81. Consequences (v1,No.2) - Impacts Of A Projected Depletion Of The Ozone Layer Impacts of a Projected Depletion of the ozone layer. by Frank R. de Gruijl Through this delicate balance a stratospheric ozone layer is maintained. http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/summer95/impacts.html

CONESQUENCES: Volume 1, Number 2 Impacts of a Projected Depletion of the Ozone Layer by Frank R. de Gruijl Life on Earth depends in part on a thin shell of gaseous ozone that stretches from about 10 to 25 miles above our heads, encompassing the planet like an invisible, protective shield. At this altitude, it lies well above the height at which normal commercial aircraft fly, and far beneath the orbital paths of spacecraft. The ozone layer is the main barrier between us and the hazardous ultraviolet radiation that streams toward the Earth, day in and day out, from the burning surface of the Sun. Ozonea form of oxygenis selective in what it takes from sunlight: screening out, through a process of atomic absorption, only the more energetic ultraviolet rays while allowing the visible light and the warm infrared to pass through, untouched ( Fig. 1 A HISTORY OF OZONE Oxygen itself came into the Earth's atmosphere some two billion years ago as a product of photosynthesis in early forms of plant life. It is now an ever-present component of the air, from the surface of the Earth to the outer reaches of the atmosphere. Toward the top, in the rarefied upper atmosphere, the stream of highly energetic ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the Sun impinges on molecules of ordinary oxygen (O ), splitting them into the two atoms (O) of which they are made. In a perpetual dance the molecules and atoms of oxygen swirl together to form ozone (O

82. My Adventures In The Ozone Layer My Adventures in the ozone layer by S. Fred Singer National Review, June 1989 The 123nation Conference to Save the ozone layer, held http://www.sepp.org/ozone/advinozon.html

My Adventures in the Ozone Layer by S. Fred Singer National Review, June 1989 The 123-nation Conference to Save the Ozone Layer, held in London in March 1989, ended with a whimper. The developing nations, principally China and India, were quite unconvinced by the evidence and unwilling to go along with the European Community and the United States in rushing to phase out completely the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and other widely used chemicals. It seems they know better. It is rumored that Mrs. Thatcher was converted into a global ozone fan by Sir Crispin Tickell, the diplomat turned eco-freak. Lord knows who the President Bush has been listening to, but he deserves better advice. Now it's on to a European conference in the Hague to which Maggie and George have not been invited tsk, tsk and then a follow- up to London in Helsinki in May. All this after the 1985 Vienna Convention, the Montreal Protocol (Sept 1987), Geneva, Toronto, and who knows how many other international gabfests in between. Who can keep track of them? Norway's Prime Minister Mrs. Gro Harlem Brundtland hardly spends time in Oslo anymore. My word! When do these people ever govern? The hyperactivity this creates in the agencies, mainly in the State Department and EPA, has to be seen to be believed. The congressional Government Accounting Office would have done an investigation and totaled up the thousands of hours and the huge resources spent on this issue except for the fact that Congress and its staffs are just as involved. As the Hill folks try to outdo the Administration and the feds dream up new initiatives, things are building up to a fever pitch spurred on by lurid stories in the media about the imminent danger. "Arctic Ozone is Poised for a Fall " scream the headlines. "Skin Cancer is on the Rise!"

83. Nanotechweb.org - News - Nanotechnology Could Save The Ozone Layer (January 2003 Nanotechnology could save the ozone layer. 30 January 2003. Whilst experimenting with nanospheres and perfluorodecalin, a liquid used http://nanotechweb.org/articles/news/2/1/16/1

@import url(/style/nu.css); Skip navigation home news features ... advanced site search news Browse the archive January February March April May June July August September October November December quick search Search news archive news more articles Nanotechnology could save the ozone layer 30 January 2003 Whilst experimenting with nanospheres and perfluorodecalin, a liquid used in the production of synthetic blood, researchers at Germany's University of Ulm have stumbled across a phenomenon that could ultimately help remove ozone-harming chemicals from the atmosphere. The perfluorodecalin, against all expectations, was taken up by a water-based suspension of 60 nm diameter polystyrene particles. Nanosphere structures The scientists believe that this occurred because nanoscopic perfluorodecalin droplets became encapsulated by self-assembled polystyrene nanospheres. Perfluorodecalin has very similar properties to chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), the inert liquids that are known to destroy the Earth's protective ozone layer. And the Ulm team reckons that aerosol particle-carrying water droplets or ice crystals in clouds may be able to collect up chlorofluorocarbons in the same way, eventually returning them harmlessly to Earth as rain, hail or snow. "I realized that I had developed a useful model system for the simulation of microphysical processes in the stratosphere," Andrei Sommer of the University of Ulm told

84. MSN Encarta - Ozone Layer ozone layer. How to cite this article ozone layer, Microsoft® Encarta® Online Encyclopedia 2004 http//encarta.msn.com © 19972004 Microsoft Corporation. http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761555692/Ozone_Layer.html

MSN Home My MSN Hotmail Shopping ... Money Web Search: logoImg('http://sc.msn.com'); Encarta Subscriber Sign In Help Home ... Upgrade to Encarta Premium Search Encarta Tasks Find in this article Print Preview Send us feedback Related Items Ozone Atmosphere more... Magazines Search the Encarta Magazine Center for magazine and news articles about this topic Further Reading Ozone Layer News Search MSNBC for news about Ozone Layer Internet Search Search Encarta about Ozone Layer Search MSN for Web sites about Ozone Layer Also on Encarta Road trip reading Special: Never stop learning Democrats vs. Republicans: What's the difference? Also on MSN Outdoor BBQ: Everything you need Quest for Columbus on Discovery Channel Switch to MSN in 3 easy steps Our Partners Capella University: Online degrees LearnitToday: Computer courses CollegeBound Network: ReadySetGo Kaplan Test Prep and Admissions Encyclopedia Article from Encarta Advertisement Ozone Layer Multimedia 2 items Ozone Layer , a region of the atmosphere from 19 to 48 km (12 to 30 mi) above the earth's surface. Ozone concentrations of up to 10 parts per million occur in the ozone layer. The ozone forms there by the action of sunlight on oxygen. This action has been taking place for many millions of years, but naturally occurring nitrogen compounds in the atmosphere apparently have kept the ozone concentration at a fairly stable level. Concentrations this great at ground level are dangerous to breathe and can damage the lungs. However, because the ozone layer of the atmosphere protects life on earth from the full force of the sun's cancer-causing ultraviolet radiation, it is critically important. Thus, scientists were concerned when they discovered in the 1970s that chemicals called chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs (

85. Ozone However, CFCs and halons last for a long time in the atmosphere, so it will be some decades before the ozone layer completely replenishes itself. http://www.dar.csiro.au/information/ozone.html

View menu options Home Air Pollution Contact us Doing business with us Greenhouse effect Library News and information Our Division Ozone Depletion Remote Sensing Research Site Map Search Staff only Weatherwall What's New? Ozone depletion Ozone depletion in the upper atmosphere is the result of human-produced chemicals, such as chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. Depletion is especially severe over Antarctica in spring, causing the highly publicised "ozone hole". However, at all latitudes away from the equator, the layer of ozone that protects us from the harmful radiation of the sun is thinner that it was in the late 1970s. The Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987 and subsequently strengthened, has led to phase out of most CFC and halon use. However, CFCs and halons last for a long time in the atmosphere, so it will be some decades before the ozone layer completely replenishes itself. Scientists in the Global Atmospheric Change Program are tracking changes to atmospheric concentrations of ozone depleting chemicals and contributing to international efforts to assess and minimise ozone damage. CRC for Southern Hemisphere Meteorology status report on the 1998 Antarctic ozone hole (and other information about CFCs and ozone depletion).

86. Introduction: Ozone Layer Depletion Introduction ozone layer Depletion. The ozone layer is located between 10 and 50 km above the Earth s surface and contains 90% of all stratospheric ozone. http://esl.jrc.it/envind/pf_intro/pf_int06.htm

Introduction: Ozone Layer Depletion The distribution of ozone in the stratosphere is a function of altitude, latitude and season. It is determined by photochemical and transport processes. The ozone layer is located between 10 and 50 km above the Earth's surface and contains 90% of all stratospheric ozone. Under normal conditions, stratospheric ozone is formed by a photochemical reaction between oxygen molecules, oxygen atoms and solar radiation. The ozone layer is essential to life on earth, as it absorbs harmful ultraviolet-B radiation from the sun. In recent years the thickness of this layer has been decreasing, leading in extreme cases to holes in the layer. Measurements carried out in the Antarctic have shown that at certain times, more than 95% of the ozone concentrations found at altitudes of between 15 and 20 km and more than 50% of total ozone are destroyed, with reductions being most pronounced during winter and in early spring. Natural phenomena, such as sun-spots and stratospheric winds, also decrease stratospheric ozone levels, but typically not by more than 1-2%. The main cause of ozone layer depletion is the increased stratospheric concentration of chlorine from industrially produced CFCs , halons and selected solvents. Once in the stratosphere, every chlorine atom can destroy up to 100 000 ozone molecules. The amount of damage that an agent can do to the ozone layer is expressed relative to that of CFC-11 and is called the Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP), where the ODP of CFC-11 is 1.

87. New Scientist ozone layer thins over Europe. 1648 07 February 02. The Related Stories. Green chemicals harming ozone layer 17 October 2001. Cosmic http://www.newscientist.com/news/news.jsp?id=ns99991899

88. Hydrogen Fuel Could Widen Ozone Hole: Likely Leaks Blot Green Power's Perfect Re This, they calculate, would disrupt the ozone layer, which protects the Earth s surface from harmful ultraviolet light. It could http://www.nature.com/nsu/030609/030609-14.html

updated at midnight GMT search nature science update advanced search Hydrogen fuel could widen ozone hole Likely leaks blot green power's perfect reputation. 13 June 2003 PHILIP BALL Extra hydrogen would wet the stratosphere. A hydrogen economy could create bigger, longer-lasting ozone holes over the poles, a new study claims. If hydrogen catches on as a 'non-polluting' fuel for energy production, leaks from its production and transport could increase the amount of the gas in the atmosphere. This change would worsen ozone depletion, calculate Yuk Yung and co-workers at the California Institute of Technology in Pasadena In a world of imperfect technology, their research suggests, hydrogen is not quite the perfect green fuel it is sometimes made out to be. Although its environmental benefits would still far outweigh any drawbacks. Cell out Devices called fuel cells convert the energy from burning hydrogen directly into electricity. Using these in place of internal combustion engines to power vehicles would drastically reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, which cause global warming, and cut pollutants such as nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide and small carbon particles. The world's major automobile companies are currently exploring fuel-cell technology. President George W. Bush has even pledged US$1.2 billion to develop a commercially viable hydrogen-fuelled vehicle.

89. Ozone Layer Depletion Bernard Windham(Ed.) ozone layer Depletion Bernard Windham(Ed.). The ozone layer over the US and worldwide has been found to be thinning, which is likely http://www.home.earthlink.net/~berniew1/ozone.html

Ozone Layer Depletion Bernard Windham(Ed.) The ozone layer over the U.S. and worldwide has been found to be thinning, which is likely to have serious health and biological implications(1,5,11,15,21-23). Biologists indicate that the increased ultraviolet radiation due to ozone declines is already having significant adverse impacts on ocean plankton, coral reefs, and ocean food chains(11,16). UV-B inhibits growth of plants and accumulation of biomass, causing serious damage to crops, plants, trees, and plankton(9,10,16). Controlled studies have found that UV-B retards the growth of freshwater and ocean algae, and also of the larva and small animals that live on the larvae(10,16). The increased UV-B in the 1990s has caused failures in reseeding Canadian forests and significant decreases in seedling growth rate. The increased UV-B levels could also be a factor along with global warming in dramatic declines in plankton levels in recent years, such as the 80 % decline in zooplankton levels in the Pacific Ocean off the coast of California(18). A 1% decrease in ozone in the atmosphere has been found to lead to an increase of over 2 % in UV-B(11,21), and a 2% to 4% increase in skin cancer and a 0.6 to 0.8% increase in cataracts. Studies have found UV radiation levels to be a major factor in causing skin cancer- being both a tumor initiator and tumor enhancer(11,15,21). The number of cases of the most serious type of skin cancer, melanoma, has risen by over 4% per year over the last decade, and incidence doubled in the U.S. between 1980 and 1994(4). Other types of skin cancer are also increasing(4). The northern hemisphere is seeing approx. 3 % reduction per decade in atmospheric ozone levels, resulting in a 2 to 3% increase per year in related skin cancer in Europe(21,22).

90. The Ozone Layer, Depletion And Uv Radiation A depletion of the ozone layer will increase the UVradiation at ground level. Source UNEP/GEMS library series no 7 The Impact of ozone layer depletion. http://www.eco-action.org/dt/ozone.html

on uv radiation Ozone depleting gases ecological effects uv radiation - definitions ... phytoplankton A giant sunshade The ozone layer acts like a giant sunshade, protecting plants and animals from much of the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ozone (O3) forms a layer in the stratosphere, 15-40 km above earth surface. If the ozone in the atmosphere from ground level to a height of 60 km could be assembled at the earth's surface, it would comprise a layer of gas only about 3 mm thick. Source: Nasa; Shuttle Solar Backscatter Ultraviolett Instrument Global stratospheric ozone levels have declined, which means that the ozone layer is changing. Stratospheric ozone has large natural temporal and spatial variations, up to 30 percent variation may be regarded as normal. However, we now have evidence of a significant thinning of the ozone layer during spring and summer. This is observed in both the northern and the southern hemispheres at middle and high latitudes. During the last 10-15 years, the ozone layer above the northern hemisphere has been reduced by 5-6 percent in spring per decade. The latest tests (January-March 1995) have shown very large reductions, with a maximum of more than 30 percent reduction compared to normal. UV radiation A depletion of the ozone layer will increase the UV-radiation at ground level. Increasing doses of

91. Protection Of The Ozone Layer Protection of the ozone layer. ROMIL Home Page, The stratospheric ozone layer protects life on Earth from the harmful effects of the sun s radiation. http://www.romil.com/ozone.htm

Protection of the Ozone Layer ROMIL Home Page Alternatives to restricted laboratory solvents The stratospheric ozone layer protects life on Earth from the harmful effects of the sun's radiation. It is being damaged by emissions to the atmosphere of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and a number of other man-made chemicals. In order to protect the ozone layer these substances need to be phased out as soon as practically possible. This phase-out is continuing to gather momentum. Through the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer a number of solvents, extensively used in chemical analysis are now effectively no longer available in the purity required for their intended use. Carbon Tetrachloride 1,1,2-Trichlorotrifluoroethane (Freon, CFC113) 1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl Chloroform) Over 170 countries have now ratified the Montreal Protocol. Within the EU, the protocol was previously enforced by EC Regulation 3093/94. However, recent changes to the Montreal Protocol have made it necessary to introduce tighter restrictions resulting in a new EC Regulation No 2037/2000 on ozone depleting substances, applicable from 1st October 2000. From this date a ban has been introduced on the use of CFCs, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane and Carbon Tetrachloride for any solvent application.

92. Ozone Layer Definition Of Ozone Layer. What Is Ozone Layer? Meaning Of Ozone Lay Definition of ozone layer in the Dictionary and Thesaurus. Provides examples from classic literature, search by definition of ozone layer. http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ozone layer

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Ozone layer Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Noun ozone layer - a layer in the stratosphere (at approximately 20 miles) that contains a concentration of ozone sufficient to block most ultraviolet radiation from the sun ozonosphere layer - a relatively thin sheetlike expanse or region lying over or under another ozone hole - an area of the ozone layer (near the poles) that is seasonally depleted of ozone stratosphere - the atmospheric layer between the troposphere and the mesosphere Legend: Synonyms Related Words Antonyms Some words with "Ozone layer" in the definition: absorb effuse fume give off ... stratosphere Previous General Dictionary Browser Next Ozark Plateau Ozark sundrops Ozarks ... Ozonometer Full Dictionary Browser Ozawa Seiji (enc.) Ozawkie (enc.) Ozawkie, Kansas (enc.) Ozeki (enc.) ozena Ozhegov (enc.) Ozieri (enc.) Ozma (enc.) Ozma (band) (enc.) Ozma of Oz (enc.) ozocerite ozokerite Ozona, Texas (enc.) Ozonation Ozone Ozone (enc.) Ozone Asylum (enc.) Ozone depletion (enc.)

93. Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) - Atmospheric Environments Programme - Ozo ozone layer Research Group. Atmospheric Environment Home, ozone layer Protection A Swedish Bilateral Programme. ozone layer PROTECTION PROGRAMME. http://www.sei.se/atmosphere/ODS/

SEI Home Ozone Layer Research Group Atmospheric Environment Home Ozone Layer Protection A Swedish Bilateral Programme SEI-S's Ozone Layer Research Group forms part of SEI's Atmospheric Environment Programme RESEARCH GROUPS Ozone Layer Protection Atmospheric Pollution Strategies SEARCH RESEARCH GROUPS - Ozone Layer Research - Atmospheric Pollution Strategies PROJECT HOMEPAGES - POPs - RAPIDC On the SEI Website: About SEI Milestones Board Factsheets SEI Centres - Boston - Stockholm - Tallinn - York Staff PROGRAMMES Atmospheric Environment Sus. Development Studies Water Resources Publications - List - Search - Downloads Sitemap Contact OZONE LAYER PROTECTION PROGRAMME Sweden, through its bilateral Ozone Layer Protection Programme, assists developing countries and CEITs (countries with economies in transition) in meeting the Montreal Protocol obligations for the phase-out of Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS). Extensive global cooperation is essential to deal with the global threat to health and environment from Ozone Depletion. Sweden began phasing out ODS in the 1980s and has successfully phased out ODS (including HCFCs) without problems with illegal import or disruptions to functions in business and society and without phasing in other hazardous chemicals. Cooperation between the authorities in charge and industry has proven to be a key factor for achieving successful phase-out.

94. CBC News:Children At Risk From Ozone Layer Thinning: UN Children at risk from ozone layer thinning UN Last Updated Tue, 16 Sep 2003 113311 GENEVA Children are at high risk of developing http://www.cbc.ca/stories/2003/09/16/ozone030916

document.write(""); document.write(""); Children at risk from ozone layer thinning: UN Last Updated Tue, 16 Sep 2003 11:33:11 GENEVA - Children are at high risk of developing skin cancers because of the decline in the Earth's protective ozone layer, the World Health Organization warned Tuesday. The UN Environmental Program and the WHO issued the warning as they launched a campaign to limit the time children and teenagers stay in direct sunlight. Antarctic ozone hole in Sept. 24, 2001 (left) compared to Sept. 24, 2002 The WHO says a certain amount of ultraviolet radiation is needed to maintain a healthy body, but too much can kill. "As ozone depletion becomes more marked, and as people around the world engage more in sun-seeking behavior, the risk of health complications from over-exposure to ultra-violet radiation is becoming a substantial public health concern," said WHO Director-General Lee Jong-wook. INDEPTH: Climate Change and Ozone In 2002, the agency estimated about 66,000 people around the world die from melanoma and other skin cancers every year. Adults are susceptible to skin cancer and cataracts WHO environmental health specialist Mike Repacholi said children are greatly effected by UV radiation because their skin is very sensitive and they burn easily in the sun.

95. CNN.com - Nature - Ozone Layer May Take Decades To Mend - September 28, 2000 ozone layer may take decades to mend. Scientists say ozone layer recovery may not be detectable for as many as 45 years, By Environmental News Network staff. http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/09/28/ozone.enn/

nature Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web NATURE TOP STORIES New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup Insight, Prius lead the hybrid-powered fleet Picture: Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts MORE TOP STORIES Up to 2,000 killed in India quake; fear of aftershocks spreads Clinton aide denies reports of White House vandalism New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil-spill cleanup Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: CNN e-store Ozone layer may take decades to mend Scientists say ozone layer recovery may not be detectable for as many as 45 years By Environmental News Network staff Though ozone-depleting chemicals such as chlorofluorocarbons are beginning to fade from the atmosphere, there's no telling when the ozone layer will begin to recover, NOAA scientists say.

96. Ozone Chemistry Links Global Change Labs Ozone Depletion Nations from all over the world have come together and agreed to establish international industrial regulations in hope of protecting the ozone layer. http://www.exploratorium.edu/learning_studio/ozone/chemistry.html

Ozone Images TOMS Homepage The Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) home page. The images and data contained here are provided by the Ozone Processing Team (OPT) located at at NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center. Direct links to Ozone Images on TOM's Homepage Image of Antarctic ozone hole from 1979 to 1994 Plot of ozone over Arosa, Switzerland from 1926 to 1993. Nimbus-7 TOMS plot is also shown High resolution ozone hole images from 1979 to 1991 Ozone Sounding at Neumayer -Ozone Soundings at Neumayer Antarctic Research Station Since 1992 regular ozone soundings have been performed using ECC 5A sensors mounted on RS80 radiosondes. Ozone Chemistry Information Information on ozone chemistry and measurements -The principal mission of the Atmospheric Chemistry and Dynamics Branch is to understand the behavior of stratospheric ozone and trace gases that influence ozone. Atomspheric Ozone -Each spring, as the sun returns to the Antarctic, up to 50% of the ozone disappears. Why is this? Why Does it matter? This article helps answer these questions. Ozone Depletion FAQ Part I: Introduction to the Ozone Layer Ozone Depletion FAQ Part II: Stratospheric Chlorine and Bromine Ozone Depletion FAQ Part III: The Antarctic Ozone Hole Ozone Depletion FAQ Part IV: UV Radiation and its Effects Social Issues Ozone Action home page -Information about the science and the politics of ozone depletion. Includes; solutions and alternatives section, information about UV-B radiation, related sites, and more.

97. State Of Environment In Norway: Ozone Layer ozone layer. Consumption of these substances is dropping rapidly in Norway and in the world as a whole, and the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050. http://www.environment.no/templates/themepage____2144.aspx

ABOUT SOE NORWAY CONTACT US PICTURES NORWEGIAN A-Z directory Air pollution Hazardous chemicals Polar regions ... Data and statistics Climate and ozone Ozone layer Climate and ozone Ozone layer Ozone depleting potential 1.State: ... The Montreal Protocol controls the global emissions of ozone depleting substances The ozone layer is still being depleted, but recent measurements suggest that concentrations of ozone-depleting substances in the atmosphere have peaked and begun to drop. Consumption of these substances is dropping rapidly in Norway and in the world as a whole, and the ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050. 1.State 2.Impact 3.Driving forces 4.Pressure ... 5.Response Five per cent of the ozone layer lost since 1969 The ozone layer is found in the stratosphere, 15-35 km above the surface of the earth. Ninety per cent of the ozone (O3) present in the atmosphere is concentrated here. Ozone is continually generated and broken down through natural processes in the stratosphere. Anthropogenic emissions of ozone-depleting substances have disturbed the balance in the stratosphere. Measurements have shown a decline in global stratospheric ozone levels over the last 20 years. Since 1969, the global average loss of ozone has been 5 per cent at middle-latitudes. Ozone-depletion of up to 10 per cent during winter and spring and up to 5 per cent in summer and autumn has been recorded over Europe, North America and Australia. If we ignore the effect of other factors that influence the ozone layer, such as climate change and volcanic eruptions, it seems probable that the ozone layer is now at its thinnest.

98. Depletion Of Ozone Layer Depletion of ozone layer. Since then the depletion of ozone layer caused by human activities has become of worldwide great concern. http://www.goin.nasda.go.jp/GOIN/JMA/htdocs/jmamajor/dozone.html

Depletion of Ozone Layer The stratosphere (about 10-50 km above the Earth surface) contains approximately 90% of all ozone in the atmosphere, thus called the ozone layer, and its highest values are found in the lower stratosphere at a level of 19-23 km. Since the ozone layer shields all the living things on the Earth from damaging ultraviolet radiation from the sun, its maintenance is essential for the health of all the living things. And yet, the chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) used for semiconductor cleaning, compressors, spray cans, etc., could destroy ozone when transported to the stratosphere. Evidence of serious ozone declines, so-called the ozone hole, over the Antarctic during the Antarctic-spring (September-November) was first reported by Japan Antarctic Survey scientist. Since then the depletion of ozone layer caused by human activities has become of worldwide great concern. The lower-stratospheric ozone depletion could change radiative balance with possible effects on the surface-troposphere system resulting in climate change. October 1979 October 1986 October 1994 Ozone hole : the depletion of Antarctic ozone. (Monthly mean total ozone over the southern hemisphere in October.)

99. The Environmental Literacy Council - Ozone Layer ozone layer. Ozone Ozone Global Warming. One common misperception is that thinning of the ozone layer is causing global warming. Ozone http://www.enviroliteracy.org/subcategory.php/146.html

Home About ELC Site Map Contact Us ... Food Ozone Layer Ozone (O ) is present in trace amounts throughout most of the atmosphere but is most abundant in the stratosphere. There is a thin layer of ozone about 15 to 40 km above the Earth's surface, which plays an important role by filtering harmful solar rays. At any given place, the ozone layer varies in size with the seasons, because ozone is produced when solar energy reacts with oxygen molecules, and solar energy varies with the seasons. Because the greatest seasonal variations in solar energy occur at the poles, fluctuations in the ozone layer are also greatest in the stratosphere over the poles. Variations in the amount of ozone are also linked with periodic changes in atmospheric winds, volcanic and solar sunspot activity. There are continual photochemical reactions in the stratosphere because of the influx of short-wave radiation. Ozone is continually created and destroyed in catalytic reactions with oxides of hydrogen, nitrogen, and chlorine. In the 1970s, scientists observed thinning in the ozone layer over Anarctica and concerns arose that emissions from human activities were implicated in ozone depletion. In particular, the concern was that chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), which had been widely used as refrigerants and in aerosols because they are inert and non-toxic, might be capable of depleting the ozone layer. Scientists M. J. Molina and F.S. Rowland demonstrated in their lab that CFCs could be broken down by ultraviolet light in the atmosphere and that the chlorine released could break down ozone molecules.

100. Protecting The Ozone Layer And Reducing Health Risks Home News Press Releases Protecting The ozone layer And Reducing Email to a friend. Protecting The ozone layer And Reducing Health Risks. http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/NEWS/0,,contentMDK:20128036~menuPK:3446

var templatePathPrefix = "http://siteresources.worldbank.org/"; Home Site Map Index FAQs ... Topics Search News All Home News Press Releases Protecting The Ozone Layer And Reducing ... Press Releases All By Date By Topic By Region / Country ... Kids DevNews Online Media Briefing Cntr Embargoed news and other material for accredited journalists only Login Register Site Tools About DevNews Media Center E-Subscriptions Feedback Protecting The Ozone Layer And Reducing Health Risks World Bank/Montreal Protocol limits increase of skin cancer News Release No: 2004/90/S WASHINGTON, September 16, 2003— Without the Montreal Protocol, levels of ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere would have increased tenfold by 2050, which could have led to up to 20 million more cases of skin cancer and 130 million more cases of eye cataracts relative to 1980, according to the World Bank’s Montreal Protocol Status Report , launched today on the occasion of Ozone Day “By bringing down the release of ozone depleting substances in the atmosphere, the Montreal Protocol has set up a great example of the power of multilateralism in dealing with global environmental threats. This strong partnership of poor and rich countries, which has effectively reversed the health risks of a thinning ozone layer over our planet, has proven right the old saying that when there is a will, there is a way.” said Kristalina Georgieva, World Bank Environment Director

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