, people have believed many things that they "remember" the bible says, but in actuality we are remembering what other people have said. Some of these "errors" are serious and some are not. For instance, we all remember there being three wise men in the Christmas story. However, the bible doesn't say how many there were (Matthew 2:1). We assume there were three because Matthew 2:11 mentions three gifts that were given to the Christ child. It doesn't necessarily follow from this verse that there three: At least two, but maybe four. We have assumed three for so long, we have come to believe the bible says so, albeit wrongly.

40. Radiometric Dating - EvoWiki radiometric dating. From EvoWiki, the Evolution Education Wiki. radiometric dating lava flow. Creationist claims about radiometric dating. http://www.evowiki.org/wiki.phtml?title=Radiometric_dating

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