61. Stalagmite Triples Radiocarbon Dating Effectiveness Stalagmite Triples radiocarbon dating Effectiveness. A team of American and British scientists report that radiocarbon levels in http://unisci.com/stories/20012/0514012.htm

Home Search Stalagmite Triples Radiocarbon Dating Effectiveness A team of American and British scientists report that radiocarbon levels in Earth's atmosphere during the last Ice Age were more than twice as high as today, higher even than the nuclear weapons tests of nearly half a century ago. They also reported in the May 11 issue of the journal Science of having extended the record for atmospheric radiocarbon more than 45,000 years. The researchers, who come from the University of Arizona, University of Bristol (U.K.) and the University of Minnesota, were able to extract a precise and near-continuous record of atmospheric carbon dioxide levels in a half-meter-long stalagmite that formed during the last glacial period in a cave that now lies underwater in the Bahamas. Marking time with carbon 14 requires an accurate record of atmospheric radiocarbon through time. Archaeologists, for example, use the radiocarbon time scale to date artifacts, but dates were only accurate as far back as 16,000 years. The information contained in the stalagmite effectively triples the calibration period. University of Arizona physicist J. Warren Beck and his colleagues also discovered that atmospheric carbon 14 levels soared dramatically between 45,000 and 33,000 years ago. Beck says even more interesting was a dramatic spike in radiocarbon levels during a millennium that began 44,300 years ago, nearly twice as high as the "bomb pulse" produced during nuclear weapons testing in the 1950s and 60s.

62. Only Here Radiocarbon Dating radiocarbon dating. For radiocarbon dating Click Above. Click here Teen desert. through all with veiled in radiocarbon dating the Moves. http://radiocarbon-dating.wwwdating.info/

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63. Radiocarbon Dating radiocarbon dating. radiocarbon dating is the use of a naturally occurring isotope of carbon in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials. http://www.fact-index.com/r/ra/radiocarbon_dating.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Radiocarbon dating Radiocarbon dating is the use of a naturally occurring isotope of carbon in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials Carbon has two stable isotopes: carbon-12 ( C), and carbon-13 ( C). In addition, there are tiny amounts of the unstable ( radioactive ) isotope carbon-14 C) on earth C has a half-life of just under 6000 years, and so would have long ago vanished from the earth, were it not for its constant formation by cosmic ray impacts on nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere . When cosmic rays enter the atmosphere they undergo various transformations, including the production of neutrons . The resulting neutrons participate in the following reaction: n C + H This reaction is relatively common, as nitrogen constitutes nearly 80% of Earth 's atmosphere. The highest rate of carbon-14 production takes place at altitudes of 30,000-50,000 feet , and at higher geomagnetic lattitudes, but the carbon-14 spreads evenly throughout the atmosphere and reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide . Carbon dioxide also permeates the oceans , dissolving in the water. Since it is assumed that the cosmic ray flux is constant over long periods of time, carbon-14 is assumed to be continuously produced at a constant rate and therefore that the proportion of radioactive to non-radioactive carbon throughout the Earth's atmosphere and oceans is constant.

64. How Accurate Is Radiocarbon Dating? How Accurate Is radiocarbon dating? Several laboratories in the world are now equipped to perform a much improved radiocarbon dating procedure. http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/FAQ2.html

This is the online edition of In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood (7th Edition) by Dr. Walt Brown. Click here to order the hardbound edition. Frequently Asked Questions How Accurate Is Radiocarbon Dating? How Accurate Is Radiocarbon Dating? During the flood, carbon-12, released from the subterranean water chamber, diluted the carbon-14 in the atmosphere and oceans even more. (Carbon-14 could not have formed in this chamber, because it was shielded from the cosmic radiation that produces carbon-14.) Radiocarbon dates less than 3,500 years old are probably accurate. However, before accepting any radiocarbon date, one should know how the technique works, its limitations, and its assumptions. One limitation is that the radiocarbon technique dates only material that was once part of an animal or plant, such as bones, flesh, or wood. It cannot date rocks directly. To understand the other capabilities and limitations of radiocarbon dating, we must understand how it works and consider the flood. Most carbon atoms weigh 12 atomic mass units. However, roughly one in a trillion carbon atoms weighs 14 atomic units. This carbon is called carbon-14. It is also called

65. Radiocarbon Dating - Reference Library radiocarbon dating. radiocarbon dating is the use of a naturally occurring isotope of carbon in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials. http://www.campusprogram.com/reference/en/wikipedia/r/ra/radiocarbon_dating.html

Reference Library: Encyclopedia Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Radiocarbon dating Radiocarbon dating is the use of a naturally occurring isotope of carbon in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials Carbon has two stable isotopes: carbon-12 ( C), and carbon-13 ( C). In addition, there are tiny amounts of the unstable ( radioactive ) isotope carbon-14 C) on earth C has a half-life of just under 6000 years, and so would have long ago vanished from the earth, were it not for its constant formation by cosmic ray impacts on nitrogen in the earth's atmosphere . When cosmic rays enter the atmosphere they undergo various transformations, including the production of neutrons . The resulting neutrons participate in the following reaction: n C + H This reaction is relatively common, as nitrogen constitutes nearly 80% of Earth 's atmosphere. The highest rate of carbon-14 production takes place at altitudes of 30,000-50,000 feet , and at higher geomagnetic lattitudes, but the carbon-14 spreads evenly throughout the atmosphere and reacts with oxygen to form carbon dioxide . Carbon dioxide also permeates the oceans , dissolving in the water. Since it is assumed that the cosmic ray flux is constant over long periods of time, carbon-14 is assumed to be continuously produced at a constant rate and therefore that the proportion of radioactive to non-radioactive carbon throughout the Earth's atmosphere and oceans is constant.

66. Radiocarbon Dating And Atomic Clocks radiocarbon dating Atomic Clocks. The Assumptions Exposed! Now lets look at the radiometric dating methods, beginning with radiocarbon dating. http://fellowshipinhislove.com/index9.html

Hourglass courtesy of Animated Gifs     Background courtesy of Charmyn Traduzca esta página en el español, usando FreeTranslation.com The Assumptions Exposed! On the pages of this website, you have the opportunity to learn about the God of the universe, and what it takes to please Him. You no longer have an excuse! Many people think that somehow radiocarbon dating, or one of the other dating methods, has proven that the Bible is not true.   This is not because they understand the various dating methods, but because they have put a blind faith in what they think is " science ".   Science has come up with 100 or more " dating " methods.   Seldom do these methods agree, and some of them indicate ages far less than those that are typically publicized in the media.   The specific material, or process used, varies widely, but the assumptions , which enter into these methods, are quite similar.   Science, itself, is not bad.   Good science, again and again, confirms Biblical truths.   Only poor and sloppy scientific methods, based on unreasonable assumptions , produce ideas that are in conflict with the Bible.

67. How Accurate Are Carbon-14 And Other Radioactive Dating Methods? - ChristianAnsw That is why radiocarbon dating cannot give millions of years. In fact, if a sample contains 14 C, it is good evidence that it is not millions of years old. http://www.christiananswers.net/q-aig/aig-c007.html

How accurate are Carbon-14 and other radioactive dating methods? See this page in: Hungarian Russian Spanish P eople who ask about carbon-14 ( C) dating usually want to know about the radiometric dating methods that are claimed to give millions and billions of years carbon dating can only give thousands of years. People wonder how millions of years could be squeezed into the biblical account of history. Clearly, such huge time periods cannot be fitted into the Bible without compromising what the Bible says about the goodness of God and the origin of sin, death and suffering the reason Jesus came into the world (See Six Days? Honestly! Christians, by definition, take the statements of Jesus Christ seriously. He said, "But from the beginning of the creation God made them male and female" ( Mark 10:6 This only makes sense with a time-line beginning with the creation week thousands of years ago. It makes no sense at all if man appeared at the end of billions of years. We will deal with carbon dating first and then with the other dating methods. How the Carbon Clock Works Carbon has unique properties that are essential for life on earth. Familiar to us as the black substance in charred wood, as diamonds, and the graphite in "lead" pencils, carbon comes in several forms, or isotopes. One rare form has atoms that are 14 times as heavy as hydrogen atoms: carbon-14, or

68. Land Use History Of The Colorado Plateau-Radiocarbon Dating Toolsradiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon (also called of a pin. AMS has reinvigorated radiocarbon dating as a tool for archaeologists. http://www.cpluhna.nau.edu/Tools/radiocarbon_dating.htm

Search the CP-LUHNA Web pages ARCHAEOLOGICAL Archaeoastronomy BIOLOGICAL Packrat Middens Amphibians and Reptiles Arthropods Birds ... Pollen CHRONOLOGICAL Dendrochronology Fire Scars Radiocarbon Dating Other Techniques GEOGRAPHICAL GIS Remote Sensing GEOLOGICAL Stratigraphic Sediments Geomorphology Volcanism Glaciers HISTORICAL Land Surveys Written Histories Repeat Photography Stream Gaging Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon (also called 14C) dating was invented in the late 1940s by Walter Libby, who was awarded the 1960 Nobel Prize for his discovery. The technique is typically used on organic remains, such as baskets, leather, dung, plant remains, amino acids, etc. With the development of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), beginning in the early 1970s, radiocarbon dating has become an increasingly useful way to measure time for archaeologists as well as scientists in other disciplines Although the chemistry and physics involved is complex, the basis for the technique is relatively simple. Common nitrogen in the atmosphere (14N) can be changed to radioactive carbon-14 (14C) when bombarded by cosmic rays. Both are taken up by plants and animals along with the nutrients they need to survive. When the plant or animal dies, this process ceases and the 14C present begins decreasing through radioactive decay. Since the rate of decay is a known constant, the ratio of 14C to stable carbon can be used to determine the age of the sample.

69. Radiocarbon Dating radiocarbon dating. The Winchester Round Table, which is kept in Castle Hall in Winchester, England, undergoing radiocarbon dating tests. http://www.tiscali.co.uk/reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0010138.html

Your browser does not support inline frames or is currently configured not to display inline frames. // Show bread crumbs navigation path. breadcrumbs('four'); //> ENCYCLOPAEDIA Hutchinson's Encyclopaedia Men's Health ... Wildlife Frames not supported Frames not supported Encyclopaedia Search Click a letter for the index A B C D ... Z Or search the encyclopaedia: radiocarbon dating Method of dating organic materials (for example, bone or wood), used in archaeology. Plants take up carbon dioxide gas from the atmosphere and incorporate it into their tissues, and some of that carbon dioxide contains the radioactive isotope carbon-14. As this decays at a known rate (half of it decays every 5,730 years), the time elapsed since the plant died can be measured in a laboratory. Animals take carbon-14 into their bodies from eating plant tissues and their remains can be similarly dated. After 120,000 years so little carbon-14 is left that no measure is possible (see half-life dendrochronology ) showed that material before 1000 BC had been exposed to greater concentrations of carbon-14. Now radiocarbon dates are calibrated against calendar dates obtained from tree rings, or, for earlier periods, against uranium/thorium dates obtained from coral. The carbon-14 content is determined by counting beta particles with either a proportional gas or a liquid scintillation counter for a period of time. A new advance, accelerator mass spectrometry, requires only tiny samples and counts the atoms of carbon-14 directly, disregarding their decay.

70. PSIgate - Featured Sites - Radiocarbon Dating Home Reference Featured Sites radiocarbon dating Featured sites archive. This week s topic radiocarbon dating Chosen by Paul Meehan, Technical Manager. http://www.psigate.ac.uk/newsite/featured_13.html

71. Radiocarbon Dating - Encyclopedia Article About Radiocarbon Dating. Free Access, encyclopedia article about radiocarbon dating. radiocarbon dating in Free online English dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. radiocarbon dating. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/radiocarbon dating

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Radiocarbon dating Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Radiocarbon dating is the use of a naturally occurring isotope Isotopes of a chemical element are atoms whose nuclei have the same atomic number, Z , but different atomic weights, A . The word isotope , meaning at the same place , comes from the fact that isotopes are located at the same place on the periodic table. The atomic number corresponds to the number of protons in an atom. Thus, isotopes of a particular Click the link for more information. of carbon boron - carbon - nitrogen C Si Full table General Name, Symbol, Number Carbon, C, 6 Chemical series Nonmetals Group, Period, Block 14 (IVA), 2 , p Density, Hardness 2267 kg/m 0.5 (graphite) 10.0 (diamond) Appearance black (graphite) colourless (diamond) Click the link for more information. in radiometric dating Radiometric dating is the determination of the date at which materials were formed by analyzing the decay of radioactive isotopes that were incorporated into the material when it was created and which presumably have not diffused out. The most common form of radiometric dating is radiocarbon dating, which is based on the decay of carbon-14 to carbon-12. Other types of radiometric dating include rubidium-strontium, samarium-neodymium, potassium-argon, argon-argon, uranium-thorium, and uranium-lead. These methods differ in accuracy, cost, and range of applicability. Click the link for more information.

72. Particle Accelerators For Radiocarbon Dating In Archaeology 31 No. 6. Particle accelerators for radiocarbon dating in archaeology. Fig 4 Prototype of a new compact radiocarbon dating facility at the ETH campus in Zurich. http://www.europhysicsnews.com/full/06/article5/article5.html

Europhysics News (2000) Vol. 31 No. 6 Particle accelerators for radiocarbon dating in archaeology Martin Suter, Institute of Particle Physics, ETH, Zurich, Switzerland The development of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) W hen the first electrostatic accelerators were built around 1930 by Cockroft and Walton and by Van de Graaff, nobody thought that these accelerator concepts could ever by used for dating purposes in archaeology or geology [1]. Later on, cyclotrons and other configurations with RF- fields became more important for nuclear and particle physics research. In the sixties, a new successful era of electrostatic accelerator began with the development of Tandem Van de Graaff accelerators. These types of accelerators became flexible instruments to study ion-atom interaction and ion solid interaction. In material sciences and especially in semiconductor industry, tandem accelerators became important tools for material analysis and ion implantation. Independent of all the accelerator developments, Willard F. Libby and his coworker developed the radiocarbon dating technique after World War II. Based on the novelty of the method and its success in many fields of research, Libby was awarded the Nobel price for chemistry in 1960. Libby's technique is based on the decay counting of radiocarbon (

73. RADIOCARBON DATING radiocarbon dating. Reading and WWW resources. Calibration. These samples are exactly 40 calendar years apart. They are radiocarbon dated. http://www.personal.rdg.ac.uk/~lasmanng/14chtml.htm

RADIOCARBON DATING Reading and WWW resources Calibration The process of calibration represents the transformation of a radiocarbon measurement – a gaussian (normal bell-shaped) probability distribution in radiocarbon ( C) years on the radiocarbon timescale (see red curves on lefthand y axis radiocarbon timescale in examples shown below) – into a possible age range (a probability distribution) in terms of calendars years (solid histograms in black on the horizontal x axis of examples below). This process is NOT straightforward, as there is no fixed relationship between the radiocarbon and calendar timescales. Instead, the levels of naturally occurring radiocarbon have varied constantly in the atmosphere through time. The history of these variations has been determined for the Holocene by the measurement of the radiocarbon levels preserved for specific years in the past in known age tree-rings. This record is called the radiocarbon calibration curve. The current (1998) calibration curve is shown below; first in total for the Holocene, and then a close-up of one section in the third millennium BC. Current radiocarbon calibration curve from the present back to before 10,000BC, from Stuiver

74. Radiocarbon Dating Dinosaurs? | CRSEF Research radiocarbon dating Dinosaurs? Is it ludicrous or is it the bias of evolutionists that is ludicrous? DIRECT radiocarbon dating OF DINOSAUR BONE FRAGMENTS http://www.worldbydesign.org/research/c14dating/datingdinosaurs.html

Home Events Research Articles ... Resources Radiocarbon Dating Dinosaurs? "Carbon dating dinosaur bones is ludicrous, and the fact they yielded numbers is meaningless," says a museum curator. Is it ludicrous or is it the bias of evolutionists that is ludicrous? DIRECT RADIOCARBON DATING OF DINOSAUR BONE FRAGMENTS: The dating of dinosaur fossils is not as simple a matter as the media and mainstream science would like us to believe. There are no magical dating machines generate a report which reads 70 million year old; rather most dating of fossils is done by dating nearby lava flows or other igneous or metamorphic rock assumed to have lost all daughter products and been "set" at the time of the dinosaur or other fossil formation. Then stratagraphic correlation is used to reconstruct the sequence and time. The only method that dates the fossils themselves is carbon dating but evolutionists believe that dinosaurs are too old for carbon dating. This begs the question, are they really that old? In 1970, Professor Robert Whitelaw of Virginia Polytechnic Institute examined the radiocarbon data reported in the journal

75. ADIAS Radiocarbon Dates ADIAS radiocarbon dates Special thanks go to Dr. Gordon Cook of SURRC for his assistance and cooperation with our radiocarbon dating programme. http://www.adias-uae.com/radiocarbon.html

ADIAS Radiocarbon Archive Calibration method Merawah MR1 radiocarbon dates Radiocarbon laboratories ADIAS radiocarbon dates: Abu Al-Abyadh Balghelam Dalma Jebel Dhanna ... Sir Bani Yas CALIBRATION METHOD All radiocarbon samples listed here are taken on charcoal or ash and are conventional radiocarbon dates, unless otherwise stated. The dates quoted are uncalibrated radiocarbon years BP. Calibrated radiocarbon dates are presented using the 2-sigma values which account for 95.4% of the probability of the date falling within that particular range. All samples are calibrated using the atmospheric terrestrial calibration curve of Stuiver et al. (1998a,b), except where otherwise stated, e.g. for the MR1 samples, both the atmospheric and marine calibration results are presented. Calibrated age ranges are from the probability distribution using Method B. RADIOCARBON LABORATORIES The ADIAS radiocarbon dates come from a number of different laboratories. Their respective laboratory codes are listed in brackets after each entry. Heidelberg (Hd) Institute of Environmental Physics , University of Heidelberg, Germany.

76. Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group -- Radiocarbon Dating -- Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Group at University of Arizona. We provide the radiocarbon dating service on carbon and berillium. http://www.physics.arizona.edu/ams/

The NSF - Arizona Accelerator Mass Spectrometry (AMS) Laboratory is used primarily to provide radiocarbon measurements.We have operated an AMS laboratory at the University of Arizona since 1981, as a shared facility between the Departments of Physics and Geosciences What are we doing? Our laboratory is well-known for its work on dating many objects of general as well as scientific interests. An example of precision dating is the Dead Sea Scrolls. Current research areas range from geology to marine biology and many more. See more from the Research menu. What can you find in this site? This web page is still currently under major construction. For our customers, the service menu provides important sample submission information. For students and anyone interested , you will be able to learn the science behind the AMS machine and radiocarbon dating from the Education pull-down menu. Last Updated May 4, 2004

77. Radiocarbon radiocarbon dating. Equilibrium ratio radiocarbon dating is based on the presence of the an equilibrium ratio of R(0) = 14 C/ 12 C in the carbon cycle. http://www1.phys.uu.nl/ams/Radiocarbon.htm

Radiocarbon Dating Detailed information Detailed information about the method of radiocarbon dating, the active laboratories and the literature is available on the Radiocarbon website Equilibrium ratio Radiocarbon dating is based on the presence of the an equilibrium ratio of R(0) = C/ C in the carbon cycle. Organisms take up carbon during their life and so obtain the equilibrium value from the environment. During the growth the carbon and its ratio becomes fixed in cells of plants, animals and humans. After the death of the organism the exchange with the environment stops and also the uptake of C. Because of the decay of C, the C/ C ratio decreases according to R(t)=R(0) exp(-t/t ), where t is the half life. So, the ratio R(t) is a measure for the age of the material Reservoir age The equilibrium ratio is not everywhere the same on earth. This causes apparent age differences, known as reservoir ages. In a marine environment, the average reservoir age is 400 years, because of the dissolution of old carbonates from sediment. Such reservoir ages can also be present in lakes, rivers and other carbonates. Other complications exist, which are connected with the possibility to select the correct chemical fraction without contamination (see material). Radiocarbon age The time past since death is derived from the measured ratio R(t) with t = - 8033 ln [R(t)/R(0)]. The uncertainty

78. Giem, P. --- Carbon-14 Content Of Fossil Carbon 1977. radiocarbon dating using electrostatic accelerators negative ions provide the key. 1997. radiocarbon dating organic residues at the microgram level. http://www.grisda.org/origins/51006.htm

CARBON-14 CONTENT OF FOSSIL CARBON Paul Giem, M.A., M.D. Loma Linda, California Origins WHAT THIS ARTICLE IS ABOUT This article reviews the theoretical basis for expecting the presence of carbon-14 in Pliocene to Cambrian carbon from certain creationist viewpoints, and for expecting its absence from a viewpoint proposing a long age of life on Earth. The relevant experiments are discussed. Several conclusions emerge: 1) There is measurable carbon-14 in material that should be "dead" according to standard evolutionary theory; 2) machine error can be eliminated as an explanation for this carbon-14 on experimental grounds; 3) nuclear synthesis of this carbon-14 in situ can be eliminated on theoretical grounds; 4) contamination of fossil material in situ is unlikely but theoretically possible, and is a testable hypothesis; 5) contamination during sample preparation is a significant problem but theoretically soluble; 6) residual activity is most likely indicated by the present data, and if correct, would eliminate an age greater than approximately 100,000 years for life on Earth; and 7) additional experimental evidence cannot eliminate either a short or a long age of life on Earth, but can provide evidence tending to discriminate between the two. CLASSIFICATION OF MAJOR THEORIES OF EARTH HISTORY This paper deals with the presence of carbon-14 in fossil material and its implications for theories of the age of life on Earth.

79. Radiocarbon Dating Of The Piltdown Skull And Jaw radiocarbon dating of the Piltdown Skull and Jaw. By Prof. The radiocarbon dating of the cranial bones has confirmed that they also are PostPleistocene in. http://www.clarku.edu/~piltdown/map_expose/radioactivedating_piltdown.html

Radiocarbon Dating of the Piltdown Skull and Jaw By Prof. H. De Vries, Naturrkundig Laboratorium, Rijks-Universitelt, Groningen and Dr. K. P. Oakley, F.B.A., British Museum (Natural History) Nature 1959 ss Introduction (K. P. Oakley) IN 1950 it was shown by the fluorine method of relative dating that the Piltdown mandible and cranial bones were considerably younger geologically than the Lower and Middle Pleistocene fossils said to have been found at the same site. Assuming that they were genuine finds, the hominoid remains were not older than Upper Pleistocene, but it was noted that drill-holes into the teeth revealed that they were "apparently no more altered than the dentine of recent teeth from the soil." In 1963, Dr. J. S. Weiner, reviewing this evidence in the light of anatomical considerations, suggested that the mandible was that of a recent ape which had been broken and stained to resemble a fossil, and the teeth artificially abraded to suggest wear through the human type of mastication. According to his hypothesis, the fraudulent jaw-bone had been placed in the Piltdown gravel pit so as to appear associated with fragments of a thick human cranium of presumed antiquity. (Table 1). The mandible had the composition of modern bone, whereas the cranial fragments were very slightly 'fossilized'.

80. Memphis Archaeological And Geological Society‚Archaeology‚Matching Radiocarbon Archaeologists generally rely on radiocarbon dating to determine the age of such artifacts as bones, charcoal or wood. But one radiocarbon http://www.memphisgeology.org/a_radiocarbon.html

The Club The Show Newsletter Archaeology ... Email ARTICLES Acorns Archaeologists Honor IP Chips of the Old Block Chucalissa Indian Village ... The Mound Builders Matching Radiocarbon Dates to Calendar Dates This is a simple radiocarbon-years to calendar-years conversion table. = 11,000 calendar years = 12,000 calendar years = 13,000 calendar years = 14,000 calendar years = 15,000 calendar years = 16,000 calendar years = 17,000 calendar years = 18,000 calendar years = 19,000 calendar years = 20,000 calendar years = 21,000 calendar years = 22,000 calendar years

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