21. Nuclear And Technological Institute The Cultural Heritage and Sciences research group provides radiocarbon dating and other laboratory analysis of historic and prehistoric artefacts. http://www.itn.pt/English/en_index.html

22. Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database (CARD) years since the method of radiocarbon dating was invented, archaeologists and palaeontologists have our understanding and use of radiocarbon dating by compiling and evaluating the http://www.canadianarchaeology.com/radiocarbon/card/card.htm

Welcome ! The Canadian Archaeological Radiocarbon Database , CARD, is a compilation of radiocarbon measurements that indicate the ages of archaeological and vertebrate palaeontological sites in North America. During the 50 years since the method of radiocarbon dating was invented, archaeologists and palaeontologists have invested heavily in this method, acquiring tens of thousands of radiocarbon dates. These dates represent a substantial financial investment, but their potential for developing the chronology of archaeology and palaeontology remains under-utilized and in some respects misused. The dates are widely scattered in published and unpublished sources, and many have not been reported at all. Furthermore, the dates are not all created equal, as they represent the results of analytical methods and techniques that have evolved over a 50-year period. This database seeks to improve our understanding and use of radiocarbon dating by compiling and evaluating the analyses. "Building the Database" describes the background, methods, and scope of the database, and it acknowledges the many people who have contributed to its compilation. "Using the Database" provides a short description of the searchable fields and the sequence of pages that can be opened. "Screen Mask" delivers you directly to the page where you specify your search criteria. "Mapping Ancient History" presents the distributions of archaeological and vertebrate paleontological sites in their paleoenvironmental contexts at millennium intervals. Both Fundamental and Technical Aspects of radiocarbon dating are briefly summarized.

23. Dating Exhibit While the impact of radiocarbon dating has been most profound in archaeological research and particularly in prehistoric studies, extremely significant http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/archaeology/dating/radio_carbon.html

Index Radio-carbon dating is a method of obtaining age estimates on organic materials. It has been used to date samples as old as 50,000 years. The method was developed immediately following World War II by Willard F. Libby and coworkers, and has provided age determinations in archaeology, geology, geophysics and other branches of science. Radiocarbon determinations can be obtained on wood; charcoal; marine and fresh-water shell; bone and antler; peat and organic-bearing sediments, carbonate deposits such as tufa, caliche, and marl; and dissolved carbon dioxide and carbonates in ocean, lake and ground-water sources. Each sample type has specific problems associated with its use for dating purposes, including contamination and special environmental effects. While the impact of radiocarbon dating has been most profound in archaeological research and particularly in prehistoric studies, extremely significant contributions have also been made in hydrology and oceanography. In addition, in the 1950s the testing of thermonuclear weapons injected large amounts of artificial radiocarbon ("Radiocarbon Bomb") into the atmosphere, permitting it to be used as a geochemical tracer. To discover how long an organism has been dead (to determine how much C14 is left in the organism and therefore how old it is), we count the number of beta radiations given off per minute per gram of material. Modern C14 emits about 15 beta radiations per minute per gram of material, but C14 that is 5730 years old will only emit half that amount, (the half-life of C14) per minute. So if a sample taken from an organism emits 7.5 radiations per minute in a gram of material, then the organism must be 5730 years old. The accuracy of radiocoarbon dating was tested on objects with dates that were already known through historical records such as parts of the dead sea scrolls and some wood from an Egyptian tomb. Based on the results of the Carbon 14 test the analysis showed that C14 agreed very closely with the historical information.

24. Home Page School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Laboratories provide radiocarbon dating, dendrochronology and pollen analysis. http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/

School of A Grade 5 Department email us prospective students publications ... the CAF

25. Radiocarbon Dating Of The Shroud Of Turin radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin. ** Date by convential radiocarbon dating at the British Museum 2010 ± 80 yr. BP (MB 2558). Conclusions. http://www.shroud.com/nature.htm

Radiocarbon Dating of the Shroud of Turin by P. E. Damon, D. J. Donahue, B. H. Gore, A. L. Hatheway, A. J. T. Jull, T. W. Linick, P. J. Sercel, L. J. Toolin, C.R. Bronk, E. T. Hall, R. E. M. Hedges, R. Housley, I. A. Law, C. Perry, G. Bonani, S. Trumbore, W. Woelfli, J. C. Ambers, S. G. E. Bowman, M. N. Leese Reprinted from Nature , Vol. 337, No. 6208, pp. 611-615, 16th February, 1989 Reprinted by permission. - Department of Geosciences, - Department of Physics, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA - Research Laboratory for Archaeology and History of Art, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3QJ, UK - Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, USA - Research Laboratory, British Museum, London WC1B 3DG, UK Very small samples from the Shroud of Turin have been dated by accelerator mass spectrometry in laboratories at Arizona, Oxford and Zurich. As Controls, three samples whose ages had been determined independently were also dated. The results provide conclusive evidence that the linen of the Shroud of Turin is mediaeval. The Shroud of Turin , which many people believe was used to wrap Christ's body, bears detailed front and back images of a man who appears to have suffered whipping and crucifixion. It was first displayed at Lirey in France in the 1350s and subsequently passed into the hands of the Dukes of Savoy. After many journeys the shroud was finally brought to Turin in 1578 where, in 1694, it was placed in the royal chapel of Turin Cathedral in a specially designed shrine.

26. Radiocarbon Dating The Shroud. A Critical Statistical Analysis. radiocarbon dating The Shroud. A Critical Statistical Analysis. The report radiocarbon dating the Turin Shroud , Damon et al, in Nature, (Vol.337, Nr. http://www.shroud.com/vanhels3.htm

Radiocarbon Dating The Shroud A Critical Statistical Analysis. By Remi Van Haelst, Belgium Graduated Industrial Chemist Reprinted by Permission The Nature report. The report "Radiocarbon dating the Turin Shroud", Damon et al, in Nature , (Vol.337, Nr. 6200 pages 611-615. 16 Feb. 1989) concludes: Table 1 (Only for the Shroud) Table 2 Ar. 591-+30 690-+35 606-+41 701-+33 Ox. 795-+65 730-+45 745-+55 Zu. 733-+61 722-+56 635-+57 639-+45 679-+51 * = Weighted mean ' = Unweighted mean. X %SL. = 5 The reason for a statistical analysis of radiocarbon dates, is the FACT that, theoretically, no experimental result is absolute, and to some extent, subject to chance error. Even an EXACT measurement is still due, to some extent, to chance. Statistical analysis enables the analyst, to determine, with a pre-determined degree of confidence, (here claimed to be at least 95% ) the degree of variations which are due to chance and to known and unknown influences. When applying statistical tests, caution should be observed with data suspected of appreciably differing from a normal distribution. Examples of distributions: Normal = Z. Student = t. Chi^2 = X^2. Inverted Beta = F.

27. SURRC: RADIOCARBON DATING LAB Part of the Scottish Universities Research and Reactor Centre at Glasgow. http://www.gla.ac.uk/Acad/SURRC/Rcl/index.html

Radiocarbon Laboratory Overview The Centre, including its radiocarbon dating unit, is primarily involved in environmental research, using both stable and radioactive isotopes. The original SUERC radiocarbon laboratory was set up under the direction of Dr Doug Harkness soon after the centre was founded in 1963. The laboratory was an immense success and in 1970, it moved to an adjacent building on site when its remit changed to that of a central facility for the UK's Natural Environment Research Council ( NERC ), providing dating support in the environmental sciences. A radiocarbon facility was restored at SUERC in 1986 when the Glasgow University Radiocarbon Laboratory, which had also been established in the early 1960s, was relocated at SUERC under the direction of Dr Gordon Cook . Currently, both the NERC and the SUERC Radiocarbon Dating Laboratories are administered by SUERC. The laboratory can undertake radiometric C dating by converting gram quantities of sample carbon to benzene. Subsequent analysis is by liquid scintillation spectrometry using one of its five low level Packard spectrometers. The laboratory can also undertake accelerator mass spectrometry (

28. Radiocarbon Bibliography - Archaeology Search. Archaeology Bibliographic References on radiocarbon dating. Agogino, George A. radiocarbon dating Machu Picchu, Peru. Antiquity. 1988; 62707710. http://archaeology.about.com/blc14bib.htm

zJs=10 zJs=11 zJs=12 zJs=13 zc(5,'jsc',zJs,9999999,'') About Homework Help Archaeology Home ... Get a Job! zau(256,152,180,'gob','http://z.about.com/5/ad/go.htm?gs='+gs,''); Ancient Civilizations Anthropology Archaeologists Art and Artifacts ... Help zau(256,138,125,'el','http://z.about.com/0/ip/417/0.htm','');w(xb+xb); Stay Current Subscribe to the About Archaeology newsletter. Search Archaeology Bibliographic References on Radiocarbon Dating Agogino, George A. The experimental removal of preservative from radiocarbon samples. Plains Anthropologist. 1968; 13(40):146-147. Allen, Jim and Holdaway, Simon. The contamination of Pleistocene radiocarbon determinations in Australia. Antiquity. 1995; 69:101-112. Berger, K. and et al. Radiocarbon dating Machu Picchu, Peru. Antiquity. 1988; 62:707-710. Blakeslee, Donald J. Modeling the abandonment of the Central Plains: Radiocarbon dates and the origin of the Initial Coalescent. Memoir 27, Plains Anthropologist. 1993; 38(145):199-214. Reassessment of some radiocarbon dates from the Central Plains. Plains Anthropologist. 1994; 39(148):203-210. Buck, C. E.; Christen, J. A.; Kenworthy, J. B., and Litton, C. D.

29. Dating The City Wall, Fortifications, And The Palace Site At Pagan Asian Perspectives 40(1). The strengths and limitations of radiocarbon dating as applied to samples taken in and around the walled city center of Pagan, in Burma, are addressed. (PDF) http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_perspectives/v040/40.1grave.pdf

30. Radiocarbon Dating - Creation And Evolution FAQ And Resources Click Here radiocarbon dating Creation and Evolution FAQ and Resources. How does the radiocarbon dating method compare to other dating methods? http://www.icr.org/faqs/Geology_Age_of_Earth/Dating_Techniques/Radiocarbon_Datin

Entire Directory This Category Radiocarbon Dating - Creation and Evolution FAQ and Resources How does the radiocarbon dating method compare to other dating methods? Geology Age of Earth Dating Techniques » Radiocarbon Dating (0) Related FAQ or Resource Categories: Amino Acid Racemization Dating U Th PB Dating Potassium Argon Dating Tree Ring Dating ... Modify FAQ or Resource ICR MENU ICR Home Page About ICR ICR Events ICR Good Science ICR Grad School ICR Creation Museum ICR Publications ICR Radio Program ICR Research Scientists ICR and Scripture ICR Tours Donate to ICR ICR Adventures - For Kids Search Help Looking for Something?

31. IRadiocarbon Introduction radiocarbon dating. The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940 s by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago. http://vcourseware.calstatela.edu/VirtualDating/files/RC0/RC_0.html

Radiocarbon Dating The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940's by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago. It subsequently evolved into the most powerful method of dating late Pleistocene and Holocene artifacts and geologic events up to about 50,000 years in age. The radiocarbon method is applied in many different scientific fields, including archeology, geology, oceanography, hydrology, atmospheric science, and paleoclimatology. For his leadership, Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960. Study the picture and answer these questions The atomic mass number (the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom) for N-14 and C-14 is the same. How many protons does N-14 have and how many does C-14 have? 14 of each C-14 forms from the interaction of Cosmic rays with N-14 by and C-14 reverts back to N-14 by beta decay and neutron capture electron loss and electron capture neutron capture and beta decay proton capture both ways no way to know

32. Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory Home Page At the Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, New Zealand, provides radiocarbon dating services to international scientific, academic, and art/antiquities clients. http://www.RafterRadiocarbon.co.nz

Who we are Sample submission Prices Sample processing ... C links Rafter Radiocarbon Laboratory, Institute of Geological and Nuclear Sciences, 30 Gracefield Road, PO Box 31-312, Lower Hutt, New Zealand. Fax: +64 4 570 4657 Email us here Click on the Rafter logo to return to this page.

33. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet Professional radiocarbon dating service. http://www.radiocarbon.com/Default.htm

Analyzing Over 12,000 Samples Each Year for Researchers Worldwide. Full-Time Professional Staff The professional staff has a combined knowledge of more than 140 years in radiocarbon dating. All technicians are full time personnel who give your samples undivided attention, without the distraction of personal research, teaching, or administrative duties. Each staff member is committed to providing you with the highest degree of analytical quality for each and every sample. Someone is always available to discuss your sample requirements, give you advice on how to proceed, and to discuss results. BETA does not analyze samples with students or part-time researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other obligations and priorities. We Promise Results Within 2-30 Working Days Delivery times are maintained while upholding research standards of analytical quality We use RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS for larger samples (containing 300 milligrams to 4 grams final carbon) and

34. The 1988 Shroud Of Turin Radiocarbon Tests Reconsidered Table 1. radiocarbon dating results by Laboratory. 1. Jull, AJT, and others, radiocarbon dating of the Shroud of Turin, Nature, 337, 611615, 16 February 1989. http://members.aol.com/turin99/radiocarbon-a.htm

The 1988 Shroud of Turin Radiocarbon Tests Reconsidered Bryan J Walsh Shroud of Turin Center Richmond Virginia USA The radiocarbon dating performed on the Shroud of Turin in 1988 by laboratories located in Oxford, Tucson and Zurich concluded with a 95% probability that the linen cloth of the Shroud of Turin dated from between 1260 - 1390AD. A re-analysis of the data used to derive this range of dates suggests that the statistical tests performed earlier assumed C homogeneity in the samples and as a result may have lead to a misleading range of dates. A different series of statistical evaluations has been applied to this radiocarbon date data leading to the conclusion that the Shroud subsamples each contained differing levels of C. An evaluation of this conclusion was conducted and found to be statistically supportable. Further analysis revealed that the sample dates observed were directly related to the physical location of the sample on the Shroud linen. This necessarily implies that the linen samples were non-homogeneous as regards C and the radiocarbon date derived for the Shroud samples are of questionable validity. The hypothesis of a relationship between the sample location on the Shroud cloth and the date measured was evaluated and found to be statistically significant

35. Noort The opening paragraphs of an article in Antiquity by Robert Van de Noort et al on the radiocarbon dating of a Bronze Age plank discovered in 1996 on the Yorkshire coast at Kilnsea. http://intarch.ac.uk/antiquity/noort.html

The 'Kilnsea-boat', and some implications from the discovery of England's oldest plank boat remains Robert Van de Noort, Richard Middleton, Andrew Foxon A single plank with integral cleats, recently discovered on the East Riding of Yorkshire coast at Kilnsea, has been identified as a fragment of a Bronze Age plank boat, and dated to 1870-1670 BC. This makes the 'Kilnsea-boat' England's oldest dated plank built boat. Key-words: Yorkshire, boat, Humber wetlands, Bronze Age Introduction Context, description and dating of the 'Kilnsea-boat' Scrobicularia plana . A similar peat on the shore at Kilnsea Warren, 3 km further south, appears to have been forming c. cf. Dinnin 1995). Although severely desiccated, the plank could only have survived in a wetland environment such as Kilnsea Fleet, where peat deposits are at present also severely desiccated. The plank itself is of oak ( Quercus) , and its maximum dimensions are 1596 mm long, 350 mm wide and c There is little doubt that the plank was part of a sewn plank boat. The use of large integral cleats, carved out of the solid planks, through which transverse timbers were passed to provide stiffness to the hull, is a construction technique common to all known Bronze Age plank boats from the British Isles ( cf.

36. NOVA Online | Mystery Of The First Americans | The Dating Game Bone up on the topic below. The Dating Game by Rick Groleau So what s the story behind radiocarbon dating? It s not a love story, to be sure. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/first/radiocarbon.html

How do scientists date skulls such as Kennewick Man's? Bone up on the topic below. The Dating Game by Rick Groleau So what's the story behind radiocarbon dating? It's not a love story, to be sure. Rather, it's a way to determine the age of organic remains such as bone, teeth, and seeds by finding out how much carbon-14 is left in the remains. Check it out for yourself. At the very least you'll find out what it's like to date a 9,000-year-old skeleton such as Kennewick Man's. Close Encounters (of the Cosmic Kind) Our dating game begins with, what else? cosmic rays. Eating It (as in Yum) and Eating It (as in Bye-Bye) Everything you eat is radioactive, so watch out! (My So-Called) Half-Life But theoretically, this half-life never dies. (Requires Shockwave Non-Shockwave version Detection Section (What's Your Deflection?) Sorting those atoms with mass acceleration. Does Race Exist? Meet Kennewick Man Claims for the Remains The Dating Game ... WGBH

37. Database Of Radiocarbon Dates For British & Irish Archaeology under the aegis of RL Otlet and AJ Walker (at that time running the Harwell radioisotope laboratory, later in a private partnership RCD radiocarbon dating). http://www.britarch.ac.uk/info/c14.html

Archaeological Site Index to Radiocarbon Dates from Great Britain and Ireland The database is now accessible for online searching via the Archaeology Data Service catalogue The database originated in a printed index compiled by Cherry Lavell and produced by the Council for British Archaeology in 1971, with four later printed supplements to 1982. The radiocarbon determinations were gathered and collated by hand from all available sources (the journal Radiocarbon plus the entire range of UK and Irish archaeological publications, both national and more local) to produce the most accurate and complete description possible for each published date. Apart from a number of determinations that were poorly (incompletely) published, the list was comprehensive up to 1982; but thereafter the flow of dates from laboratories became too rapid for a part-time editor to collect and process, and in 1986 the collection process virtually ceased. At about that time, however, a project to computerise the list began under the aegis of R L Otlet and A J Walker (at that time running the Harwell radioisotope laboratory, later in a private partnership - RCD Radiocarbon Dating). However, the lack of proper funding inevitably meant that progress was very slow. Since almost no radiocarbon dating laboratories were producing computerised date lists it was not possible to receive machine-readable dates directly, and manual collection and data-entry still had to be the norm. A fresh burst of activity from 1991 resulted in the accumulation and processing of many more determinations, to a total of some 4000 dates. Records of many more have been copied from the literature but await computerisation; nonetheless there remains a large backlog of material to be gleaned from journals and monographs of the mid-1980s onwards.

38. Radiocarbon Project Pyramids radiocarbon dating Project. Dr. Robert Wenke and John Nolan collecting samples from Menkaure. The Pyramids radiocarbon dating http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~aera/Giza_Pages/Radiocarbon_Pages/Radiocarbon.html

Pyramids Radiocarbon Dating Project Dr. Robert Wenke and John Nolan collecting samples from Menkaure The Pyramids Radiocarbon Dating Project set out in 1984 to establish a new and internally consistent set of radiocarbon dates for some of the important pyramids and associated monuments of the Third to Sixth Dynasties. Before this project, most radiocarbon dates from Egypt had come from movable objects like sarcophagi, mummies and grave ornaments - objects whose removal from their original context, or whose treatment since their removal, cast some doubt on the final radiocarbon dates. For this reason, great care was taken to collect only organic material embedded in the original construction of the Old Kingdom monuments. The colossal pyramids and their associated temples and tombs were not just pristine funerary complexes. They were also large-scale construction sites, with people working, cooking and living around and on top of them as they were being erected. Much of the debris from this activity was incorporated - often unintentionally - into the fabric of the pyramids, and can still be seen in the mortar and crevices. With this in mind, 80 samples of this organic material were collected in 1984 and 64 of them yielded results. Since 8 samples were large enough to be dated twice - once at Southern Methodist University, and once at Eidgenossische Technische Hochschule (ETH) in Zurich - this first round of dating produced a grand total of 72 dates.

39. Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit We provide a radiocarbon dating service for people involved in archaeological and environmental research and carry out research into very low level http://www.rlaha.ox.ac.uk/orau/

Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit Information on ORAU Research and applications C measurement services ... Jobs The Oxford Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit (ORAU) undertakes research in many fields where the measurement of the radiocarbon isotope is useful. We provide a radiocarbon dating service for people involved in archaeological and environmental research and carry out research into very low level measurements of radiocarbon in biological specimens. ORAU's dating service operates on a commercial basis and in conjunction with NERC Scientific Services (ORADS) and English Heritage. Complementary to our work with radiocarbon we also have interests in the use of stable isotopes to help in the study of past human diet. Please see the latest news from ORAU We are very pleased to acknowledge the support of all of the following organisations in the development of the infrastructure and research of the laboratory: The Natural Environment Research Council (UK) English Heritage The Higher Education Funding Council for England The Wellcome Trust High Voltage Engineering Europa BV ISO-9001-2000 QAP 01/10 Issue 19 13/01/2004

40. Radiocarbon Dating By Dr. Elisabetta Boaretto radiocarbon dating. By Dr. Elisabetta Boaretto Department of Environmental Science Energy Research (ESER) radiocarbon dating Laboratory radiocarbon dating. http://www.bibleinterp.com/articles/Boaretto_report.htm

Radiocarbon Dating Home Breaking News Older News News Archives ... Support By Dr. Elisabetta Boaretto Department of Environmental Science Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory RADIOCARBON DATING Radiocarbon dating determines the concentration of C relative to C in the material analyzed, and from this result the C age in year BP (Before Present) is calculated and calibrated to historical years. Of the two items here considered, Jehoash tablet and James Ossuary, only the Jehoash tablet was analyzed for C by the Beta Analytic Laboratory (USA). Jehoash Tablet Sample collection The tablet of Jehoash was brought to the Israel Museum for identification and to recover material that could be submitted for radiocarbon dating. The Director of the Israel Museum Chemistry Laboratory for Restoration (SIMIA), Dr. David Bigelajzen, scraped from the letters part of the patina. He found that this patina was very soft and easy to remove. The amount recovered from the letters was considered too small for the radiocarbon determination and more patina was scraped from the side and from the back of the tablet. No attempt was made to keep separated the two different patinas. Dating material from the tablet The best available material for dating, represented by the patina inside the letters, is a mixture of pure clay mixed with chalk and some carbonized material (see Prof. Yuval Goren’s report).

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