41. Welcome To Öko-Recherche Analyses of material flows of chemicals in the environment, including chemicals damaging the ozone layer. http://www.oekorecherche.de/english.html

42. Ozone Layer May Be On The Mend, New Data Suggest Twenty years ago, scientists discovered a hole in the Earth s ozone layer above Antarctica. ozone layer May Be on the Mend, New Data Suggest http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/08/0805_030805_ozone.html

Sign up for our free e-mail newsletter Also see: Today's Top Stories This Story Environment E-mail this story Sponsored in part by Make the New Year a Smart Year Save 43 percent on National Geographic BONUS: Order online, get FREE collector's edition Ozone Layer May Be on the Mend, New Data Suggest John Pickrell for National Geographic News August 5, 2003 Damage to the ozone layer, caused by chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) chemicals and other pollutants, may be starting to reverse itself according to data collected by NASA satellites. While ozone degradation continues despite global bans on ozone-depleting pollutants imposed more than a decade ago, the rate has slowed markedly enough in one layer of the atmosphere that scientists believe ozone could start to be replenished there within several years. Read the full In 1985, a British scientist discovered a 40 percent loss of ozone over Antarctica, which in the 1990s prompted a worldwide ban on chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), a chemical used for refrigeration and other industrial uses. In the above NASA image, the blue and purple areas show low ozone, while the red areas indicate higher ozone levels. Photograph courtesy NASA Stunning photography, every month of the year.

43. Re-Direction Page Intergovernmental organization for the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the ozone layer. Includes information on these treaties and their implementation. http://www.unep.org/ozone/index-en.shtml

location.href="index.asp" You are now being redirected to: index.asp If this does not happen in the next few seconds, please click on the link above.

44. Change In The Ozone Layer Change in the ozone layer. Scientists have not been collecting data about the ozone layer long enough to make concrete decisions about its longterm effects. http://www.gma.org/surfing/human/ozonechange.html

Change in the Ozone Layer Scientists have not been collecting data about the ozone layer long enough to make concrete decisions about its long-term effects. Using satellite imagery, students get an idea of the magnitude of annual changes in the ozone layer. Ozone levels are measured in Dobson Units, a measurement of the thickness of pure ozone at normal sea level temperature and pressure. Thus 100 DU equals 1 mm. of pure ozone at sea level. Determine the fate of atmospheric ozone over Antarctica. 1. Discuss with students how ozone levels are measured. 2. Examine one image of ozone concentrations above Antarctica and determine how the different ozone levels are depicted. 3. Starting with the earliest image, trace the magnitude of the ozone hole (if it exists) onto the graph paper and label it. 4. Continue with each subsequent year, noting whether or not there was an increase or decrease in ozone levels. 5. Discuss the trend observed and possible causes. If you had only given the students a few images, would this analysis have reached the same conclusions? 6. Discuss the importance of using satellite imagery in the analysis of the ozone hole. Antarctica is a difficult environment for research, at best. Satellite imagery makes it easy to cover the atmospheric changes on a daily basis. This also allows scientists to examine the changes over time.

45. Beakman & Jax - Ozone & You Ozone. Question What is the deal with the ozone layer? If you are concerned about the ozone layer, talk about it. Keep talking till someone listens. http://www.beakman.com/beakman/ozone/ozone.html

Ozone Question: What is the deal with the ozone layer? Answer: Ozone is a word we see and hear a lot in the news. And the news can scare us. But You Can turn fear into something else. What you change fear into is up to you. But before You Can change fear, you first have to understand what's going on. It's how you begin. What Is Ozone? The drawing is roughly the shape of an ozone molecule. Ozone is made up of oxygen atoms. The oxygen we breathe is made from 2 atoms. It's called O2. Ozone is made from 3 atoms and is called O3. Ozone isn't very stable. It can break apart and turn into O2 easily. There is lots of it high above the Earth near the edge of outer space. Ozone is just the right size and shape to absorb energy from the sun that can be dangerous. The ozone forms a layer that absorbs some of the sun's energy. That layer protects us. What Is The Problem? Freon and other related chemicals drift up miles above the Earth to the part of our air called the stratosphere (STRAT-us-fear). That's where ozone is. When high energy sunlight hits a freon molecule, it breaks up and releases a chlorine atom

46. 7(e) The Ozone Layer Atmosphere. (e). The ozone layer. The ozone layer is a region of concentration of the ozone (O3) molecule in the Earth s atmosphere. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/7e.html

FUNDAMENTALS OF PHYSICAL GEOGRAPHY HOME FUNDAMENTALS ONLINE TEXTBOOK GLOSSARY ... ABOUT CHAPTER 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere (e). The Ozone Layer The ozone layer is a region of concentration of the ozone (O ) molecule in the Earth's atmosphere. The layer sits at an altitude of about 10 to 50 kilometers, with a maximum concentration in the stratosphere at an altitude of approximately 25 kilometers. In recent years, scientists have measured a seasonal thinning of the ozone layer primarily at the South Pole. This phenomenon is being called the ozone hole The ozone layer naturally shields Earth's life from the harmful effects of the sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation . A severe decrease in the concentration of ozone in the ozone layer could lead to the following harmful effects: An increase in the incidence of skin cancer (ultraviolet radiation can destroy acids in DNA A large increase in cataracts and sun burning.

47. Ozone Layer [Ministry For The Environment] Site search. ozone layer. Ozonedepleting substances. Ozone damage and climate change. You are here The issues ozone layer. ozone layer. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/ozone/

Home Contact us Related links Site map ... Ministry Site search Ozone layer Ozone-depleting substances Ozone damage and climate change You are here: The issues Ozone layer Ozone layer The ozone layer sits about 15-30 kilometres above the earth and reduces the amount of dangerous ultraviolet light which reaches the earth from the sun. Too much ultraviolet light can cause skin cancer and cataracts in people; it also distorts plant growth, damages the marine environment, and leads to the breakdown of materials such as plastics. The ozone layer is vital for our survival and well-being. Man-made substances damage the ozone layer. The 1987 Montreal Protocol is an international agreement under which these substances are being phased out. The Protocol is working well. The amount of ozone-depleting substances going into the atmosphere is starting to peak, and will soon start to decline. The ozone layer is expected to repair itself very slowly over the next 70 years. For more information about the Protocol visit the United Nations Ozone Secretariat website . Ozone damage is also related to global warming Information about New Zealand research from the National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA) is available on the NIWA website . Good links to international ozone and science pages are also available on this site.

48. Ozone Layer Protection Act [Ministry For The Environment] You are here Laws and treaties About the ozone layer Protection Act 1996. About the ozone layer Protection Act 1996. ozone layer Protection Regulations 1996. http://www.mfe.govt.nz/laws/ozone.html

Home Contact us Related links Site map ... Ministry Site search Laws and treaties Biosecurity Act Climate Change Response Act Energy Efficiency and Conservation Act ... HSNO Act Ozone Layer Protection Act Resource Management Act Regulatory Impact Statements Multilateral Environmental Agreements You are here: Laws and treaties About the Ozone Layer Protection Act 1996 About the Ozone Layer Protection Act 1996 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer are contained in the Ozone Layer Protection Act 1996 and the Ozone Layer Protection Regulations 1996. The Ozone Layer Protection Act lays down the broad controls for ozone-depleting substances. Its provisions include: a prohibition on the import, manufacture, sell or export products controlled by regulation except as allowed under the Regulations (Section 6) provision for exemptions for essential uses, such as the import of CFCs for meter dose inhalers for asthma and related conditions (sections 8 and 9) provision for the Minister for the Environment to require that people handling ozone-depleting substances develop codes of practice and/or know their obligations under the Act and have sufficient knowledge to be able to fulfil them (sections 10 to 13) making it an offence to release controlled substances knowingly during installation, servicing, operating or dismantling equipment (Section 13(f))

49. Destruction Of Ozone Layer Is Slowing After Worldwide Ban On CFC Release Destruction of ozone layer is slowing after worldwide ban on CFC release. WASHINGTON The rate at which ozone is being destroyed http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2003-07/agu-doo072903.php

Public release date: 29-Jul-2003 Contact: Harvey Leifert hleifert@agu.org American Geophysical Union Destruction of ozone layer is slowing after worldwide ban on CFC release WASHINGTON - The rate at which ozone is being destroyed in the upper stratosphere is slowing, and the levels of ozone-destroying chlorine in that layer of the atmosphere have peaked and are going down the first clear evidence that a worldwide reduction in chlorofluorocarbon pollution is having the desired effect, according to a new study. "This is the beginning of a recovery of the ozone layer," said Professor Michael Newchurch of the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH), the scientist who led the ozone trend-analysis research team. "We had a monumental problem of global scale that we have started to solve." Using data from three NASA satellites and three international ground stations, the team found that ozone depletion in the upper stratosphere the layer of the atmosphere between 35 and 45 kilometers [22-28 miles] above the ground has slowed since 1997. "We are extremely pleased to have the highly calibrated, long term satellite and ground-based data records necessary to observe these small, but important changes in the ozone layer," said Newchurch. The results of this work have been accepted for publication in the American Geophysical Union's Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres. Ozone is a damaging pollutant in the lower atmosphere near the ground, but in the stratosphere, it shields the Earth from harmful ultraviolet solar radiation. Almost 30 years ago, scientists Mario Molina, F. Sherwood Rowland, and Paul Crutzen showed that chlorine released into the stratosphere from chlorofluorocarbons (CFC), chemicals used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants, was destroying the protective ozone layer. This discovery led to an international ban on CFC-based products and to the 1995 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the three scientists.

50. Www.nas.nasa.gov/Services/Education/Resources/TeacherWork/Ozone/Ozone.layer.html BBC NEWS Science/Nature Ozone benefits from treatyThe rate the ozone layer is being destroyed slows thanks to a global ban on damaging chemicals, US researchers say. http://www.nas.nasa.gov/Services/Education/Resources/TeacherWork/Ozone/Ozone.lay

51. Chemical Of The Week -- Ozone However, because of the damage CFCs cause to the stratospheric ozone layer, an international agreement reached in 1987, the Montreal Protocol on Substances http://scifun.chem.wisc.edu/chemweek/ozone/ozone.html

OZONE Ozone is a form of elemental oxygen. In its most stable form, elemental oxygen exists as diatomic molecules (O ). The molecules of ozone contain three oxygen atoms (O ) and are unstable with respect to O . Ozone is a very reactive gas, and even at low concentrations it is irritating and toxic. It occurs naturally in small amounts in the Earth's upper atmosphere, and in the air of the lower atmosphere after a lightning storm. At room temperature, ozone is a pale blue gas with a sharp odor, characteristic of the air after a thunderstorm or near an old electric motor. It condenses to a dark blue liquid at -112°C and freezes at -193°C. Ozone is much more reactive than O . It is a very powerful oxidizing agent, second among elements only to fluorine. It can oxidize many organic compounds and is used commercially as a bleach for waxes, oils, and textiles, and as a deodorizing agent. Because it is a powerful germicide, it is also used to sterilize air and drinking water. Ozone is usually manufactured by passing an electrical discharge through O gas or through dry air. The resulting mixture of ozone and O

52. Ozone Layer ozone layer depletion Trend Ozone the goals are met Pressure Ozone-depleting gases Imports of CFCs Imports of Halons State UV http://www.grida.no/soeno97/ozone/

Ozone layer depletion: Trend: Ozone -the goals are met Pressure: Ozone-depleting gases Imports of CFCs Imports of Halons State: UV-radiation Response: National Goals Background Information: The ozone-layer A giant sun-shade Global CFC Production UV radiation. Ecological effects UV radiation. Definitions UV-radiation and effects on human health Links Back to SoE Norway frontpage

53. State Of The Environment Norway - The Ozone Layer GRIDArendal State of the Environment Norway - The ozone layer. The ozone layer A depletion of the ozone layer will increase the UV-radiation at ground level. http://www.grida.no/soeno95/ozone/ozone.htm

GRID-Arendal: State of the Environment Norway - The ozone layer The ozone layer: A giant sunshade The ozone layer acts like a giant sunshade, protecting plants and animals from much of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. Ozone (O3) forms a layer in the stratosphere , 15-40 km above earth surface. If the ozone in the atmosphere from ground level to a height of 60 km could be assembled at the earth’s surface, it would comprise a layer of gas only about 3 mm thick. Global stratospheric ozone levels have declined, which means that the ozone layer is changing. Stratospheric ozone has large natural temporal and spatial variations, up to 30 percent variation may be regarded as normal. However, we now have evidence of a significant thinning of the ozone layer during spring and summer. This is observed in both the northern and the southern hemispheres at middle and high latitudes. During the last 10-15 years, the ozone layer above the northern hemisphere has been reduced by 5-6 percent in spring per decade. The latest tests (January-March 1995) have shown very large reductions, with a maximum of more than 30 percent reduction compared to normal. A depletion of the ozone layer will increase the UV-radiation at ground level. Increasing doses of UV-B may cause skin cancer, eye cataracts, damage to the immune system in animals as well as human beings, and have an adverse impact on plant growth.

54. Environmental Quality Objective: A Protective Ozone Layer - Swedish EPA Environmental Quality Objective A Protective ozone layer. Interim target for A Protective ozone layer decided by the Parliament http://www.internat.naturvardsverket.se/documents/objectiv/objdoc/obj14.html

Start Objectives Environmental Quality Objective: A Protective Ozone Layer The ozone layer must be replenished so that it provides long-term protection against harmful UV radiation. The outcome within a generation for this environmental quality objective should include the following: Sweden is taking steps to ensure that the concentrations of chlorine, bromine and other ozone-depleting substances in the stratosphere do not exceed natural concentrations. The use of ozone-depleting substances in Sweden is to be phased out within a generation. Interim target for A Protective Ozone Layer decided by the Parliament: By 2010, emissions of ozone-depleting substances will virtually have ceased. Achievement of this target is largely dependent on international efforts. Sweden's efforts in the EU and other international cooperation forums will therefore continue to be a high priority. At the same time, we must continue to take measures in Sweden. The use of ozone-depleting substances today is only a fraction of the use in the 1980s. The Government considers it possible to eliminate the remaining use within a generation, and in most cases even earlier. Apart from phasing out the use of these substances, it will be necessary to collect and dispose of materials and products that contain such substances.

55. The Hole In The Ozone Layer The hole in the ozone layer. The ozone layer The ozone layer is the layer in the atmosphere with the highest concentration of ozone. http://www.70south.com/resources/atmosphere/ozone

The hole in the Ozone layer Search Home News Messages ... Further Reading Advert The hole in the Ozone layer Het Laatste Continent Over the past few years, news regarding Antarctica has been dominated by the depleting Ozone layer and it potential harmful effects on human life through ratiation levels of UV from the Sun. In the beginning of September 2000, the American space organisation NASA announced that the hole in the ozone layer was bigger than ever before, reaching 28.3 square kilometres over Antarctica. This chapter explains what the ozone layer exactly means, what caused the hole in this protective layer and what for the consequences this has. What is ozone? Ozone is a toxic, strong reactive compound consisting of three oxygen atoms. The word is derived from the Greek word ozein, what means 'to smell'. Not without a reason because the gas has a terrible odour. The chemical formula is O3. Ozone is formed when oxygen molecules are separated by a certain form of solar ultraviolet radiation at high altitudes. The individual oxygen atoms combine with oxygen molecules (O + O2 = O3). In the stratosphere about 300 million tons of ozone are produced daily. There are two kinds of ozone: the high atmospheric ozone and the tropospheric ozone at the earth's surface. The ozone layer The ozone layer is the layer in the atmosphere with the highest concentration of ozone. This layer is situated between approximately 15 and 45 kilometres altitude. The total thickness of the ozone layer is about 15 kilometres. The ozone layer has an important biological function. As mentioned before Ozone absorbs a certain form of ultraviolet radiation from the Sun (UV-B radiation), and it is exactly this type of UV-B rays that cause sunburn, inflammation of cornea and skin cancer. It affects moreover the ecosystem of the oceans. Without the ozone layer the actual life on earth wouldn't have been possible.

56. Ozone Layer Sacrificed To Lift Bush S Re-Election Prospects ozone layer Sacrificed to Lift Bush s ReElection Prospects. by Geoffrey Lean. It also comes at a critical time for the ozone layer. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/1123-05.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Sunday, November 23, 2003 by the lndependent/UK Ozone Layer 'Sacrificed' to Lift Bush's Re-Election Prospects by Geoffrey Lean President George Bush has brought the international treaty aimed at repairing the Earth's vital ozone layer close to breakdown, risking millions of cancers, to benefit strawberry and tomato growers in the electorally critical state of Florida, The Independent on Sunday can reveal. His administration is insisting on a sharp increase in spraying of the most dangerous ozone-destroying chemical still in use, the pesticide methyl bromide, even though it is due to be phased out under the Montreal Protocol in little more than a year. And it has threatened that the United States could withdraw from the treaty's provisions altogether if its demand is not met. Talks on the unprecedented demand broke down without agreement at the conference in Nairobi this month as US delegates refused to consider any compromise. They even rejected a European Union proposal that would have allowed farmers to use the same amount of the pesticide as at present, even though this, itself, would violate the spirit of the protocol. The crisis has come to a head at a particularly embarrassing moment for Tony Blair, who this week played host to George Bush on the first state visit by a US President. For three years, the Prime Minister has been quietly attempting to persuade him to stop trying to kill the Kyoto Protocol, designed to combat global warming. But now Mr Bush is trying to emasculate what the UN regards as the most successful international environmental agreement ever made.

57. Bush Ready To Wreck Ozone Layer Treaty - US Slips In Demand To Bush Ready to Wreck ozone layer Treaty US Slips in Demand to Drop Ban on Harmful Pesticide. by Geoffrey Lean. We do need the ozone layer. http://www.commondreams.org/headlines03/0720-02.htm

Home Newswire About Us Donate ... Archives Headlines Printer Friendly Version E-Mail This Article Published on Sunday, July 20, 2003 by the Independent /UK Bush Ready to Wreck Ozone Layer Treaty - US Slips in Demand to Drop Ban on Harmful Pesticide by Geoffrey Lean President George Bush is targeting the international treaty to save the ozone layer which protects all life on earth from deadly radiation, The Independent on Sunday can reveal. New US demands - tabled at a little-noticed meeting in Montreal earlier this month - threaten to unravel one of the greatest environmental success stories of the past few decades, causing millions of deaths from cancer. The news comes at a particularly embarrassing time for the Prime Minister, Tony Blair, who pressed the President in their talks in Washington last week to stop his attempts to sabotage the Kyoto Protocol which sets out to control global warming: one of the few international issues on which they differ. Now, instead of heeding Mr Blair, Mr Bush is undermining the ozone treaty as well, by seeking to perpetuate the use of the most ozone-destructive chemical still employed in developed countries, otherwise soon to be phased out. Ironically, it was sustained pressure from the Reagan administration, in which Mr Bush's father served as vice-president, that ensured the treaty was adopted in the first place. It has proved such a success that environmentalists have long regarded it as inviolable. The ozone layer - made of a type of oxygen so thinly scattered through the upper atmosphere that, if gathered all together, it would form a ring around the earth no thicker than the sole of a shoe - screens out the sun's harmful ultraviolet rays which would, otherwise, wipe out terrestrial life. As it weakens, more of the rays get through, causing skin cancer and blindness from cataracts.

58. British Antarctic Survey Ozone Temperature and PSCs The 100 hPa pressure level is near the base of the ozone layer, but is reached by most radiosonde flights. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/met/jds/ozone/

British Antarctic Survey Ozone Halley, Rothera and Vernadsky/Faraday This page gives information about ozone at Halley, Rothera and Vernadsky/Faraday stations and was last updated on 2004 May 6. Situation at 2004 May 6 The final spring warming took place in early December and brought to an end the 2003 ozone hole. Ozone values peaked in December and then slowly declined towards the normal autumn minimum. They are now rising slightly in the normal winter circulation pattern. Ozone values are generally slightly higher around Antarctica, with lower values over the continent. They are generally close to the long term normal. Ozone levels dropped quickly during August and September with the return of sunlight. Depletion exceeded 60% in places, with some areas registering near 100 DU by the end of September. The ozone hole grew rapidly and peaked in size at around 28 million square kilometres (roughly twice the size of Antarctica) in mid September. It was larger than previously for the time of year in August and early September, and the maximum size equalled the all time record. Ozone levels rose during October and briefly exceeded ozone hole limits in mid November. Values dropped again giving an ozone hole area of a few million square kilometres in late November. The final spring warming took place in early December, however this left many parts of Antarctica down 10 - 20% on the long term normal. The tip of South America and the Falkland Islands suffered significant ozone depletion over October 4 - 9.

59. The Ozone Hole The influence of the human race on climate is still a matter for study and speculation, but the ability to perturb the ozone layer is an established fact. http://www.antarctica.ac.uk/Key_Topics/The_Ozone_Hole/

Text Only A to Z SITEMAP Job Vacancies ... Environmental Protection other links: Current Ozone levels What is Ozone? The Ozone Hole 2002 The Ozone Hole 2001 ... The Ozone Hole The Ozone Hole The influence of the human race on climate is still a matter for study and speculation, but the ability to perturb the ozone layer is an established fact. British scientists began their measurements of Antarctic ozone in 1957. The aim was to understand the important role that ozone plays through absorbing solar energy, in determining the temperature profile of the stratosphere and its wind circulation. The amount of ozone overhead should follow a regular seasonal pattern. The Antarctic ozone layer did so for the first 20 years of BAS measurements, thereafter clear deviations were observed. In every successive spring the ozone layer was weaker than before, and by 1984 it was clear that the Antarctic stratosphere was changing progressively. This phenomenon is the result of emissions, mainly in the northern hemisphere, of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) and halons. These gases are in widespread use in refrigeration, industrial solvents and fire control. If the provisions of the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer of 1987 are strengthened and followed, there is a prospect that the Antarctic ozone hole will be repaired by 2100. Ozone is destroyed in the Antarctic spring by chlorine formed during the sunless winter. The chlorine is generated by an unusual reaction between stable molecules, on the surface of small stratospheric cloud particles which can only form in the intense cold of the polar winter. The stable molecules obtain their chlorine from CFCs which have previously been broken up in sunlit regions.

60. CFC-Free Medication For An Ailing Ozone Layer CFCFree Medication for an Ailing ozone layer. by Tamar Nordenberg More than 20 million Americans, including those who use metered http://www.fda.gov/fdac/features/1997/497_cfcs.html

CFC-Free Medication for an Ailing Ozone Layer by Tamar Nordenberg More than 20 million Americans, including those who use metered-dose inhalers for their asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, could be affected if the Food and Drug Administration finalizes a policy to phase out medical products that contain chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs). FDA is seeking comments from the public on a rule the agency first proposed in March that also covers CFC-containing products far less common than metered-dose inhalers, such as nitroglycerin sprayed into the mouth to relieve chest pain. Metered-dose inhalers and some other medical products use CFCs as propellants to carry the drug to the lungs or elsewhere in the body. While these products don't present a direct threat to users' health, they contain CFCs that eat away at the Earth's protective ozone layer and lead to increased ultraviolet radiation reaching the Earth's surface. Because increased UV rays are linked to skin cancer, cataracts, suppressed immune systems, and other health problems, CFCs indirectly can contribute to these conditions. FDA's move toward phasing out CFC-containing medical products is part of a worldwide reduction in CFC production under the international agreement "Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer" and the U.S. Clean Air Act. (See

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