1. Quantum Mechanics last substantive content change NOV 29 2000. quantum mechanics. 3. quantum mechanics. Four basic principles of quantum mechanics are 3.1 Physical States. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change NOV Quantum Mechanics Quantum mechanics is, at least at first glance and at least in part, a mathematical machine for predicting the behaviors of microscopic particles or, at least, of the measuring instruments we use to explore those behaviors and in that capacity, it is spectacularly successful: in terms of power and precision, head and shoulders above any theory we have ever had. Mathematically, the theory is well understood; we know what its parts are, how they are put together, and why, in the mechanical sense (i.e., in a sense that can be answered by describing the internal grinding of gear against gear), the whole thing performs the way it does, how the information that gets fed in at one end is converted into what comes out the other. The question of what kind of a world it describes, however, is controversial; there is very little agreement, among physicists and among philosophers, about what the world is like according to quantum mechanics. Minimally interpreted, the theory describes a set of facts about the way the microscopic world impinges on the macroscopic one, how it effects our measuring instruments, described in everyday language or the language of classical mechanics. Disagreement centers on the question of what a microscopic world, which affects our apparatuses in the prescribed manner, is, or even could be, like

2. Todd's Quantum Intro Intro to quantum mechanics. What is quantum mechanics? Simply put, quantum mechanics is the study of matter and radiation at an atomic level. http://www-theory.chem.washington.edu/~trstedl/quantum/quantum.html

Intro to Quantum Mechanics Sigh So please read on, and take a dip in an ocean of information that I find completely invigorating! If the above picture is your idea of an atom, with electrons looping around the nucleus, you are about 70 years out of date. It's time to open your eyes to the modern world of quantum mechanics! The picture below shows some plots of where you would most likely find an electron in a hydrogen atom (the nucleus is at the center of each plot). What is quantum mechanics? Simply put, quantum mechanics is the study of matter and radiation at an atomic level. Why was quantum mechanics developed? In the early 20th century some experiments produced results which could not be explained by classical physics (the science developed by Galileo Galilei, Isaac Newton, etc.). For instance, it was well known that electrons orbited the nucleus of an atom. However, if they did so in a manner which resembled the planets orbiting the sun, classical physics predicted that the electrons would spiral in and crash into the nucleus within a fraction of a second. Obviously that doesn't happen, or life as we know it would not exist. (Chemistry depends upon the interaction of the electrons in atoms, and life depends upon chemistry). That incorrect prediction, along with some other experiments that classical physics could not explain, showed scientists that something new was needed to explain science at the atomic level. If classical physics is wrong, why do we still use it?

3. Visual Quantum Mechanics The Visual quantum mechanics project, funded by the National Science Foundation, involves the development of instructional units that introduce quantum physics http://phys.educ.ksu.edu/

Interactive Computer Programs The Visual Quantum Mechanics project , funded by the National Science Foundation , involves the development of instructional units that introduce quantum physics to high school and college students who do not have a background in modern physics or higher level math. To reach these students, the instructional units integrate interactive computer programs and digital multimedia with inexpensive materials and written documents in an activity-based environment.

4. Copenhagen Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics Copenhagen Interpretation of quantum mechanics. As the theory of the atom, quantum mechanics is perhaps the most successful theory in the history of science. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-copenhagen/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change MAY Copenhagen Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics As the theory of the atom, quantum mechanics is perhaps the most successful theory in the history of science. It enables physicists, chemists, and technicians to calculate and predict the outcome of a vast number of experiments and to create new and advanced technology based on the insight into the behavior of atomic objects. But it is also a theory that challenges our imagination. It seems to violate some fundamental principles of classical physics, principles that eventually have become a part of western common sense since the rise of the modern worldview in the Renaissance. So the aim of any metaphysical interpretation of quantum mechanics is to account for these violations. The Copenhagen interpretation was the first general attempt to understand the world of atoms as this is represented by quantum mechanics. The founding father was mainly the Danish physicist Niels Bohr, but also Werner Heisenberg, Max Born and other physicists made important contributions to the overall understanding of the atomic world that is associated with the name of the capital of Denmark. APHK , p.51). The term is rather a label introduced by people opposing Bohr's idea of complementarity, to identify what they saw as the common features behind the Bohr-Heisenberg interpretation as it emerged in the late 1920s. Today the Copenhagen interpretation is mostly regarded as synonymous with indeterminism, Bohr's correspondence principle, Born's statistical interpretation of the wave function, and Bohr's complementarity interpretation of certain atomic phenomena.

5. What Is A Wave Function? What Is An Orbital? An Introduction To What is a Wave Function? What is an Orbital? An Introduction to quantum mechanics. An introduction to the principles of quantum mechanics is presented here. http://www.chemistry.ohio-state.edu/betha/qm/

What is a Wave Function? What is an Orbital? : An Introduction to Quantum Mechanics Neal McDonald, Midori Kitagawa-DeLeon, Anna Timasheva,Heath Hanlin,Zil Lilas,and Sherwin J. Singer An introduction to the principles of quantum mechanics is presented here. It is intended to supplement the discussion of hydrogen and many-electron orbitals commonly found in general chemistry text books with a deeper understanding of the underlying physical principles. The relationship between classical and quantum mechanics is explored to illustrate how physical objects can be viewed both as a particle and a wave. Contents: Classical Mechanics. Trajectories. QM is completely different. Uncertainty. ... The Aufbau principle. If your computer can play sound, and you have Shockwave plug-in loaded, choose the topics listed above to hear a discussion of quantum mechanics. If not, choose the same topics listed below to read a text-only version of the same discussion. Classical Mechanics. Trajectories. QM is completely different. Uncertainty. ... To the third tutorial: An introduction to quantum mechanics.

6. Physics Virtual Bookshelf: Quantum Mechanics A collection of articles explaining basic concepts in quantum mechanics. http://www.upscale.utoronto.ca/GeneralInterest/QM.html

Quantum Mechanics Manhy of the listings are roughly in the order in which these topics might be taught. Topic Description Author Format Wave-Particle Duality A brief summary of wave-particle duality, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here Anthony W. Key html Quantum Interference A brief summary of quantum interference and the uncertainty principle, from a first year physics course that uses minimal mathematics; the entire set of materials from the course is available by clicking here Anthony W. Key html Double Slit: html pdf A discussion of the "Feynman double slit," which forms the basis of many discussions of Quantum Mechanics. The topic is quite subtle, but the document is equally accessible to students at all levels. (183k/216k) David M. Harrison html and pdf The Bohr Model of the Atom A very brief introduction, originally designed for upper-year liberal arts students. (30k) David M. Harrison

7. Particles, Special Relativity And Quantum Mechanics Explains some of the more interesting results and predictions of modern physics. http://atschool.eduweb.co.uk/rmext04/92andwed/pf_quant.html

Particles, Special Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Special Relativistic Paradoxes and Puzzles Tachyons The Particle Zoo Does Antimatter Fall Up or Down? ... Main Physics Contents page Special Relativistic Paradoxes The Barn and the Pole The Twin Paradox The Superluminal Scissors Relativity and Quantum Mechanics Contents The Barn and the Pole Updated 4-AUG-1992 by SIC Original by Robert Firth Paradoxes Contents These are the props. You own a barn, 40m long, with automatic doors at either end, that can be opened and closed simultaneously by a switch. You also have a pole, 80m long, which of course won't fit in the barn. Now someone takes the pole and tries to run (at nearly the speed of light) through the barn with the pole horizontal. Special Relativity (SR) says that a moving object is contracted in the direction of motion: this is called the Lorentz Contraction. So, if the pole is set in motion lengthwise, then it will contract in the reference frame of a stationary observer. You are that observer, sitting on the barn roof. You see the pole coming towards you, and it has contracted to a bit less than 40m. So, as the pole passes through the barn, there is an instant when it is completely within the barn. At that instant, you close both doors. Of course, you open them again pretty quickly, but at least momentarily you had the contracted pole shut up in your barn. The runner emerges from the far door unscathed. But consider the problem from the point of view of the runner. She will regard the pole as stationary, and the barn as approaching at high speed. In this reference frame, the pole is still 80m long, and the barn is less than 20 meters long. Surely the runner is in trouble if the doors close while she is inside. The pole is sure to get caught.

8. Quantum Mechanics History A history of quantum mechanics. Mathematical Physics index. History Topics Index. It is hard to realise that the electron was only discovered a little over 100 years ago in 1897. From the standpoint of our quantum mechanics, there is no quantity which causally fixes the effect of a collision in an http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.ht

A history of Quantum Mechanics Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index It is hard to realise that the electron was only discovered a little over 100 years ago in 1897. That it was not expected is illustrated by a remark made by J J Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. He said I was told long afterwards by a distinguished physicist who had been present at my lecture that he thought I had been pulling their leg. The neutron was not discovered until 1932 so it is against this background that we trace the beginnings of quantum theory back to 1859. In 1859 Gustav Kirchhoff proved a theorem about blackbody radiation. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all the energy that falls upon it and, because it reflects no light, it would appear black to an observer. A blackbody is also a perfect emitter and Kirchhoff proved that the energy emitted E depends only on the temperature T and the frequency v of the emitted energy, i.e. E J T v He challenged physicists to find the function J In 1879 Josef Stefan proposed, on experimental grounds, that the total energy emitted by a hot body was proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. In the generality stated by Stefan this is false. The same conclusion was reached in 1884 by

9. Measurement In Quantum Mechanics FAQ Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ. Maintained by Paul Budnik, paul@mtnmath.com, http//www.mtnmath.com. 1. quantum mechanics. 2. The measurement problem. http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html

Previous Next Table of Contents Measurement in quantum mechanics FAQ Maintained by Paul Budnik, paul@mtnmath.com http://www.mtnmath.com This FAQ describes the measurement problem in QM and approaches to its solution. Please help make it more complete. See What is needed for details. Web version: http://www.mtnmath.com/faq/meas-qm.html About this FAQ Quantum mechanics The measurement problem ... Is this a real FAQ? Previous Next Table of Contents Mountain Math Software NEW: book on physics mathematics and consciousness home about ... infinite Comments to: webmaster@mtnmath.com

10. Student Understanding Of Quantum Mechanics A set of lectures and reports outlining methods of teaching introductory quantum mechanics to a wide range of students. http://www.physics.umd.edu/rgroups/ripe/perg/qm/

University of Maryland Physics Education Research Group Student Understanding of Quantum Mechanics PERG Info PERG materials PERG HOMEPAGE PER on the web ... Resources on the web Student Understanding of Quantum Mechanics The University of Maryland Physics Education Research Group is currently involved in two supported projects to study student understanding of quantum mechanics and to build a new course in introductory QM for scientists and engineers. A New Model Course in Quantum Mechanics for Scientists and Engineers E. F. Redish and R. N. Steinberg NSF grant DUE-9652877 Practical Quantum Mechanics (QM):Opening a door for tomorrow's engineers, inventors, and scientists E. F. Redish and R. N. Steinberg Department of Education FIPSE grant 116B70186 Talks Student Misconceptions on Classical Issues at the Boundary of Quantum Mechanics , E. F. Redish (18 April 97 APS/AAPT joint meeting ) Student Difficulties with Energy in Quantum Mechanics , E. F. Redish, Lei Bao and Pratibha Jolly ( 8 January 97 AAPT Winter Meeting). Student Difficulties with Quantum Mechanics , Lei Bao, Pratibha Jolly, and Edward F. Redish (8 August 96 AAPT Summer Meeting)

11. "Many-Worlds" Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics The manyworlds interpretation of quantum mechanics a brief description for the lay reader, some philosophical considerations, and links to more rigorous http://www.station1.net/DouglasJones/many.htm

The Many-Worlds Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics - a brief description for the lay reader, some philosophical considerations, and links to more rigorous treatments In 1957, Hugh Everett III proposed a radical new way of dealing with some of the more perplexing aspects of quantum mechanics. It became known as the Many-Worlds Interpretation. According to this interpretation, whenever numerous viable possibilities exist, the world splits into many worlds, one world for each different possibility (in this context, the term "worlds" refers to what most people call "universes"). In each of these worlds, everything is identical, except for that one different choice; from that point on, they develop independently, and no communication is possible between them, so the people living in those worlds (and splitting along with them) may have no idea that this is going on. In this way, the world branches endlessly. What is "the present" to us, lies in the pasts of an uncountably huge number of different futures. Everything that can happen, does, somewhere.

12. Physics Central A page on modern physics, such as quantum mechanics and black holes, and some mathematics. http://www.geocities.com/mik_malm/

This site has moved. New Address is: http://www.physlib.com/ If you're not redirected automatically, please click on the link. Hosting provided by: Optics.net Astronomy Awards Optics2001.com Electronics-EE All material is available under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License

13. Untitled Document Visual quantum mechanics. Interactive Computer Programs Project Summary Physics Education Research Group. Get Shockwave Plugin. Shockwave Programs. http://phys.educ.ksu.edu/vqm/

Interactive Computer Programs Project Summary Physics Education Research Group Shockwave Programs Spectroscopy Lab Suite Gas Lamps - Emission Absorption Solids - LEDs Incandescence Lasers - Ruby Laser Helium Neon Laser Diode Laser Luminsecence - IR Detector Fluorescence Phosphorescence Probability Illustrator ... Energy Diagram Explorer Diffraction Suite Double Slit Diffraction Single Slit Diffraction Hydrogen Spectroscopy LED Constructor ... Franck-Hertz Experiment Java Version of Color Creator Color Creator Direct comments to: Chandima Cumaranatunge (programming), Sanjay Rebello (physics) Physics Education Research Group Kansas State University

14. Everett's Relative-State Formulation Of Quantum Mechanics Describes Everett's attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von NeumannDirac theory of quantum mechanics. By Jeffrey A. Barrett. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/qm-everett/

version history HOW TO CITE THIS ENTRY Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy A B C D ... Z This document uses XHTML-1/Unicode to format the display. Older browsers and/or operating systems may not display the formatting correctly. last substantive content change FEB Everett's Relative-State Formulation of Quantum Mechanics Everett's relative-state formulation of quantum mechanics is an attempt to solve the measurement problem by dropping the collapse dynamics from the standard von Neumann-Dirac theory of quantum mechanics. The main problem with Everett's theory is that it is not at all clear how it is supposed to work. In particular, while it is clear that he wanted to explain why we get determinate measurement results in the context of his theory, it is unclear how he intended to do this. There have been many attempts to reconstruct Everett's no-collapse theory in order to account for the apparent determinateness of measurement outcomes. These attempts have led to such formulations of quantum mechanics as the many-worlds, many-minds, many-histories, and relative-fact theories. Each of these captures part of what Everett claimed for his theory, but each also encounters problems. 1. Introduction

15. The Transactional Interpretation Of Quantum Mechanics the transactional interpretation of quantum mechanics by John G. Cramer An Overview of the Transactional Interpretation of quantum mechanics", published in the International Journal of http://mist.npl.washington.edu/npl/int_rep/tiqm/TI_toc.html

The Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics John G. Cramer Department of Physics University of Washington PO Box 351560 Seattle WA 98195-1560 USA This paper was originally published in Reviews of Modern Physics See also "Generalized absorber theory and the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen paradox", published in Physical Review D "An Overview of the Transactional Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics", published in the International Journal of Theoretical Physics , 227 (1988), and "Velocity Reversal and the Arrow of Time" , published in Foundations of Physics Note: Some browsers seem to fail in printing this paper from the HTML files. Therefore, PostScript versions of these pages are being made available in a separate directory. ABSTRACT P= ], basic elements of the CI. Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 1.0.1 Contrafactual Definiteness 1.0.2 Nonlocality and Formalism 1.0.3 Overview of Contents ... Continue to Section 1.0 This page was created by John G. Cramer on 7/1/96. It now has an access count of:

16. Quantum Mechanics History A history of quantum mechanics. Heisenberg wrote his first paper on quantum mechanics in 1925 and 2 years later stated his uncertainty principle. http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/The_Quantum_age_begins.html

A history of Quantum Mechanics Mathematical Physics index History Topics Index It is hard to realise that the electron was only discovered a little over 100 years ago in 1897. That it was not expected is illustrated by a remark made by J J Thomson, the discoverer of the electron. He said I was told long afterwards by a distinguished physicist who had been present at my lecture that he thought I had been pulling their leg. The neutron was not discovered until 1932 so it is against this background that we trace the beginnings of quantum theory back to 1859. In 1859 Gustav Kirchhoff proved a theorem about blackbody radiation. A blackbody is an object that absorbs all the energy that falls upon it and, because it reflects no light, it would appear black to an observer. A blackbody is also a perfect emitter and Kirchhoff proved that the energy emitted E depends only on the temperature T and the frequency v of the emitted energy, i.e. E J T v He challenged physicists to find the function J In 1879 Josef Stefan proposed, on experimental grounds, that the total energy emitted by a hot body was proportional to the fourth power of the temperature. In the generality stated by Stefan this is false. The same conclusion was reached in 1884 by

17. PHILOSOPHY LINKS General + Causality + CP Violation + Interpretation of quantum mechanics + Spacetime Structure + Time http://web.mit.edu/afs/athena.mit.edu/user/r/e/redingtn/www/netadv/founds.html

The Net Advance of Physics: PHILOSOPHY AND FOUNDATIONS OF PHYSICS General Causality CP Violation Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics ... Time GENERAL: THE METAPHYSICAL REVIEW, Online Journal CAUSALITY: NET ADVANCE OF PHYSICS: CP Violation CP VIOLATIONS: B Decays, Flavour Mixings and CP Violation in the Standard Model, by A. Ali, 96/06 CP Violation: A Theoretical Review, by R. D. Peccei, 95/08 Rare b Decays, by Stephen Playfer and Sheldon Stone, 95/05 Overview of Kaon Decay Physics, by R. D. Peccei, 95/04 ... CP Violations in B Decays at Hadron Colliders, by G. Nardulli, 93/03 INTERPRETATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS: Copenhagen Interpretation: The Copenhagen Interpretation, by John G. Cramer, 86/07 Decohering Histories: Quantum Logic and Decohering Histories, by C. J. Isham, 95/06 The Quest for Quantum Gravity, by G. Au, 95/06 Review of R. Omnes' Interpretation of Quantum Mechanics, by Robert B. Griffiths, 95/05 The Decoherent Histories Approach to Quantum Mechanics, by J. J. Halliwell, 94/07 EPR Paradox and Bell's Theorem: Lecture on the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen Paper, by Jack Sarfatti

18. Mark's Quantum Mechanics Applets Java applets for interactive simulation and visualization of quantum mechanical processes. Mark's. quantum mechanics Applets. by Mark Sutherland. This is a collection of Java applets illustrating http://www2.adnc.com/~topquark/quantum/quantumapplets.html

Mark's Quantum Mechanics Applets by Mark Sutherland This is a collection of Java applets illustrating quantum mechanical processes. The samples posted here are somewhat restricted in their functionality, but are still very useful for learning or teaching the concepts involved. Fully functional versions are available from the author. Hydrogen atom 2d slice Hydrogen atom in 3d Heisenberg's Uncertainty Principle Scattering from a 1-D square well ... The infinitely-deep square well

19. Qubit.org Oxford Centre for Quantum Computation Home Page. Advanced quantum mechanics. The Advanced quantum mechanics course (Ph195c) at Caltech has a website with links to someone who has already done http://www.qubit.org/

20. Climate Dynamics,Chaos And Quantum Mechanics Explains a general systems theory for chaos, quantum mechanics and gravity as applied to weather patterns. http://www.geocities.com/CapeCanaveral/Lab/5833/

MIRROR SITE http://members.tripod.com/~amselvam: A General Systems Theory of Everything from Chaos, Quantum Mechanics and Gravity Applicable to Dynamical Systems of all Space-Time Scales from Subatomic Dynamics of Quantum Systems to Macro-Scale Fluid Flows who are the visitors? View Page Stats See who's visiting this page. Updated on 26 April 2004 Visits Sign Guestbook View Guestbook Fractals: The beautiful complex patterns generated by simple iterative computations: Some examples A hierarchy of selfsimilar structures: The large scale is a magnified version of the small scale. A Theory of Everything for Chaos,Quantum Mechanics and Gravity, Applicable to Macroscale Weather Patterns A superstring theory for atmospheric flow dynamics? For a brief summary GO TO Universal quantification for self-organized criticality in atmospheric flows and CHAOS, QUANTUMLIKE MECHANICS AND NON-LOCALITY IN ATMOSPHERIC FLOWS For detailed theory GO TO Table of Contents A Superstring Theory for Fractal Spacetime,Chaos and Quantumlike Mechanics in Atmospheric Flows by A.M.SELVAM and SUVARNA FADNAVIS

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