101. Quantum Statistical Mechanics A set of lectures on FermiDirac, Bose-Einstein, and Photon distributions in quantum mechanics. http://www.phys.unm.edu/~duric/phy536/l4/node3.html

Next: Bose-Einstein Statistics Up: Thermodynamics Previous: Classical Statistical Mechanics Quantum Statistical Mechanics The transition to quantum mechanics requires that we recognize the discreteness of energy levels associated with individual particles. where , the total occupation number. The transformation from classical to quantum stat mech therefore requires: If we use the identity equation 60 becomes: where, If we now use the additional identity: we end up with: The above result places us in a better position to discuss Bose-Einstein and Fermi-Dirac statistics. Bose-Einstein Statistics Fermi-Dirac Statistics Photon Distribution Function Thermodynamic Equilibrium Neb Duric Thu Dec 19 09:31:05 MST 1996

102. Quantum Mechanics Problems quantum mechanics Problems. This page contains the links to a number of extra solved problems for the graduate quantum mechanics course at Auburn University. http://www.physics.auburn.edu/~francisr/quanprob/quanprob.html

Next: Problem 1-Old Quantum Theory Quantum Mechanics Problems F. Robicheaux April 15, 1997 Any comments, suggested problems, errors in the solutions etc should be sent to me at francisr@physics.auburn.edu . To go back to my home page click HERE This page contains the links to a number of extra solved problems for the graduate quantum mechanics course at Auburn University. This page will be constructed over the year Fall 1996 to Spring 1997 so the number of problems will increase each week. I hope that this page will be an extra source for learning quantum mechanics at the graduate level that has features not available in the more ubiquitous print format. The pages are set-up so that the first page simply states the problem with links given lower on the page. These links are to stages of the solution of that problem. This will allow you to try to work the problem without any hint of the solution. If you get stuck, you can go down the links until you reach the point where you know enough to go on without looking at the rest of the answer. If you want to simply see how quantum problems are worked, go buy a book. It will be frustrating to you if you try to use this page that way. Maneuvering through this tree is easier if you remember that clicking on the Up button will get you back to this page after one or two clicks.

103. Many-Worlds Quantum Theory in 1957, Hugh Everett III proposed a radical new way of dealing with some of the more perplexing aspects of quantum mechanics. http://www.innerx.net/personal/tsmith/ManyWorlds.html

Tony Smith's Home Page Many-Worlds Quantum Theory What Does Many-Worlds Mean? ... Sum-Over-Histories and the MacroSpace of the Many-Worlds Many-Worlds Physics was proposed by Hugh Everett Here and here are two web pages with a Many-Worlds FAQ and here is a Many-Worlds web page ManyWorlds may be representable by Density Matrices , by Bernoulli Shifts , and by Surreal Numbers What Does Many-Worlds Mean? According to John Cramer 's Alternate View 48 at every occasion where a quantum event has more than one outcome (e.g., when an electron may strike one atom or another), the universe splits . We have one universe where the electron hits atom A, another where it hits atom B, and so on for all of the possible outcomes. Similarly, if a light photon might be transmitted or reflected, if a radioactive atom might decay or not, the universe splits into alternative worlds, with one new universe for each and every potential outcome. This is the Many Worlds (MW) interpretation. From the MW viewpoint, the universe is like a tree that branches and re-branches into myriads of new sub-branches with every passing picosecond . And each of these new branch universes has a slightly different sub-atomic "history". Because an observer happens to have followed one particular path through the diverging branches of this Universe-Tree, he never perceives the splitting. Instead he interprets the resolution of the myriad of possibilities into one particular outcome as a Copenhagen-style collapse. But the observer plays no active role in the splitting. Events at the quantum level, of course, must lead to consequences in the every-day world. There should be a MW universe in which every physically possible event has happened. There should be MW universes where the dinosaurs dominate the planet ... Even as you read this sentence your universe may be fragmenting into a number of branches too large to count. ...

104. Quantum Mechanics Lecture Notes Scattering Lengths( pdf, ps, gif); Coulomb Waves( pdf, ps, gif); Quantum Fields and Second Quantization( pdf, ps, gif); Decays( pdf, ps, gif http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~pratt/phy851/lectures/lectures.html

Lecture Notes for PHY851/852 Beware! These are in a pretty crude format. Be especially wary of sign errors and twopies. States and Operators( pdf ps gif Evolution Operators( pdf ps gif Coordinate and Momentum Space( pdf, ps, gif Potential Problems in One Dimension( pdf ps gif Wave Packets( pdf ps gif Harmonic Oscillator( pdf ps gif Charged Particle and the Electromagnetic Field( pdf ps gif Aharanov-Bohm Effect( pdf ps gif Propagators, Green's Functions and Integral Equations( pdf ps gif Angular Momentum( pdf ps gif Spherical Harmonics( pdf ps gif Spherical Harmonics( pdf ps gif Adding Angular Momentum( pdf ps gif Symmetries and Conservation Laws( pdf ps gif Approximation Methods I. (WKB, Variational, Sudden)( pdf ps gif Approximation Methods II. (Stationary State Perturbation Theory)( pdf ps gif Time-Dependent Interactions and Time-Dependent Perturbation Theory( pdf ps gif Scattering: (Born Approximation, $T$-Matrix( pdf ps gif Praopagators and the Time-Ordered Evolution Equation( pdf ps gif Scattering: Central Potentials, Partial Waves and Phase Shifts( pdf ps gif Phase Shifts at Low Energy, Scattering Lengths( pdf ps gif Coulomb Waves( pdf ps gif Quantum Fields and Second Quantization( pdf ps gif Decays( pdf ps gif Isospin( pdf ps gif Adding Three Angular Momentum( pdf ps gif Tensor Operators, Rotation Operators, and the Wigner-Eckart Theorem(

105. Atomic Theories From Aristotle Thru Quantum Theory A site for students with chemists and their atomic theories throughout history. Includes Aristotle, Democritus, Dalton, Bohr, Thomson, Rutherford and the modern quantum theory. http://www.angelfire.com/sc2/atomtheory

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106. Quantum Mechanics quantum mechanics Physics 851/852 Fall 2000 / Spring 2001. Click for syllabus (pdf,gif). Instructor Scott Pratt 3336438 pratt@nscl.msu.edu. http://www.nscl.msu.edu/~pratt/phy851/

Quantum Mechanics Physics 851/852 Fall 2000 / Spring 2001 Click for syllabus ( pdf gif Instructor: Scott Pratt pratt@nscl.msu.edu Lecture Notes (PDF, PS and GIF formats) Problem Sets (See problems for the entire semestser, PDF and GIF) Quizes (posted immediately after each quiz) ANNOUNCEMENTS and INFORMATION: Lectures MWF, 10:20 - 11:10 AM, PA 317. Text: Modern Quantum Mechanics , J.J. Sakurai, Addison-Wesley 1994 Homework is due Fridays at 5:00 PM and should be placed in Qinghong Cao's mail box. Weekly quizes will be administered Fridays. Grades will be calculated: FINAL: 40% QUIZES: 40% (Lowest 2 quizes are disregarded) HW: 20% (25% penalty for late HW) First Class: Aug. 28, Last Class: Dec. 8, Final: 10AM - 12:30PM, Dec. 10 First Class: Jan. 8, Last Class: Apr. 27, Final: 7:45AM - 10:15AM Apr. 30 OTHER HANDOUTS: First Semester Sample Final Exam Questions ( pdf gif Second Semester Sample Final Exam Questions ( pdf gif Cheatsheet to be handed out at FINALS ( pdf gif 1998 851 FINAL EXAM( pdf gif 1999 851 FINAL EXAM( pdf gif 2000 851 FINAL EXAM( pdf gif Spring 1999 Subject Exam( pdf gif Fall 1999 Subject Exam( pdf gif Spring 2000 Subject Exam( pdf gif Fall 2000 Subject Exam( pdf gif Spring2001 Subject Exam( pdf gif C++ and FORTRAN Examples

107. Quantum Chaos An essay on the effects Chaos theory would have on traditional quantum mechanics. http://www.scitec.auckland.ac.nz/~king/Preprints/book/quantcos/qchao/quantc.htm

Genesis of Eden Diversity Encyclopedia Get the Genesis of Eden AV-CD Windows / Mac Compatible Includes live video seminars, enchanting renewal songs and a thousand page illustrated codex. Join SAKINA-Weave A transformative network reflowering Earth's living diversity in gender reunion. Return to Genesis of Eden? STATIONARY STATES or wave patterns, associated with the energy levels of a Rydberg atom (a highly excited hydrogen atom) in a strong magnetic field can exhibit chaotic qualities. The states shown in the left two images seem regular, the right two are chaotic. In the third picture the state lies mostly along a periodic orbit; in the fourth, it does not and is difficult to interpret, except for the four mirror symmetries with respect to the vertical horizontal and two diagonal lines. Quantum Chaos Martin Gutzwiller Scientific American Jan 92 POINCARE SECTION OF A HYDROGEN ATOM in a strong magnetic field has regions where the points of the electron's trajectory scatter wildly, indicating chaotic behavior. The section is a slice out of phase space, an abstract six-dimensional space: the usual three for the

108. New Scientist | Guide To The Quantum World Paul Davies offers you a guided tour of the quantum ether 3 Nov 01. Can a Grand Unified Theory come out of quantum mechanics alone? http://www.newscientist.com/hottopics/quantum/

"Do not take the lecture too seriously . . . just relax and enjoy it. I am going to tell you what nature behaves like. If you will simply admit that maybe she does behave like this, you will find her a delightful, entrancing thing. Do not keep saying to yourself "But how can it be like that?" because you will get...into a blind alley from which nobody has yet escaped. Nobody knows how it can be like that." This was Richard Feynman, speaking about quantum theory. It pays to take his warning seriously. By the time you finish this section of the site, you will understand the most extraordinary implications of a truly extraordinary theory. But if you try to picture it in familiar ways you will come hopelessly unstuck. The quantum world really is different, and the only way to come to grips with it is to suspend disbelief. So open your mind and become a genius in your own lunchtime Subscribe to New Scientist ADVERTISEMENTS DigitalCamera-HQ.com Digital Camera Digital Cameras Digital Camera Review ... Holiday Reviews FlightComparison.co.uk - Unbiased Cheap Flight comparison from the UK to all destinations.

109. THE COPENHAGEN INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS The Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics. by Ben Best. The more classical view was his statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics. http://www.benbest.com/science/quantum.html

The Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics by Ben Best Near the end of the nineteenth century many physicists believed that physical theory had been virtually completely discovered. Lord Kelvin expressed this view, with the qualifier that "two small clouds" remained on the horizon: (1) the negative results of the Michaelson-Morley experiment and (2) the failure of the Rayleigh-Jeans law to predict the distribution of radiant energy in a black body. These "small clouds" were soon unleashing the thunderstorms of relativity and quantum theory. Thirty years later, however, some leading physicists were again attempting to declare the end of physical knowledge. This time, however, the claim was not so much that physics had the means of explaining all phenomena, but that physics had reached the limits of its capacity to explain. The search for causal laws was declared fruitless because of the claim that the threshold of acausal randomness had been discovered with the further implication that there is ultimately no objective reality. This is the philosophical essence of the Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum theory. And it is an interpretation which does not follow strictly from physics. The Copenhagen Interpretation was primarily the product of Neils Bohr and Werner Heisenberg, who were strongly supported by Max Born, Wolfgang Pauli and John von Neumann. Among those opposed to the Copenhagen Interpretation have been Albert Einstein, Erwin Schroedinger, Louis de Broglie, Max Planck, David Bohm, Alfred Landé, Karl Popper and Bertrand Russell. While those supporting the Copenhagen Interpretation constitute a "school" and an "orthodoxy", those opposed to it have widely divergent views. But the latter have been uniformly vilified as too simple-minded or too "old fashioned" to understand such "modern" ideas as acausality and positivism. Soviet physicists also opposed the Copenhagen Interpretation, but on the grounds that it is an "idealism", to be contrasted to a "dialectical materialist" view of reality.

110. Quantum Mechanics And Atomic Orbitals Electronic Structure of Atoms. quantum mechanics and Atomic Orbitals. quantum mechanics and Atomic Orbitals. 1926 Erwin Schrödinger. http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Struct/QMech/Struct05.htm

Electronic Structure of Atoms Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals Quantum Mechanics and Atomic Orbitals incorporates both wave- and particle-like behaviors for the electron. Opened a new way of thinking about sub-atomic particles, leading the area of study known as wave mechanics , or quantum mechanics y (psi) . Although has no actual physical meaning, the value of y describes the probability distribution of an electron probability that an electron will be at a certain location in the atom. Departure from the Bohr model of the atom In the Bohr model, the electron is in a defined orbit y , a higher probability of finding the electron in this region, and consequently, greater electron density): Orbitals and quantum numbers orbitals and have a characteristic energy and shape (distribution). The lowest energy orbital of the hydrogen atom has an energy of -2.18 x 10 J and the shape in the above figure. Note that in the Bohr model we had the same energy for the electron in the ground state, but that it was described as being in a defined orbit The Bohr model used a single quantum number (n) to describe an orbit three quantum numbers: n, l and m

111. Homepage Collaboration Bohmian Mechanics Recent work on Bohmian mechanics, the formulation of quantum mechanics proposed in 1952 by David Bohm. http://www.mathematik.uni-muenchen.de/~bohmmech/BohmHome/bmstartE.htm

112. Kathryn Cramer: Quantum Mechanics: Not Just A Matter Of Interpretation quantum mechanics Not Just a Matter of Interpretation. Adrian others here is link to my dad s Analog columns on quantum mechanics, 1984 2002. http://www.kathryncramer.com/wblog/archives/000530.html

Kathryn Cramer Kathryn Cramer lives in Pleasantville, New York. Main April 26, 2004 Quantum Mechanics: Not Just a Matter of Interpretation Tomorrow at 4 PM , physicist Shahriar S. Afshar, a Visiting Scientist at Harvard University's Physics Department will give a talk entitled Violation of Bohr's principle of complementarity in an optical "which-way" experiment at Afshar has done a variation of the standard two-pin-hole "welcher-Weg" optics experiment, in which he demonstrates that wave interference is present even when one is determining through which pinhole a photon passes. This result is in direct contradiction to Neils Bohr's Principle of Complementarity , which would require in the quantum world that when one is measuring particle properties [formerly read "measuring quantum properties" -KC], all wave interference phenomena must vanish. Afshar's trick is to find the location of the minimum points of wave interference, place one or more wires at these minimum points, and observe how much light is intercepted when one is determining the pinhole through which the photons passed. It has been widely accepted that the rival interpretations of quantum mechanics, e.g., the

113. JPL Molecular Spectroscopy Database which has an extensive library including programs for fitting spectra and spectral line files for a large number of molecules. Use requires knowledge of spectroscopy and quantum mechanics. http://spec.jpl.nasa.gov/

+ View the NASA Portal Search JPL Molecular spectroscopy is the study of absorption of light by molecules. In the gas phase at low pressures, molecules exhibit absorption in narrow lines which are very characteristic of the molecule as well as the temperature and pressure of its environment. In the microwave and long-wavelength infrared regions of the spectrum, these lines are due to quantized rotational motion of the molecule. At shorter wavelengths similar lines are due to quantized vibration and electronic motion as well as rotational motion. The precise frequencies of these lines can be fit to quantum mechanical models which can be used both to determine the structure of the molecule and to predict the frequencies and intensities of other lines. Because this absorption is so characteristic, it is very valuable for detecting molecules in the Earth's stratosphere, planetary atmospheres, and even the interstellar medium. This web site contains very specialized technical information. While the general user is welcome to browse its contents, the descriptions assume a knowledge of spectroscopy and quantum mechanics. The JPL Molecular Spectroscopy Team supports NASA programs in Astrophysics, Atmospheric Science, and Planetary Science. Its activities include measurement of rotational lines, fitting the lines, and preparing a catalog of line positions and intensities. The members of the team include

114. Creation And Quantum Mechanics CREATION AND quantum mechanics IMPACT No. 305 November 1998 by Don B. DeYoung, Ph. Background. December 14, 1900, is called the birthday of quantum mechanics. http://www.icr.org/pubs/imp/imp-305.htm

Institute for Creation Research A Christ-Focused Creation Ministry "For in six days the Lord made the heaven and the earth, the sea, and all that in them is, and rested the seventh day..." Exodus 20:11 Main Menu Online Store About ICR Back to Genesis Days of Praise ... Tracts ICR Network Grad School ICR Adventures Jonathan Park ICRA Rated ... Donate CREATION AND QUANTUM MECHANICS - IMPACT No. 305 November 1998 by Don B. DeYoung , Ph. D.* Institute for Creation Research. All Rights Reserved Background Four Traditional Quantum Concepts Max Planck (1858-1947) German scientist, founder of quantum mechanics. Max Planck showed that the energy content of an object cannot be any arbitrary amount. Instead, energy occurs only in small discrete bundles called quanta . Increasing energy must not be pictured as a smooth ramp, but instead as a stairway (figure 1). Quantum effects only become apparent on the small scale of atomic particles. For larger objects, such as a person, the individual energy steps are extremely small and unnoticeable. Otherwise we might find ourselves living in a bizarre quantum world where everything happened in jumps, as with a blinking strobe light. The second well-known concept is that light and matter show both wave and particle behavior. The light meter of a camera illustrates the particle nature of light. In this device, incident light photons collide with electrons, somewhat like marbles, and produce an electric current which indicates the light intensity. Likewise, the wave nature of electrons is used to produce magnified images in an electron microscope. As with energy quantization, the wave nature of larger objects is not noticeable.

115. Avshalom C Elitzur Senior Lecturer, BarIlan University. Includes an autobiography, a curriculum vitae, and a list of publications in quantum mechanics, relativity, thermodynamics, evolutionary theory, philosophy of mind and psychoanalysis. http://faculty.biu.ac.il/~elitzua/

Avshalom C. Elitzur àáùìåí àìéöåø Research Interests Physics: Quantum measurement, Nonlocality, Thermodynamic and other time-asymmetries, Foundations of physics. Biology : Applications of thermodynamics and information theory to evolutionary processes, Biological complexity. Psychology : Suicide prevention, Empirical research of psychoanalysis, Humor, Religious experiences, Causation of psychopathology. Philosophy : The mind-body problem, Consciousness and causality, Environmental ethics. email: avshalom.elitzur@weizmann.ac.il Curriculum Vitae and list of publications (recent articles downloadable) Biographical Sketch A Hebrew version (with apologies to Shai Agnon) On Cats and Men , Zeilinger-Elitzur Quantum Course Online Hebrew Articles Online English Articles Hebrew Stories Quantum Blues by Joe Rosen Click on the menu on the left to see more You are visitor Number: curtesy of

116. FUSION Anomaly. Quantum Mechanics quantum mechanics This nOde last updated April 22nd, 2003 and is permanently morphing (9 Muluk (Water) / 17 Pohp 9/260 - 12.19.10.3.9). quantum mechanics. http://fusionanomaly.net/quantummechanics.html

Telex External Link Internal Link Inventory Cache Quantum Mechanics This nOde last updated April 22nd, 2003 and is permanently morphing... (9 Muluk ( Water ) / 17 Pohp - 9/260 - 12.19.10.3.9) quantum mechanics quantum mechanics or quantum theory, branch of mathematical physics that deals with the emission and absorption of energy by matter and with the motion of material particles. Because it holds that energy and matter exist in tiny, discrete amounts, quantum mechanics is particularly applicable to ELEMENTARY PARTICLES and the interactions between them. According to the older theories of classical physics, energy is treated solely as a continuous phenomenon (i.e., WAVES by Max PLANCK , who proposed that the energies of any harmonic oscillator , such as the atoms of a blackbody radiator, are restricted to certain values, each of which is an integral (whole number) multiple of a basic minimum value. In 1905 Albert EINSTEIN proposed that the radiation itself is also quantized, and he used the new theory to explain the PHOTOELECTRIC EFFECT. Niels BOHR used the quantum theory in 1913 to explain both atomic structure and atomic spectra, showing the connection between the energy levels of an atom's electrons and the frequencies of light matrix uncertainty principle , enunciated by Heisenberg in 1927, which places an absolute theoretical limit on the accuracy of certain measurements; as a result, the assumption by earlier scientists that the physical state of a system could be measured exactly and used to predict future states had to be abandoned. Other developments of the theory include quantum statistics, presented in one form by Einstein and S.N. Bose (Bose-Einstein statistics, which apply to BOSONS) and in another by Dirac and Enrico FERMI (Fermi-Dirac statistics, which apply to FERMIONS); quantum electronics, which deals with interactions involving quantum energy levels and

117. Darrin York's Home Page Studies of nucleic acid chemistry using linear scaling quantum chemistry and hybrid quantum mechanics + molecular mechanics approaches. http://riesling.chem.umn.edu/~york/

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118. Quantum Mechanics quantum mechanics. These were the laws of quantum mechanics, and they got their name from the work of Max Planck. An Act of Desperation . http://www.pbs.org/transistor/science/info/quantum.html

Electrons Vacuum Tubes Conductors Quantum Mechanics Semiconductors Germanium Diodes The Point Contact ... Transistor Quantum Mechanics In day to day life, we intuitively understand how the world works. Drop a glass and it will smash to the floor. Push a wagon and it will roll along. Walk to a wall and you can't walk through it. There are very basic laws of physics going on all around us that we instinctively grasp: gravity makes things fall to the ground, pushing something makes it move, two things can't occupy the same place at the same time. At the turn of the century, scientists thought that all the basic rules like this should apply to everything in nature but then they began to study the world of the ultra-small. Atoms, electrons, light waves, none of these things followed the normal rules. As physicists like Niels Bohr and Albert Einstein began to study particles, they discovered new physics laws that were downright quirky. These were the laws of quantum mechanics, and they got their name from the work of Max Planck. "An Act of Desperation" In 1900, Max Planck was a physicist in Berlin studying something called the "ultraviolet catastrophe." The problem was the laws of physics predicted that if you heat up a box in such a way that no light can get out (known as a "black box"), it should produce an infinite amount of ultraviolet radiation. In real life no such thing happened: the box radiated different colors, red, blue, white, just as heated metal does, but there was no infinite amount of anything. It didn't make sense. These were laws of physics that perfectly described how light behaved outside of the box why didn't they accurately describe this black box scenario?

119. ASU Libraries -- Quantum Mechanics Listed below are a series of web sites dealing with quantum mechanics. An Introduction to quantum mechanics Basics of quantum mechanics http://www.asu.edu/lib/noble/physics/quantum.htm

Science Reference Room Quantum Mechanics Listed below are a series of web sites dealing with quantum mechanics. An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Provides a beginner's guide to the strange world of the atom. Basics of Quantum Mechanics Discusses structure of atoms and molecules; molecular reactions; and basis of atomic structure. Brief Review of Elementary Quantum Chemistry A text-book format covering quantum mechanics, written by C. David Sherrill, Dept. of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley. HEP: Quantum Mechanics A brief introduction to the basic principles of quantum mechanics. Visual Quantum Mechanics The Visual Quantum Mechanics project involves the development of instructional units that introduce quantum physics to high school and college students who do not have a background in modern physics or higher level math. This site provides access to online interactive programs. Also includes a project summary, and information that allows one to create interactive multimedia simulations without programing. What is quantum physics?

120. Nano, Quantum & Statistical Mechanics & Thermodynamics Educational Sites Quantum Dots 1. Introduction to / TU Delft; 2. Biological / PysicsWeb; quantum mechanics/Quantum Chemistry i.Werner Heisenberg/AIP; i.U Conn; iii http://www.uic.edu/~mansoori/Thermodynamics.Educational.Sites_html

Thermodynamics Research Laboratory Educational Sites Basic Principles of Classical and Statistical Thermodynamics / UIC Classical Thermodynamics UIC ; ii. U Pittsburgh ; iii. Kids' Almanac ; iv. Eden Prairie High School ; v. ThinkQuest ; vi. School of Champions ; vii. Scitoys ; viii. Simtherg About Temperature / UNIDATA ; ii. West Georgia State U i.Ideal Gas: 1. Molecular Model by U Würzburg Pressure Chamber by U Oregon ii. Thermodynamic Equilibrium / U Oregon iii. Carnot Cycle (Heat Engine) / U Würzburg Thermodynamics and Heat Engines / Eastern Ill. U Thermodynamic Theory (Modular Instruction) / Amazon Properties of Heat and Matter / UC Berkeley femtowatt-club.com ; ii. U Wisconsin Problem Solving - Expert System for Thermodynamics / SDSU The First Law of Thermodynamics / Berekely WPI ; ii. Clayton College and State U / Occidental College ; ii. ILCEI ; iii. Berkeley iv. UIUC The Third Law of Thermodynamics / Berekeley Penn State ; ii. Saginaw Valley State U ; iii. Augastana College ; iv. Principia Cybernetica ; v. Andreas Trupp ; vi. Maxwell's Demon: ( a b c d ... A Generalized Vapor Pressure Equation for All Liquids / UIC Multicomponent Mixtures /UIC; ii.

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