101. Ozone Depletion FAQ Part I: Introduction To The Ozone Layer Ozone Depletion FAQ Part I Introduction to the ozone layer. There are reader questions on this topic! 2.4) How does the ozone layer work? http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ozone-depletion/intro/

Usenet FAQs Search Web FAQs Documents ... RFC Index Ozone Depletion FAQ Part I: Introduction to the Ozone Layer There are reader questions on this topic! Help others by sharing your knowledge From: rparson@spot.colorado.edu (Robert Parson) Newsgroups: sci.environment rparson@spot.colorado.edu http://www.faqs.org/faqs/ozone-depletion/ http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/ozone-depletion/top.html http://www.lib.ox.ac.uk/internet/news/faq/sci.environment.html http://www.cs.ruu.nl/wais/html/na-dir/ozone-depletion/.html Plaintext versions can be found at: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/ ftp://ftp.uu.net/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion/ B. Anonymous ftp To rtfm.mit.edu, in the directory /pub/usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion To ftp.uu.net, in the directory /usenet/news.answers/ozone-depletion Look for the four files named intro, stratcl, antarctic, and uv. C. Regular email Send the following messages to mail-server@rtfm.mit.edu Robert.Parson@colorado.edu http://www.umnw.ethz.ch/LAPETH/doc/totozon.html http://www.al.noaa.gov/WWWHD/pubdocs/WMOUNEP94.html ... sci.space FAQ, Part 10, "Controversial Questions", available by anonymous ftp from rtfm.mit.edu in the directory pub/usenet/news.answers/space/controversy, and on the world-wide web at: http://www.cis.ohio-state.edu/hypertext/faq/usenet/space/controversy/faq.html

102. UNDP Montreal Protocol > The Ozone Problem Image courtesy Natasha Higgins. The ozone layer Problem The Ozone Problem. Figure courtesy The Changing ozone layer , WMO / UNEP, 1995. http://www.undp.org/seed/eap/montreal/ozone.htm

Antarctic peninsula - January 2002. Image courtesy Natasha Higgins. The Ozone Layer Problem The Ozone Problem The discovery of a large hole in the ozone layer spurred countries to sign the Montreal Protocol , an international agreement to eliminate the use of damaging man-made chemicals. Beginning in the 1970s, scientists began to see evidence that certain man-made chemicals released into the environment were rising into the stratosphere and damaging the ozone layer that shields the earth against harmful ultraviolet radiation. The stratosphere is the region of the atmosphere lying above the troposphere, and between 10 and 50 kilometres above the surface. Commercial airliners generally fly in the lower stratosphere. Ozone, a gas composed of three atoms of oxygen, absorbs ultraviolet radiation, particularly UVB, which is harmful to living organisms. The vast majority (90%) of ozone exists in the upper stratosphere and acts to shield the surface of the Earth. While initially decreasing with altitude the air temperature rises again through the stratosphere due to the absorbtion of UVB by ozone. About 90% of the atmospheric ozone is located in the stratosphere, where it reaches its highest concentration between about 19 and 23 kilometres above the surface of the Earth (left hand curve). The air temperature, after a rapid decrease with height in the troposphere, increases in the stratosphere because ozone absorbs radiation (right hand curve). Figure courtesy "The Changing Ozone Layer"

103. Exploding Star May Have Zapped Ozone Layer: Theory Exploding Star May Have Zapped ozone layer Theory. An exploding star may have destroyed part of Earth s protective ozone layer 2 http://unisci.com/stories/20021/0109022.htm

Home Search Exploding Star May Have Zapped Ozone Layer: Theory An exploding star may have destroyed part of Earth's protective ozone layer 2 million years ago, devastating some forms of ancient marine life, according to a new theory presented at this week's meeting of the American Astronomical Society. The new theory brings together puzzling clues from several different fields of research, including paleontology, geology and astronomy. Narciso Benítez, an associate research scientist in astronomy in the Krieger School of Arts and Sciences at The Johns Hopkins University, says the "missing smoking gun" that brought the clues together was the revelation that a stellar cluster with many large, short-lived stars prone to producing supernovae had passed near Earth's solar system several million years ago. That discovery, made by co-author and Space Telescope Science Institute astronomer Jesús Maíz-Apellániz, led Benítez to check the scientific record for potential effects of nearby supernovae on the Earth. "Nobody had realized that this cluster of stars that Jesús had tracked, which is known as the Scorpius-Centaurus OB association, could have been so close to Earth during the past several million years," Benítez says. "And when I did a search, one of the first things that popped out was a 1999 finding where a team of German astronomers led by Klaus Knie detected the presence of a highly unusual isotope of iron in samples of the Earth's crust drilled from the deep ocean bottom."

104. Australian Antarctic Division - The Ozone Layer Looking Up Atmospheric Sciences. » The ozone layer. » Step by Step guide to the atmosphere. The ozone layer. Life s protective blanket. The ozone layer. http://www-new.aad.gov.au/default.asp?content=dynamic&title=The ozone layer&casi

105. Ozone Layer ozone layer. The ozone layer is found high up in the atmosphere, in a region called the stratosphere, between 19 and 30 kilometres (km) above the ground. http://www.ace.mmu.ac.uk/eae/Ozone_Depletion/Younger/Ozone_Layer.html

Ozone Layer The ozone layer is found high up in the atmosphere, in a region called the stratosphere, between 19 and 30 kilometres (km) above the ground. Ozone here is made when energy from the Sun causes oxygen atoms to split apart. Most of the ozone in the stratosphere is formed over the equator, where the strength of the sunshine is greatest. It is then transported by winds towards the North and South Poles. Hence, the highest amounts of ozone in the ozone layer usually occur at high latitudes, over Northern Europe, Russia and Canada. In the 1970s, scientists discovered that CFCs could destroy ozone in the ozone layer. CFCs had been used in refrigeration, aerosols and fire extinguishers since the 1930s, so this posed a major problem. Ozone Depletion Print Topic Technical Page Websites Schools Database Environment Canada Other topics Introduction Causes CFCs Doing Our Bit ... Home

106. Good News From Ozone Layer - Smh.com.au Good news from ozone layer. By Deborah Smith, Science Writer July 31, 2003. This is the beginning of a recovery of the ozone layer. http://www.smh.com.au/articles/2003/07/30/1059480410060.html

national world opinion business ... place an ad extra personal finance travel education subscribe home delivery eNewsletter archives today's edition: am past 10 days site guide contact us ... Environment Good news from ozone layer By Deborah Smith, Science Writer July 31, 2003 Print this article Email to a friend The hole in the ozone layer can be seen in the dark-blue areas in this image of Earth, but the problem appears to be easing in the upper stratosphere. Ozone destruction in the upper atmosphere has begun to slow - a first sign that the international ban on emissions of chlorofluorocarbons is working. The good news for the protective ozone layer was discovered by researchers analysing measurements made by three NASA satellites over the past 20 years. The team leader, Michael Newchurch, of the University of Alabama, said the recent changes they had observed were small but important. "This is the beginning of a recovery of the ozone layer. We had a monumental problem of global scale that we have started to resolve." He said the findings, to be published in the

107. Ozone - Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion Ozone Stratospheric ozone layer Depletion. George D. Thurston, Sc.D. Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. CFCs, Refrigerants, Air Conditioning, and the ozone layer; http://charlotte.med.nyu.edu/outreach/ozonestrato.html

NYU NIEHS Center Community Outreach Program Environmental Topics Ozone - Stratospheric Ozone Layer Depletion George D. Thurston, Sc.D. Morton Lippmann, Ph.D. CFCs, Refrigerants, Air Conditioning, and the Ozone Layer Environmental Effects of Ozone Depletion ... EPA Ozone Bulletin: Protection of the Ozone Layer (Note: This is a PDF document. You will need Adobe Acrobat to view it. You can download Acrobat from here if necessary.) EPA Ozone Layer Fact Sheet Information on Ozone OZONE - Good Up High, Bad Nearby Stratospheric Ozone and Human Health Project ... Information about "Translate" button

108. International Day For The Preservation Of The Ozone Layer: UNEP DTIE OzonAction The OzonAction Programme Events. Protect our earth save the ozone layer . http://www.uneptie.org/ozonaction/events/ozoneday/main.html

The OzonAction Programme Events About Us Library NOU Support Compliance ... NGO/UNEP Methyl Bromide International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer On 19 December 1994, the United Nations General Assembly proclaimed 16 September the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer, commemorating the date, in 1987, on which the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer was signed ( resolution 49/114 ). States are invited to devote the Day each year to promote, at the national level, activities in accordance with the objectives of the Montreal Protocol and its amendments. The following present and past materials and information can be used by governments, industry and individuals to help celebrate Ozone Day. Ozone Day 2003 Press coverage resulting from the UNEP-WHO Ozone Day 2003 press release This year's theme: Save Our Sky: There is a Hole Lot More to Do for Our Children 2003 Outstanding National Ozone Unit Awards A special competition held every three years to publicly-recognise the work of 5 outstanding National Ozone Units to implement the Montreal Protocol and protect the ozone layer. This year's winners will be announced on Ozone Day.

109. The Ozone Hole Tour : Part II. Recent Ozone Depletion in the lower stratosphere over the Antarctica continent, where nearly all the ozone is destroyed over an area the size of Antarctica within a layer in the http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/part2.html

Centre for Atmospheric Science Tour Home Page Part I ... Part IV Part II: Recent Ozone Loss over Antarctica Why the Antarctic? There are now many measurements and observations of the changes in ozone that occur over Antarctica. Such measurements come from ground based instruments at the Antarctica research stations, from aircraft during scientific missions and from satellites. Ozone loss was first detected in the stratosphere over the Antarctic ( see Part I ). Although mid-latitude and Arctic depletion has also been observed, the loss is most dramatic in the lower stratosphere over the Antarctica continent, where nearly all the ozone is destroyed over an area the size of Antarctica within a layer in the lower stratosphere that's many km thick. Halley Bay, Antarctica The graph to the right shows the measured total ozone above the Halley Bay station in Antarctica. Each point represents the average total ozone for the month of October. Note the sudden change in the curve after about 1975. By 1994, the total ozone in October was less than half its value during the 1970s, 20 years previous. This dramatic fall in ozone was caused by the use of man-made chemicals known as ' halocarbons ' which include the well-known CFCs commonly used in fridges and so on. These CFCs had made their way into the upper atmosphere where the much stronger UV radiation from the Sun had broken them down into their component molecules, releasing the potentially damaging chlorine (and bromine) atoms, which, given the right conditions, could destroy ozone. We'll learn more about the chemistry behind the loss of ozone in Part III of this tour.

110. Scientists Say Ozone Depletion Slowing CNN http://cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/07/30/ozone.layer.ap/index.html

111. Ozone Depletion ozone Depletion The Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) ozone Depletion site contains scientific, policy, and practical information for the general public and for industry in particular. http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.epa.gov/ozone/index.html&y=02B2F

112. The Ozone Hole Tour : Home Page Notes for teachers Visited over 3500 times a week! Awards and citations for the ozone Hole Tour fr français de deutsch. http://www.atm.ch.cam.ac.uk/tour/

Centre for Atmospheric Science Notes for teachers Visited over 3500 times a week! Awards and citations for the Ozone Hole Tour deutsch Before You Start! I: The Discovery of the Ozone Hole II: Recent Ozone Loss over Antarctica III: The Science of the Ozone Hole IV: Latest Ozone Hole Research at Cambridge Glossary Credits More Info ... Centre for Atmospheric Science , Cambridge University, UK. No text or graphics can be used or reproduced without explicit written permission. This version designed and maintained by Dr. Glenn Carver . Original concept and design Owen Garrett. French translation by , German translation by Dr. Olaf Morgenstern

113. Stratospheric Ozone: We Have Reorganized Our Information. We have reorganized our information. Please refer to our new site Stratospheric ozone (www.ec.gc.ca/ozone). and update your bookmarks. http://www.ec.gc.ca/ozone/indexe.htm

We have reorganized our information. Please refer to our new site: " Stratospheric Ozone " ( www.ec.gc.ca/ozone and update your bookmarks.

114. Ozone Home Page ozone BULLETINS AND DATA. Background information to the Executive Summary Scientific Assessment of ozone Depletion 2002. Press http://www.wmo.ch/web/arep/ozone.html

Global Atmosphere Watch WMO Home AREP Home GAW home MEETINGS and WORKSHOPS ... EXTERNAL LINKS OZONE BULLETINS AND DATA Please click on images to get the reports Background information [to the Executive Summary - Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002] Press release 16 September 2003 - Antartic Ozone Hole Unusually Large WMO Antarctic Ozone Bulletins: Background information and summaries by Andreas Fischer WMO Northern Hemisphere: Ozone data including maps Other sources of information: Global: Ozone Maps (MSC Canada) TOVS satellite images (NOAA USA) Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (NASA USA) GOME Fast delivery (KNMI Netherlands) 50hPa temperature analysis (NOAA USA) World Data Center for Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere (DLR Germany) Antarctic Background Information (NILU Norway) Ozone and temperature crossections (Neumayer station (AWI-Germany)) South Pole sounding (NOAA USA) Animation of the Ozone Hole at the South Pole (NOAA USA) British Antarctic Survey Click the image for m ore details contact us

115. Re-Direction Page You are now being redirected to index.asp. If this does not happen in the next few seconds, please click on the link above. http://www.unep.org/ozone/

location.href="index.asp" You are now being redirected to: index.asp If this does not happen in the next few seconds, please click on the link above.

116. Re-Direction Page You are now being redirected to Treaties_and_Ratification/2A_vienna 20convention.asp. If this does not happen in the next few seconds http://www.unep.ch/ozone/vienna.shtml

location.href="Treaties_and_Ratification/2A_vienna%20convention.asp" You are now being redirected to: Treaties_and_Ratification/2A_vienna 20convention.asp If this does not happen in the next few seconds, please click on the link above.

117. Ozone The ozone Problems. ozone is a highly active form of high altitudes (the stratosphere). ozone in the Troposphere. ozone is produced http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/O/Ozone.html

Index to this page Ozone in the Troposphere Ozone in the Stratosphere The Ozone Shield CFCs The Ozone Problems Ozone is a highly active form of oxygen (O rather than O ). Ozone is made when a electric spark passes through air, and this accounts for the characteristic odor give off by some electrical motors. Ozone presents two quite different biological problems: too much at low levels of the atmosphere (the troposphere); too little at high altitudes (the stratosphere). Ozone in the Troposphere Ozone is produced by the reaction of sunlight, oxygen, and automobile exhaust (which contains hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides). Ozone is largely responsible for the discomfort associated with photochemical smog . This form of smog, long familiar to people in the Los Angeles basin, is now common wherever sunlight and stagnant air occur in urban areas (Mexico City is a dramatic example with ozone levels that often exceed 100 ppb and sometimes rise above 350 ppb). High levels of ozone during smog build-up can cause difficulty to people with respiratory ailments like emphysema and asthma. Ozone also damages plants and may be an important factor in the damage that is occurring to forests in Europe and North America. Ozone in the Stratosphere While we often have too much ozone around us, the concentration of ozone high in the stratosphere (which begins about 7 miles up - where airliners cruise) has declined over the past two decades. Satellite monitoring of the stratosphere, which began in 1978, has revealed a marked decline.

118. South Pole Ozone Program South Pole ozone Program. The most recent South Pole ozone data 2003 South Pole ozone Profiles. Keep Track of the 2003 ozone Hole. 2003 ozone Hole Animation. http://www.cmdl.noaa.gov/info/ozone_anim.html

Home About CMDL Data Publications ... Contact Us Information CMDL South Pole Page Clean Air Facility New Station NOAA Ozone Page South Pole Life Live Cameras ARO Tour Dome Tour Summer Photos ... Winter Photos South Pole History IGY History NOAA Corps South Pole Personnel Search CMDL: South Pole Ozone Program The most recent South Pole ozone data: 2003 South Pole Ozone Profiles. Keep Track of the 2003 Ozone Hole 2003 Ozone Hole Animation Historical South Pole ozone data: 2002 South Pole Ozone Profiles. 2001 South Pole Ozone Profiles. 2000 South Pole Ozone Profiles. 1999 South Pole Ozone Profiles. ... 1986-2002 Minimum Profiles. Ozone Mixing Ratio and Ambient Temperature vs. Altitude and Time Historical Ozone Hole Animations: 2002 Ozone Hole Animation View the GIF animation. 2001 Ozone Hole Animation View the GIF animation. 2000 Ozone Hole Animation View the GIF animation.

119. Internet TOMS Internet TOMS On this site, students will enjoy learning more about NASA's TOMS instruments, data, and atmospheric research. http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/&y=0211910B916D

120. Dave Parker Presents Some Of His More Unusual And Interesting Photographs Dave Parker s photographic pages. Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 Page 5 Page 6 Page 7 Videos Books DVD Amazon Online CD s Rock Classical. http://www.invectis.co.uk/photography/

Dave Parker's photographic pages Page 1 Page 2 Page 3 Page 4 ... Page 7 Videos Books DVD CD's Rock Classical Books Classical Shop online with Amazon - many discounts available! from websites

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