1. Waikato Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory A national laboratory for radiocarbon dating http://www.radiocarbondating.com/

2. The Method to order time. radiocarbon dating has been one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century science. Renfrew (1973) called http://www.c14dating.com/int.html

BY: THOMAS HIGHAM "Everything which has come down to us from heathendom is wrapped in a thick fog; it belongs to a space of time we cannot measure. We know that it is older than Christendom, but whether by a couple of years or a couple of centuries, or even by more than a millenium, we can do no more than guess." [Rasmus Nyerup, (Danish antiquarian), 1802 (in Trigger, 1989:71)]. Nyerup's words illustrate poignantly the critical power and importance of dating; to order time. Radiocarbon dating has been one of the most significant discoveries in 20th century science. Renfrew (1973) called it 'the radiocarbon revolution' in describing its impact upon the human sciences. Oakley (1979) suggested its development meant an almost complete re-writing of the evolution and cultural emergence of the human species. Desmond Clark (1979) wrote that were it not for radiocarbon dating, "we would still be foundering in a sea of imprecisions sometime bred of inspired guesswork but more often of imaginative speculation" (Clark, 1979:7). Writing of the European Upper Palaeolithic, Movius (1960) concluded that

3. Radiocarbon Dating Services At Ukraine Aimed Archaeometry, Ecology, Environmento Lab in Ukraine offers radiocarbon dating services. Includes description of conventional method and Liquid scintillation counting techniques used. http://users.ldc.net/~mbuz/c14.htm

E-mail Home Equipment Analytic ... Quantulus Partners Home Principles Quality Sizes ... Other links Radiocarbon Dating Service Wellcome !!! Welcome to the homepage of Radiocarbon Dating Service Unit, radiation-hygiene monitoring lab of Marzeev Institute of Hygiene and Medical Ecology located at Kiev, Ukraine. 02094, 50 Popudrenko, Kiev, Ukraine. It is fully-equipped radiocarbon laboratory, specializing in conventional and high-precision analyses. ( Responsible person – Michael Buzinny, tel./fax. 380 44 513-70-74 ) We applied modern conventional (LSC based) method for radiocarbon analyses in our lab since 1993. All LS measurements were performed utilizing LS spectrometer Quantulus 1220 TM , produced by PerkinElmer (formerly Wallac Oy). Teflon vials shaped 7 ml, 3 ml, 0,8 ml allow optimize LS counting performance for benzene samples of different mass. We have performed hundreds of radiocarbon analyses for our researches and some for commercial purposes. We would like to discuss a radiocarbon projects and other radioisotope researches especially from early stage of planning. Please send your inquiry or any ideas to

4. Radiocarbon WEB-info Welcome to radiocarbon WEBinfo. radiocarbon dating is the technique upon which chronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. http://www.c14dating.com/

Welcome to radiocarbon WEB-info. Radiocarbon dating is the technique upon which chronologies of the late Pleistocene and Holocene have been built. This resource is designed to provide online information concerning the radiocarbon dating method. We hope it will be of occasional use to radiocarbon users and interested students alike. thomas.higham@archaeology-research.oxford.ac.uk INDEX Introduction Measurement Applications WWW Links ... Email LAST MODIFIED 16 May 2002 HTML DOCUMENT BY T. HIGHAM.

5. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet FullTime Professional Staff. The professional staff has a combined knowledge of more than 140 years in radiocarbon dating. All technicians http://www.radiocarbon.com/

Analyzing Over 12,000 Samples Each Year for Researchers Worldwide. Full-Time Professional Staff The professional staff has a combined knowledge of more than 140 years in radiocarbon dating. All technicians are full time personnel who give your samples undivided attention, without the distraction of personal research, teaching, or administrative duties. Each staff member is committed to providing you with the highest degree of analytical quality for each and every sample. Someone is always available to discuss your sample requirements, give you advice on how to proceed, and to discuss results. BETA does not analyze samples with students or part-time researchers who would necessarily be distracted with other obligations and priorities. We Promise Results Within 2-30 Working Days Delivery times are maintained while upholding research standards of analytical quality We use RADIOMETRIC ANALYSIS for larger samples (containing 300 milligrams to 4 grams final carbon) and

6. Myths Regarding Radiocarbon Dating Read about some of the most common misconceptions about radiocarbon dating. The field of radiocarbon dating has become a technical one far removed from the the most common misunderstandings http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-189.htm

Institute for Creation Research A Christ-Focused Creation Ministry "For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day..." Exodus 20:11 Main Menu Online Store About ICR Back to Genesis Days of Praise ... Tracts ICR Network Grad School ICR Adventures Jonathan Park ICRA Rated ... Donate MYTHS REGARDING RADIOCARBON DATING - IMPACT No. 189 March 1989 by Gerald E. Aardsma* Institute for Creation Research. All Rights Reserved. The field of radiocarbon dating has become a technical one far removed from the naive simplicity which characterized its initial introduction by Libby in the late 1940's. It is, therefore, not surprising that many misconceptions about what radiocarbon can or cannot do and what it has or has not shown are prevalent among creationists and evolutionists - lay people as well as scientists not directly involved in this field. In the following article, some of the most common misunderstandings regarding radiocarbon dating are addressed, and corrective, up-to-date scientific creationist thought is provided where appropriate. MYTH #1. Radiocarbon is used to date the age of rocks, which enables scientists to date the age of the earth.

7. Radiocarbon The radiocarbon dating Service at the School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology. Sample sizes, staff, cost and time. http://www.qub.ac.uk/arcpal/c14/c14.htm

Cost and time Sample sizes Routine vs. High Precision Staff ... C dating? radiocarbon Radiocarbon Dating Service Welcome to the Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory homepage at the School of Archaeology and Palaeoecology Queen's University, Belfast How is radiocarbon ( C) used for dating the past? We undertake several hundred routine and high precision radiocarbon analyses a year for research and commercial investigations into contemporary and past processes. The Palaeoecology Centre is a purpose-built environmental research facility specialising in the chronology and nature of past environmental change. In terms of chronology, the Centre houses a world class, high-precision, radiocarbon and dendrochronology dating laboratories. It has been responsible for the construction of 7000-year oak tree-ring in Ireland and England. These chronologies allow the precise dating of archaeological wood and some interpretation of past environmental change. Dr. Chris Turney

8. Radiocarbon Dating radiocarbon dating. radiocarbon dating and the Bible. Is carbon14 dating (or radiocarbon dating) always reliable and beyond question? Are all radioactive dating methods unreliable? http://www.biblequery.org/radiocarbon.htm

Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon Dating and the Bible Is carbon-14 dating (or radiocarbon dating) always reliable and beyond question? Are all radioactive dating methods unreliable? Have carbon-14 (C ) dates millions of years old been proven wrong? Is carbon-14 dating useless before 2,000 B.C.? Or are the above statements all false, and the truth is something else? Since there are many misconceptions about carbon-14 dating, this paper will explain the principle, the method, some early problems with it, and its current trustworthiness. While many probably have not thought about it before, carbon-14 dating relates to Christianity and Judaism in interesting ways. This method addresses questions on the Shroud of Turin, the archaeological reliability of the Bible, reliable preservation of the Bible, and the Young Earth Theory. The Principle All plants take in carbon from carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. All animals take in carbon by eating the plants. Now most carbon has a molecular weight of 12. However, solar radiation creates a small percentage of carbon with two extra neutrons and a molecular weight of 14. A carbon-14 atom is radioactive; it eventually loses an electron and a neutrino and changes to nitrogen-14. Its half-life is 5,730 30 years, so it never has nor can be used to date carbon samples millions of years old.

9. Radiocarbon Web-Info Radiocarbon WebInfo This resource contains reference materials on the radiocarbon dating method. Beginning with a summarization of the method, descriptions of three principal means of measuring http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.c14dating.com/index.html&y=02653

10. IRadiocarbon Introduction radiocarbon dating. The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940's by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago. http://vflylab.calstatela.edu/VirtualDating/files/RC0/RC_0.html

Radiocarbon Dating The radiocarbon dating method was developed in the 1940's by Willard F. Libby and a team of scientists at the University of Chicago. It subsequently evolved into the most powerful method of dating late Pleistocene and Holocene artifacts and geologic events up to about 50,000 years in age. The radiocarbon method is applied in many different scientific fields, including archeology, geology, oceanography, hydrology, atmospheric science, and paleoclimatology. For his leadership, Libby received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1960. Study the picture and answer these questions The atomic mass number (the sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom) for N-14 and C-14 is the same. How many protons does N-14 have and how many does C-14 have? 14 of each C-14 forms from the interaction of Cosmic rays with N-14 by and C-14 reverts back to N-14 by beta decay and neutron capture electron loss and electron capture neutron capture and beta decay proton capture both ways no way to know

11. Radiocarbon Dating Chronological Methods 8 radiocarbon dating. Where does C -14 Come From? radiocarbon dating relies on a simple natural phenomenon. http://id-archserve.ucsb.edu/Anth3/Courseware/Chronology/08_Radiocarbon_Dating.h

Chronological Methods 8 - Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon, or Carbon-14, dating is probably one of the most widely used and best known absolute dating methods. It was developed by J. R. Arnold and W. F. Libby in 1949, and has become an indispensable part of the archaeologist's tool kit since. It's development revolutionized archaeology by providing a means of dating deposits independent of artifacts and local stratigraphic sequences. This allowed for the establishment of world-wide chronologies. Where does C -14 Come From? Radiocarbon dating relies on a simple natural phenomenon. As the Earth's upper atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic radiation, atmospheric nitrogen is broken down into an unstable isotope of carbon - carbon 14 (C-14). Bombardment Reactions The unstable isotope is brought to Earth by atmospheric activity, such as storms, and becomes fixed in the biosphere. Because it reacts identically to C-12 and C-13, C-14 becomes attached to complex organic molecules through photosynthesis in plants and becomes part of their molecular makeup. Animals eating those plants in turn absorb Carbon-14 as well as the stable isotopes. This process of ingesting C-14 continues as long as the plant or animal remains alive. Diffusion Ingestion C-14 Decay Profile The C-14 within an organism is continually decaying into stable carbon isotopes, but since the organism is absorbing more C-14 during its life, the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. When the organism dies, the ratio of C-14 within its carcass begins to gradually decrease. The rate of decrease is 1/2 the quantity at death every 5,730 years. That is the half-life of C-14. The animation provides an example of how this logarithmic decay occurs. Click on the "Show Movie" button below to view this animation.

12. Home Page Identification and radiocarbon dating of Archaeological Resinous Deposits from Southeast Asian Ceramics. A research project based at the Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford. http://www.student.brad.ac.uk/clampert/

Research Aims What are resins? Why study archaeological resins? Recognising resins on archaeological ceramics ... Links Archaeological Resinous Deposits from Southeast Asian Ceramics Welcome to our homepage. This website describes ongoing research being carried out at the Department of Archaeological Sciences, University of Bradford, UK, which seeks to identify and date archaeological resins from Southeast Asia. The resins being studied as part of this project are associated with ceramic sherds from archaeological sites in Southeast Asia of varying age/period, geographical region and cultural influences. To find your way around, you can use the 'links' on the borders or follow the 'next' and 'back' buttons at the foot of each page. Some pages also have clickable 'hotspots'. All 'links' to external websites will open in a new browser window. On the 'Links' page you will find a diverse assortment of sites, some serious, some not so! To return to this page, click on the leaf logo. Top Next University of Bradford Home Page Dept. of Archaeological Sciences

13. Beta Analytic - World's Largest Radiocarbon Dating Service; AMS, Mass Spectromet AMS radiocarbon dating Services Beta Analytic, Inc. http://www.radiocarbon.com/international.htm

AMS Radiocarbon Dating Services - Beta Analytic, Inc. International Consortium of Accelerator Laboratories (ICAL) ICAL is composed of BETA's chemistry and graphite laboratories and six member accelerators. Beta performs all of the chemical steps necessary to ensure the most appropriate radiocarbon date from the submitted material. This includes sample assessment, chemical pretreatment, combustion or acid decomposition to carbon dioxide and chemical synthesis to graphite. This graphite is put into an individual target container, ready for AMS measurement by an ICAL member. ICAL physicists are experts in AMS radiocarbon measurements. CAL AMS members are an elite group of physicists who were instrumental in the development of AMS radiocarbon dating. They are foremost authorities in instrument tuning, set-up and monitoring of AMS radiocarbon measurements. Analyses of BETA graphite samples relieves ICAL members of the complex chemistry and quality control measures required for the production of AMS quality graphite. Systematic agreement between your samples and the reference standards is guaranteed.

14. Collected Essays Includes papers on the basis of his theories, prediction in science, the origin of diamonds, fallacies of radiocarbon dating, and other topics. http://www.varchive.org/ce/index.htm

C OLLECTED E SSAYS by Immanuel Velikovsky How I Arrived at My Concepts Chronicles of Discovery Affidavit (1942) Theses for the Reconstruction of Ancient History ... Sanverim THE SECRET OF BAALBEK The Secret of Baalbek Beyond the Mountains of Darkness A Historical-Geographical Dictionary SINAI AND OLYMPUS ... The Birth of Monotheism THE ORBIT Anaxagoras Aristarchus Plato Cicero and Seneca ... Einstein THE TEST OF TIME On Prediction in Science H. H. Hess and My Memoranda The Ocean Mercury ... Saturn PRO DOMO SUA Worlds in Collision and the Natural Sciences The Acceptance of Correct Ideas in Science Precursors ... Index to the Works of Immanuel Velikovsky HISTORY AND ARCHAEOLOGY Joseph and Potiphar Hammurabi and the Revised Chronology Assuruballit World Fire ... ASH

15. New Radiocarbon Ages Of Colonization Sites In East Polynesia Asian Perspectives 41(2). The archaeological chronology of initial human colonization in East Polynesia has relied substantially upon radiocarbon dating results from a small number of sites in the central region, notably Motu Paeao cemetery and Vaito'otiaFa'ahia in the Society Islands, and Hane and Ha'atuatua in the Marquesas Islands. http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/asian_perspectives/v041/41.2anderson.pdf

16. C-14 Information And Labs Laboratories Introductions to radiocarbon dating. Proportional gas counting for radiocarbon, and several other dating techniques. Sweden http://www.radiocarbon.org/Info/

Radiocarbon-Related Information Sources Basics Email List Product Info Computer Programs ... Laboratories Introductions to Radiocarbon Dating "Death Starts the Stop-Watch" A brief museum-like display, in English and German WebInfo - Radiocarbon Dating A compendium of online information on the theory and practice of radiocarbon dating, with references to published material. See RADIOCARBON LABS section below. Check links followed by , the INFO symbol. (Most of the labs also provide detailed technical information about their specific dating techniques.) Internet Discussion List C14-L : Radiocarbon Listserv email list (Search the C14-L archives: http://listserv.arizona.edu/archives/c14-l.html RADIOCARBON LABS Links to Radiocarbon Laboratory Websites = Lab with AMS (accelerator) Site has information about C method Austria VERA: Vienna Environmental Research Accelerator Absolute Chronology for Early Civilisations in Austria and Central Europe using 14C Dating with AMS (University of Vienna) Australia Australian National University - Accelerator Mass Spectrometry Explanations and applications lists of several varieties of radiosotope dating.

17. Radiation Physics And Radiocarbon Laboratories, Ireland Measurement of manmade and natural radionuclides in the environment. Radiochemical lab including radiocarbon dating service from the University College Dublin. http://www.ucd.ie/radphys/

Introduction The radiation physics and radiocarbon research laboratory specialises in the measurement of minute traces of artificial and natural radionuclides in the environment. The laboratory is equipped with state-of-the-art facilities for high resolution alpha spectrometry, low-level beta spectrometry, and high resolution gamma and x-ray spectrometry. Advanced radiochemical separation techniques for nuclides such as plutonium, uranium, thorium, americium, technetium, radiostrontium and radiocaesium have been developed. We also apply radiometric dating techniques for reconstructing environmental histories. Current Research Programmes 1. Marine Radioecology Consequences of radioactive contamination of Arctic waters Transport of contaminated sediments in estuarine and coastal waters (Irish Sea, NE Atlantic, Seine and Gironde estuaries) Solid speciation of radionuclides in fine-grained sediments Ocean scavenging processes using Th/ U disequilibrium 2. Terrestrial Radioecology

18. Radiocarbon Dating Chronological Methods 8 radiocarbon dating. Radiocarbon, or Carbon-14, dating is probably one of the most widely used and best known absolute dating methods. It was developed by J. R. Arnold and W . http://www.archserve.id.ucsb.edu/Anth3/Courseware/Chronology/08_Radiocarbon_Dati

Chronological Methods 8 - Radiocarbon Dating Radiocarbon, or Carbon-14, dating is probably one of the most widely used and best known absolute dating methods. It was developed by J. R. Arnold and W. F. Libby in 1949, and has become an indispensable part of the archaeologist's tool kit since. It's development revolutionized archaeology by providing a means of dating deposits independent of artifacts and local stratigraphic sequences. This allowed for the establishment of world-wide chronologies. Where does C -14 Come From? Radiocarbon dating relies on a simple natural phenomenon. As the Earth's upper atmosphere is bombarded by cosmic radiation, atmospheric nitrogen is broken down into an unstable isotope of carbon - carbon 14 (C-14). Bombardment Reactions The unstable isotope is brought to Earth by atmospheric activity, such as storms, and becomes fixed in the biosphere. Because it reacts identically to C-12 and C-13, C-14 becomes attached to complex organic molecules through photosynthesis in plants and becomes part of their molecular makeup. Animals eating those plants in turn absorb Carbon-14 as well as the stable isotopes. This process of ingesting C-14 continues as long as the plant or animal remains alive. Diffusion Ingestion C-14 Decay Profile The C-14 within an organism is continually decaying into stable carbon isotopes, but since the organism is absorbing more C-14 during its life, the ratio of C-14 to C-12 remains about the same as the ratio in the atmosphere. When the organism dies, the ratio of C-14 within its carcass begins to gradually decrease. The rate of decrease is 1/2 the quantity at death every 5,730 years. That is the half-life of C-14. The animation provides an example of how this logarithmic decay occurs. Click on the "Show Movie" button below to view this animation.

19. The UnMuseum - Radiocarbon Dating radiocarbon dating. Until the middle of the twentieth century archaeologists had a real problem. That was, until the invention of radiocarbon dating. http://www.unmuseum.org/radiocar.htm

A Bristlecone Pine high in the mountains of California. Radiocarbon Dating Until the middle of the twentieth century archaeologists had a real problem. If they found a bit of pottery, an old coin, or another object while digging up a site, just how old was it? How could they tell if the object had been dropped on the ground thirty years ago or thirty centuries ago? In general, archaeologists knew that the farther they had to dig down to find an object, the older it probably was and that objects found at the same level, or stratum, were close in age. That was helpful when comparing the relative ages of two items, but how could they get the actual age? And how could they compare the ages of items found at sites fifty miles apart? If a society had written records the archaeologists could compare the history against the type of objects they were finding in the ground. A coin bearing the likeness of Augustus Caesar certainly couldn't have minted before Caesar started his reign. Likewise an Egyptian piece of pottery with a design depicting horse and chariot couldn't have been made before the horse was introduced to Egypt. Using these types of clues archaeologists were able to construct a firm history for some societies. By matching pottery between a culture with a known chronology against one without, they could even hazard a guess about historical dates when there were no records. This still left scientists wondering about the age of sites where neither cross-matching of pottery or written records could be used. That was, until the invention of radiocarbon dating.

20. Radiocarbon Dating - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia radiocarbon dating. radiocarbon dating is the use of a naturally occurring isotope of carbon in radiometric dating to determine the age of organic materials. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating

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