1. NOAA Stratospheric Ozone Webpage Provides a comprehensive technical primer on the ozone layer and its depletion, as well as access to realtime and historical monitoring data, descriptions of instruments used to detect ozone, and related information and links. http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/

In the stratosphere, the region of the Earth's atmosphere from 6 to 30 miles (10 to 50 kilometers) above the surface, the chemical compound ozone plays a vital role in absorbing harmful ultraviolet radiation from the sun. During the past 20 years, concentrations of this important compound have been threatened by human-made gases released into the atmosphere, including those known as CFCs. These chemical compounds as well as meteorological conditions in the stratosphere affect the concentration of stratospheric ozone. Photo courtesy of NASA These pages have been created through a collaborative effort involving the following NOAA organizations: http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/index.htm Last modified on 25 February 2004 by Karin.L.Gleason@noaa.gov

2. U.S. EPA: Ozone Depletion Home information about the science of ozone depletion, information about the regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, and information on alternatives to http://www.epa.gov/ozone/

Ozone Depletion Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Ozone Depletion Glossary About Us Chemicals Resource Center ... Fun Stuff Welcome to EPA's ozone depletion web area! Within this area you'll find information about the science of ozone depletion, information about the regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, and information on alternatives to ozone-depleting substances , as well as information on a number of other topics. News New to ozone depletion? You may want to start in the Resource Center The SunWise School Program is an environmental and health education program that aims to teach children and their caregivers how to protect themselves from overexposure to the sun. The SunWise area also contains a wealth of information on sun safety , including a zip code-searchable UV Index Auto and stationary air-conditioning and refrigeration info can be found in the and Consumer Information section.

3. Ozone Layer THE CHEMISTRY OF THE ozone layer. WHAT IS WHAT SOCIETY AND INDIVIDUALS CAN DO TO STOP DESTRUCTION OF THE ozone layer. Anna Gasiorski http://www.chem.wm.edu/chemWWW/courses/chem105/projects/group2/page1.html

THE CHEMISTRY OF THE OZONE LAYER WHAT IS OZONE AND HOW IS IT IMPORTANT IN THE ATMOSPHERE HOW OZONE DEPLETION OCCURS WITHIN THE ATMOSPHERE THE TWO VIEWS OF THE OZONE ISSUE THE REALITY OF OZONE DEPLETION AND THE HARMFUL EFFECTS OF IT THERE IS NO OZONE PROBLEM TO WORRY ABOUT WHAT SOCIETY AND INDIVIDUALS CAN DO TO STOP DESTRUCTION OF THE OZONE LAYER Anna Gasiorski, Michelle Pecori, Elcenora Martinez Timothy Csontos, Terrence Moran Next Page

4. Ozone And The Atmosphere Main Menu chemical composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere, focusing on the protective layer of ozone in the stratosphere Formation of the ozone layer. Present Day Atmosphere http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/ATM_CHEM/ozone_atmosphere.html

outline Ozone and the Atmosphere Earth is an extraordinary planet. Complex interactions between the land, oceans, and atmosphere created conditions that are favorable for life. One species, man, has managed to alter the environment on a global scale. In order to fully comprehend the impact of our actions, we must view the planet as a whole and understand the relationship between its basic components; land, water, and air. This web site discusses the chemical composition and evolution of Earth's atmosphere, focusing on the protective layer of ozone in the stratosphere. The destructive properties of tropospheric ozone are also presented. Diagrams and animation sequences are used to visually depict the delicate structure of the ozone molecule and the chemical reactions involved in its formation and destruction. Ozone destroying pollutants were first identified in 1973. Since that time there has been a considerable amount of controversy surrounding the subject of ozone depletion. More than 20 years of ozone-related scientific studies, international meetings, and global industrial agreements are summarized in the last section of this site. Earth's Atmosphere Historical Atmosphere Formation of the Ozone Layer Present Day Atmosphere ... Index of Images next: Earth's Atmosphere Goddard DAAC Helpdesk: 301-614-5224 or 1-877-422-1222 daacuso@daac.gsfc.nasa.gov

5. Ozone few people alive today who haven't heard about the ozone layer. As with most sciencerelated topics, there deal of confusion about the ozone layer, its effects, and what exactly http://ourworld.compuserve.com/homepages/CVisco/ozone.htm

THE EARTH'S OZONE LAYER There are probably very few people alive today who haven't heard about the ozone layer. As with most science-related topics, there is also a great deal of confusion about the ozone layer, its effects, and what exactly has been happening to it. The purpose of this activity is to explore the ozone layer in detail to better understand what all the fuss is about. INTRODUCTION The diagram below shows the density of ozone versus altitude. 1. What is the approximate altitude of the Ozone layer? WHAT DOES OZONE DO? Now that you have a better idea of exactly where the ozone layer is, it's time to figure out exactly why it is so important. All energies that move at the speed of light are collectively referred to as electromagnetic radiation or 'light'. Various types of light differ in their wavelength, frequency and energy; higher energy waves have higher frequencies and shorter wavelengths. Wavelengths are measured in units known as a nanometer (nm) which is one billionth, or 10e-9, meters. The chart below shows the types of energy that make up the solar spectrum 2. Which types of energy shown on the chart above make up most of what we receive from the sun here on earth?

6. Handbook For The International Treaties For The Protection Of The Ozone Layer (5 Includes the Montreal Protocol, which sets the elimination of ozonedepleting substances as its final objective, and follow-on agreements. http://www.unep.org/ozone/Handbook2000.shtml

Français Español English Nairobi, About The Secretariat Ozone Treaties Status of Ratification Reports and Documents ... Contact Addresses Handbook for the International Treaties for the Protection of the Ozone Layer (5th Edition) Zipped Version of the Handbook A C E ... PDF Format of the Handbook A C E F R S Word Version of the Handbook E F ... Contact Webmaster - OzoneInfo@unep.org

7. U.S. EPA: Ozone Depletion The Earth s ozone layer protects all life from the sun s harmful radiation, but human activities have damaged this shield. I. The ozone layer. http://www.epa.gov/ozone/science/sc_fact.html

Ozone Depletion Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Ozone Depletion Ozone Science Glossary ... Fun Stuff Ozone Science: The Facts Behind the Phaseout The Earth's ozone layer protects all life from the sun's harmful radiation, but human activities have damaged this shield. Less protection from ultraviolet light will, over time, lead to higher skin cancer and cataract rates and crop damage. The U.S., in cooperation with over 160 other countries, is phasing out the production of ozone-depleting substances in an effort to safeguard the ozone layer. I. The Ozone Layer The Earth's atmosphere is divided into several layers. The lowest region, the troposphere, extends from the Earth's surface up to about 10 kilometers (km) in altitude. Virtually all human activities occur in the troposphere. Mt. Everest, the tallest mountain on the planet, is only about 9 km high. The next layer, the stratosphere , continues from 10 km to about 50 km. Most commercial airline traffic occurs in the lower part of the stratosphere.

8. Research Into Stratospheric Ozone - THESEO LINKS THESEO is taking place during 1998 and 1999. The main aim is to improve our understanding of the causes of ozone depletion over Europe and other midlatitude regions, where the ozone layer has been progressively depleted for the last 20-30 years. http://europa.eu.int/comm/research/envsc/theseo.html

IMPORTANT LEGAL NOTICE - The information on this site is subject to a and a Research into stratospheric Ozone - THESEO LINKS This page intends to be a pointer between ongoing projects on atmospheric research of the of the European Union and related general information THESEO , the T hird E uropean S tratospheric E xperiment on O zone, is the European response to understand ozone depletion over Europe. H igh quality data and appropriate project management are not only important in the project life cycle but ultimately facilitate dissemination and project results. S ee the atmospheric database supported by the CASSIS/THESEO project: NADIR Data Centre General information on the Commission The EUROPA home page of the European Commission gives you general information on the European Union. The RESEARCH HOME PAGE gives you more specific infomation on Research and the Research Directorate General of the European Commission. The CORDIS Home Page THESEO - Projects THESEO Summary Executive Research Plan THESEO poster (PDF-file): theseo.pdf

9. U.S. EPA: Ozone Depletion Home Welcome to EPA's ozone depletion web area! Within this area you'll find information to protecting the ozone layer, and information on alternatives to ozonedepleting substances, as http://www.epa.gov/docs/ozone

Ozone Depletion Recent Additions Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Ozone Depletion Glossary About Us Chemicals Resource Center ... Fun Stuff Welcome to EPA's ozone depletion web area! Within this area you'll find information about the science of ozone depletion, information about the regulatory approach to protecting the ozone layer, and information on alternatives to ozone-depleting substances , as well as information on a number of other topics. News New to ozone depletion? You may want to start in the Resource Center The SunWise School Program is an environmental and health education program that aims to teach children and their caregivers how to protect themselves from overexposure to the sun. The SunWise area also contains a wealth of information on sun safety , including a zip code-searchable UV Index Auto and stationary air-conditioning and refrigeration info can be found in the and Consumer Information section.

10. STOCKHOLM ENVIRONMENT INSTITUTE (SEI) - Homepage Independent, international research institute specialising in sustainable development and environment issues at local, national, regional and global policy levels. Aims to clarify the requirements, strategies and policies for a transition to sustainability. These goals are linked to the principles advocated in Agenda 21 and the Conventions such as Climate Change, ozone layer Protection and Biological Diversity. http://www.sei.se/

*** Press Release April 2004 - NEW EXECUTIVE DIRECTOR ANNOUNCED *** LATEST NEW PUBLICATIONS: COP9 - Gender and Energy "Responding to Climate Change" - An SEI Report by Bert Bolin SEI-HQ Address Lilla Nygatan, 1 Box 2142, S-103 14 Stockholm, Sweden Tel Fax E-Mail: postmaster@sei.se Executive Director: Roger Kasperson On the SEI Website: About SEI News Milestones Board Factsheets Courses SEI Centres - Boston - Stockholm - Tallinn - York SEI Oxford Office Staff PROGRAMMES Atmos.Environment Sus. Development Water Resources Publications - List - Search - Downloads - RED Newsletter - Presentations SEI Library SEI Jobs - Job Sites Sitemap Contact ECOSANRES SEARCH ABOUT SEI STAFF CENTRES EXPERTISE ... PUBLICATIONS SEI bridges science and policy in the field of environment and development at local, national, regional and global scales. SEI Research Areas Atmospheric Pollution Strategies Ozone Layer Protection Regional Sustainability Sustainable Energy ... Global Scenarios RESPONDING TO CLIMATE CHANGE By Bert Bolin.

11. CNN.com - Nature - Slow Recovery Of Ozone Layer Over Arctic Concerns Scientists CNN http://cnn.com/2000/NATURE/12/16/arcticozone.ap/index.html

nature Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web NATURE TOP STORIES New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup Insight, Prius lead the hybrid-powered fleet Picture: Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts MORE TOP STORIES Up to 2,000 killed in India quake; fear of aftershocks spreads Clinton aide denies reports of White House vandalism New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil-spill cleanup Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: CNN e-store Slow recovery of ozone layer over Arctic concerns scientists December 16, 2000

12. Greenpeace - Ozone Campaign Industrial society's chemical warfare against the ozone layer during the past sixty years has brought grave peril to Greenpeace Campaign to Protect the ozone layer (with Slideshow http://www.greenpeace.org/~ozone

Industrial society's chemical warfare against the ozone layer during the past sixty years has brought grave peril to the well being, indeed, the continuity of life on the planet "We are facing a danger as big as humanity has ever faced." Dr. Mostafa Tolba, Former Executive Director of the United Nations Environment Programme, April, 1992, addressing the Open Ended Working Group of the Montreal Protocol, in Geneva. Greenfreeze Greenpeace Campaign to Protect the Ozone Layer (with Slideshow Greenpeace Reports, Position Papers, And Fact Sheets Links To Other Ozone Related Internet Resources Credits And Acknowledgements Return to Greenpeace International's Homepage or the Greenpeace Climate Crisis Homepage Last Update: Send your comments regarding content to: john.mate@green2.greenpeace.org Developed by jot. Send error reports to: tuinman@sfu.ca

13. State Of The Environment Norway 1995 Climate change, ozone layer depletion, and acidification. http://www.grida.no/soeno95/

Note: this is the edition of State of the Environment Norway . A 1997 edition is also available. Welcome to State of the Environment Norway. Last updated 27. September 1996. Jeg vil lese norsk tekst UNEP/GRID-Arendal Climate change Emissions ... Other links Please email comments or suggestions to webmaster@grida.no For more information contact: GRID-Arendal, Longum Park, Box 1602, Myrene, 4801, Arendal, Norway. Phone: +47 37 03 56 50 Fax: +47 37 03 50 50 Note: this is the edition of State of the Environment Norway . A 1997 edition is also available.

14. Impacts Of A Projected Depletion Of The Ozone Layer Impacts of a Projected Depletion of the ozone layer This report on the effects of ozone depletion and ultraviolet radiation on human health covers the history of ozone, including an explanation of http://rdre1.inktomi.com/click?u=http://www.gcrio.org/CONSEQUENCES/summer95/impa

15. Ozone And The Atmosphere Ozone Formation Formation of the ozone layer. The thin layer of ozone that surrounds Earth acts as a shield, protecting the planet from irradiation by UV light. http://daac.gsfc.nasa.gov/CAMPAIGN_DOCS/ATM_CHEM/ozone_formation.html

outline Formation of the Ozone Layer One billion years ago, early aquatic organisms called blue-green algae began using energy from the Sun to split molecules of H O and CO and recombine them into organic compounds and molecular oxygen (O ). This solar energy conversion process is known as photosynthesis. Some of the photosynthetically created oxygen combined with organic carbon to recreate CO molecules. The remaining oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere, touching off a massive ecological disaster with respect to early existing anaerobic organisms. As oxygen in the atmosphere increased, CO decreased. High in the atmosphere, some oxygen (O ) molecules absorbed energy from the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) rays and split to form single oxygen atoms. These atoms combined (27k jpeg) with remaining oxygen (O ) to form ozone (O ) molecules, which are very effective at absorbing UV rays. The thin layer of ozone that surrounds Earth acts as a shield, protecting the planet from irradiation by UV light. The amount of ozone required to shield Earth from biologically lethal UV radiation, wavelengths from 200 to 300 nanometers (nm), is believed to have been in existence 600 million years ago. At this time, the oxygen level was approximately 10% of its present atmospheric concentration. Prior to this period, life was restricted to the ocean. The presence of ozone enabled organisms to develop and live on the land. Ozone played a significant role in the evolution of life on Earth, and allows life as we presently know it to exist.

16. Environmental Problems And Sustainability Provides directory of environmental site concerning sustainability, greenhouse effect, ozone layer depletion, chemical and nuclear pollution. http://it.geocities.com/allfonsit/

Per i visitatori italiani : Environmental problems and sustainability M.J.Heade, Cattelya Orchid and Three Brasilian Hummingbirds, 1871, National Gallery of Art, Washington Sustainability Nuclear Greenhouse effect Ozone depletion ... Kyoto Protocol: final approval depends on Russia UNEP : new guidelines will reduce hazards posed by plastics wastes Selected Web Sites : Environmental organizations : Greenpeace , probably the most active organization WWF Friends of the Earth UN, national or governmental organizations: UNEP, United National Environmental Program US Environment Protection Agency National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, USA E-mail : allfonsit@yahoo.it Edited by : Alfonso Iacono, Italy April 2003 Note : The image (painting by M. J. Heade) has been downloaded from the web site CGFA ,by Carol Gerten-Jackson

17. The NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory Conducting research on the chemical and dynamic processes of the Earth's atmosphere, the Aeronomy Laboratory seeks to provide a sound scientific basis for decisions made in industry and government related to ozone layer protection, air quality improvement, and climate change. http://www.al.noaa.gov

The NOAA Aeronomy Laboratory Advancing Our Understanding of the Earth's Atmosphere Who We Are The Aeronomy Laboratory (AL) is one of the twelve Laboratories in the Office of Oceanic and Atmospheric Research (OAR) of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The Laboratories of OAR are located in several states, from the East Coast to the West Coast. The research areas of the individual Laboratories focus on particular aspects of the Earth system and on different research approaches, with the common broad aim of improving the understanding and prediction of geophysical phenomena that relate to the well-being of humankind. Our Mission The ultimate aim of the Aeronomy Lab's research is: to improve the capability to observe, understand, predict, and protect the quality of the atmosphere. The Aeronomy Laboratory conducts fundamental research on the chemical and physical processes of the Earth's atmosphere. This research concentrates on the lower two layers of the atmosphere, known as the troposphere and stratosphere (see figure below). Both the stratosphere and the troposphere have important direct and indirect effects on the well-being of humankind. In this century, it has become increasingly clear that humans are influencing the chemical composition of the troposphere and stratosphere in ways that can impact conditions at the Earth's surface. Some of the most challenging environmental issues of our time have arisen. At the Aeronomy Lab, over 120 scientists, engineers, students, and supporting staff are engaged in studies of these issues, working with colleagues from other institutions across the United States and around the world.

18. Ozone Depletion-Key Text Earth s sunscreen – the ozone layer. Published by The ozone layer screens out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. Can we reverse its destruction? http://www.science.org.au/nova/004/004key.htm

Key text Published by Australian Academy of Science Sponsored by The ozone layer screens out the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation. Can we reverse its destruction? You will get more from this topic if you have mastered the basics of electromagnetic radiation Printer-friendly version of complete topic A natural balance keeps us well supplied with ozone Up in the stratosphere , small amounts of ozone are constantly being made by the action of sunlight on oxygen. At the same time, ozone is being broken down by natural processes. The total amount of ozone usually stays constant because its formation and destruction occur at about the same rate. Human activity has recently changed that natural balance. Certain manufactured substances (such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons ) can destroy stratospheric ozone much faster than it is formed. Ozone is a natural sunblock Go outside on a fine day and feel the sun warm your face. What happens when a cloud passes over? You’ll notice that the cloud takes away some of the heat and light coming from the sun. In much the same way that a cloud blocks the heat on a hot day, the ozone layer in the stratosphere blocks out the sun’s deadly ultraviolet rays. It acts as our planet’s natural sunblock.

19. For A Pollution Free India - Lets Refresh Our Earth Learn about ozone layer, environment facts and pollution health hazards. Includes bulletin board, newsletter, and related links. http://www.pollutionfreeindia.org/

Top news Green lesson on campus: 30/10/2001 Noted for its academic excellence and student caliber, Anna University, Chennai now wants to be known for another reason. In a new initiative, the venerable institution is these days 'talking and doing green'. Smoking and plastics are banned on the entire campus, traffic is regulated to reduce congestion and pollution,sewerage water is treated and reused for gardening, a rainwater harvesting system is in place, and an awareness campaign on environmental safety is on with academic help. One-fifth of diesel buses found to be polluting: 20/10/2001 With the Delhi government finding that over 20 per cent of the diesel buses carrying pollution under control certificates are polluting, eyebrows are being raised over the sample testing methodology undertaken by the oil companies for diesel and petrol.For diesel, officials say, the Bureau of Indian Standards have prescribed 16 tests before the fuel sample can be given a clean chit.But oil companies have laboratories, which are capable of conducting only six tests, which are for appearance, colour, distillation, flash point, kinematic viscosity and density. SC seeks plans for cleaning up Yamuna: 07/11/2001

20. Science - Ozone Basics The ozone in this region is commonly known as the ozone layer. What human activities affect upperatmospheric ozone (the stratospheric ozone layer)? http://www.ozonelayer.noaa.gov/science/basics.htm

Science: Ozone Basics Ozone is very rare in our atmosphere, averaging about three molecules of ozone for every 10 million air molecules. In spite of this small amount, ozone plays a vital role in the atmosphere. In the information below, we present "the basics" about this important component of the Earth's atmosphere. Click here for larger image Where is ozone found in the atmosphere? Ozone is mainly found in two regions of the Earth's atmosphere. Most ozone (about 90%) resides in a layer that begins between 6 and 10 miles (10 and 17 kilometers) above the Earth's surface and extends up to about 30 miles (50 kilometers). This region of the atmosphere is called the stratosphere. The ozone in this region is commonly known as the ozone layer. The remaining ozone is in the lower region of the atmosphere, which is commonly called the troposphere. The figure (above) shows an example of how ozone is distributed in the atmosphere. What roles does ozone play in the atmosphere and how are humans affected?

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