41. Backyard Gardener - Mycorrhizae: The Friendly Fungus, October 21, 1998 mycorrhizae The Friendly Fungus October 21, 1998 Jeff Schalau, County Director, Agent, Agriculture Natural Resources Arizona Cooperative Extension http://cals.arizona.edu/yavapai/anr/hort/byg/archive/mycorrhizae.html

Mycorrhizae: The Friendly Fungus - October 21, 1998 Arizona Cooperative Extension, Yavapai County Imagine a fungus that wraps around the roots of practically every plant in the landscape and uses the plant's energy to sustain it's own cellular metabolic needs. This fungus is everywhere. In fact, they are probably lurking under the soil in your back yard right now. No, this is not some scary story designed to raise the hair on the back of your neck during the appropriate season, it's real...it's mycorrhizae. Mycorrhizae (pronounced mi-cor-ri-zay with long "i"s, short "o", and long "a") have a mutualistic relationship with the green plants that they colonize. In other words, both the fungus and the plant benefit from the association. In general, mycorrhizae assist the plant by expediting water and mineral nutrient acquisition. Tiny fungal strands called mycelia can grow through soil much faster and more easily than plant roots and can therefore exploit a much larger soil volume in search of these resources. In return, the plant provides carbohydrates (sugars) to the mycorrhizal fungus. Both endo and ectomycorrhizae are difficult and costly to grow in cultures outside of plant roots, but it can be done. Soil inoculants are available for both types. Most crop plants form associations with endomycorrhizae. And the inoculum can be applied to the soil prior to planting. There are certainly biological benefits to inoculating, but the jury is still out on the economic returns of doing so. One of the biological benefits is protection from root rot fungi. In theory, the mycorrhizae fill a niche that could otherwise be occupied by a disease causing pathogen. On the other hand, if crops are doing well and require low inputs of fertilizers, you may well already have a natural population of mycorrhizae. This is an excellent reason NOT to fumigate soils just because we can. There are also many beneficial soil organisms: nitrogen fixing bacteria, predatory nematodes, benign decomposing fungi, etc.

42. Fungi And Mycorrhizae FAQs Frequently Asked Questions About Fungi and mycorrhizae. Contact Dr. James Traquair. 4. What are mycorrhizae and what is their role in agriculture ? http://www.ibiblio.org/pub/academic/agriculture/sustainable_agriculture/faqs/fun

Frequently Asked Questions About Fungi and Mycorrhizae Contact: Dr. James Traquair FAQ Menu URL: http://res.agr.ca/lond/pmrc/faq/menu.html What are fungi and how do they differ from bacteria ? What is the ecological role of fungi in soil and on plant surfaces ? How do agricultural practices affect the fungi in soil ? What are mycorrhizae and what is their role in agriculture ? ... Other Related WEB Links Special Topics Microbiology of Composting Rhizosphere Microbiology Nutrient Cycling Non-target Effects of Pesticides Allelochemistry Crop Residue Management Return to Top of Document Return to FAQ Table of Contents Return to PMRC HomePage Key Words 1. eukaryote, filamentous, yeast, chitinous walls, glucans, conidia, spores, sclerotia 2. saprophyte, parasite, pathogen, biotroph, necrotroph, mildew, root rot, damping off ,antibiosis, mutualism, symbiosis, Rhizoctonia solani, Cylindrocarpon destructans, Pythium spp., Thielaviopsis elegans, nutrient cycling 3. crop rotation, selection pressure, amendment, enrichment, anaerobic, tillage, pesticide residue, drainage,host specificity, propagule survival, dispersal 4. Glomus spp.. Gigaspora spp., vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae, endomycorrhizae, ectomycorrhizae, growth promotion, mutualism, nutrient absorption, fertility, phosphorus azygospore, chlamydospore, disease suppression, drought tolerance,carrier, agarose beads, pelletization, peat-based potting medium, obligate symbiont, colonized root fragments

43. Template Some mycorrhizae grow between old, dead leaves, and in brownrotted wood suggesting that the fungi may be able to digest lignin), discolored wood (Wood that is http://www.treedictionary.com/DICT2003/M/

Maintenance Growth and maintenance are linked. Energy is required to maintain order in new mass. Mass increase / Generating System The difficulty with generating systems is that as mass increases, the energy to maintain order in the mass increases at exponential rates. (See “IRS”) Matter Matter is a concept of particles that form substances. Mature Tree Bark Mature bark (phellem - outer bark) is the corky outer bark that forms on, or as, a tree of most species matures. It is primarily made up of suberin. Layers of green cortex-like tissues often form in fissures on old trees that have thick bark. (Click here for info from SHIGO, 2002 on Bark) See Bark. See Inner Bark. See Outer Bark. ... See Fissures Medicines - Trees – Humans Trees produce many substances humans use for medicines. Some tree substances that contain nitrogen as a base are called alkaloids. Membranes - Membranes are nature's discriminators. Meristem - A meristem is a parenchyma cell that has the ability to divide and differentiate. A meristem is a meristematic tissue.

44. Effects Of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae On The Growth And Uptake Of Some Hea Effects of VesicularArbuscular mycorrhizae on The Growth and Uptake of Some Heavy Metals by Oat(Avena Sativa L.) Songül ÇELÝK (DALCI) 1 , Sevinç ARCAK 2 1 http://www.toprak.org.tr/isd/can_15.htm

Bildiri Özetleri Ana Sayfaya Dönüþ Back To The Main List Effects of Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae on The Growth and Uptake of Some Heavy Metals by Oat (Avena Sativa L.) Songül ÇELÝK (DALCI) , Sevinç ARCAK Soil and Fertiliser Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey University of Ankara, Faculty of Agriculture Department of Soil Science Abstract In this study, the effects of VA mycorrhizae on the growth of oat and the uptake of some heavy metals by the plant were studied. Within this context, oat roots were inoculated with VAM fungus and the rate of infection on the roots was determined. Heavy metal contents increased in soil, root, stem and leaves, depending on the increased doses of Cu, Zn and Cd being applied to both inoculated and non-inoculated treatments. A decrease was observed in the rate of mycorrhizal infection associated with the increased doses of heavy metals. Increased doses of Cu, Zn and Cd resulted in more accumulation in oat root, stem and leaf systems in the non-infected treatments. However , a large part of the metals were retained by roots and thereby less translocation to stems and leaves occurred in the infected treatments. Consequently, VA mycorrhiza hindered metal movements to stem and leaves. Introduction With the advent of environmental problems originating from pollutants having been transmitted up to the consumer through food chain, the concept of ecological pollution has been the focal issue. Today, agriculture practices being full filled by taking environmental concerns into account are of great importance. This phenomena has urged consistent cultivation and production systems to be developed and implemented. The purpose of the agriecosystem is to ensure alternatives with the concern that population of natural species is to be sustained and the likelihood hazardous effects is to be minimized. One of these alternatives proposed is that soil microorganisms might be used in agriculture, thereby a natural protection management might be promoted. As known, mycorrhizal fungus gives the plants an ability to resist heavy metal stress and enviromentally pollution agents.

45. Mycorrhizae: Impacts On Production, QB 95-11 ISSN10525378. mycorrhizae Impacts on Production. January 1989 - January 1995. 3, C14*33. 4, SS S34 AND UD=89069999. mycorrhizae Impacts on Production. http://www.nal.usda.gov/afsic/AFSIC_pubs/qb95-11.htm

ISSN:1052-5378 Mycorrhizae: Impacts on Production January 1989 - January 1995 Quick Bibliography Series no. QB 95-11 300 Citations from the AGRICOLA Database March 1995 Compiled By: Karl Schneider Reference Section , Reference and User Services Branch National Agricultural Library, Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Department of Agriculture Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2351 Go to: Alternative Farming Systems Information Center About the Quick Bibliography Series Document Delivery Information ... Top of Document National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record: Schneider, Karl, 1946 Mycorrhizae : impacts on production. (Quick bibliography series ; 95-11) 1. MycorrhizasBibliography. I. Title. aZ5071.N3 no.95-11 Search Strategy DESCRIPTION SS SH=(F1 OR L1 OR K1) OR (PLANT? OR CROP? OR FOREST? OR TREE?)/TI,DE,ID,SH (S) (PRODUC? OR YIELD? OR PROFIT? OR HARVEST? OR GROW?)/TI,DE,ID,SH SS ENDOMYCOR? OR ECTOMYCOR? OR MYCORRHIZ? OR MYCORHIZ? OR PISOLITHUS OR THELEPHORA OR CENOCOCCUM OR SCLERODERMA OR RHIZOPOGON OR SUILLUS OR LACCARIA OR VESICULAR(W)ARBUSCULAR OR GIGASPORA OR GLOMUS OR PHYTOMYCETUS OR ENDOPHYT? SS S34 AND UD=8906:9999 Mycorrhizae: Impacts on Production Go to: Author Index Subject Index Top of Document Citation no.:

46. Mycorrhizae Links Science Biology Mycology mycorrhizae. mycorrhizae Web Search Results Below (Add Your Site or modify). A Practical Introduction http://www.zookle.com/Science/Biology/Mycology/Mycorrhizae/

zOO KLE link exchange top 100 Add Your Site Jokes ... mycorrhizae fungi Links: Science: Biology: Mycology: Mycorrhizae Home Science Biology Mycology : Mycorrhizae Mycorrhizae Web Search Results Below Add Your Site or modify A Practical Introduction to Mycorrhiza Discusses types of mycorrhizas, their role in seed germination and other higher-plant processes, plants that form mycorrhizas, and benefits. http://www.mycorrhiza.org Above Grounder's Introduction to Mycorrhizae Topics include the benefits of mycorrhizae to the plant and uses in habitat restoration, revegetation, and agriculture. http://mycorrhiza.com/mycojava/index.htm Afforestation of Treeless Areas Report on mycorrhiza formation with tree genera from around the world and use in reforestation projects. http://www.fao.org/docrep/87903e/87903e08.htm Mycorrhiza Information Exchange Web Site Global clearinghouse for mycorrhizal information. Organized links and information related for education, research and business applications of mycorrhizal symbiosis. http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/

47. Mycorrhiza - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural form mycorrhizae meaning fungus roots ) is a distinct type of root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mycorrhiza

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history ... Printable version Not logged in Log in Help Other languages: Dansk Deutsch Mycorrhiza From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. A mycorrhiza (typically seen in the plural form mycorrhizae meaning "fungus roots") is a distinct type of root symbiosis in which individual hyphae extending from the mycelium of a fungus colonize the roots of a host plant . Different sorts of fungal structures are found in mycorrhizal trees and in roots of most herbaceous plants. These fungi belong to a group called ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhizae respectively, forming mycorrhizal networks, which can be detected in the soil organic layers. Mycorrhizae form a mutualistic symbiotic relationship with the roots of 95% of all vascular plants . Plant roots in nature are predominantly mycorrhizae. It is the non-mycorrhizal root that is the exception. Sterile soils and growth media often perform poorly without the addition of organic supplements that provide the spores and hyphae of mycorrhizal fungi to "infect" the plant roots to restore the natural state of affairs. The same organic supplements also populate the rhizoshpere (plant-soil interface) with beneficial bacteria such as Rhizobia (nitrogen-fixing bacteria) and other nitrogen or sulfur-releasing bacteria that make nutrients in the soil available for absorption by plants. The addition of biotic supplements (such as Rhizobia-treated legume seeds) is commonplace in modern agricultural practice to increase yields. Mycorrhizal fungi explore a larger volume of soil than root systems at a lower cost to the plant. Some of the earliest fossil plants show evidence of mycorrhizae associated with them. Mycorrhizal plants are generally more resistant to diseases e.g. caused by microbial soil-borne pathogens, and are also more resistant to the effects of drought.

48. Forest Nursery Pests - Mycorrhizae: Benefits And Practical Application In Forest mycorrhizae Benefits and Practical Application in Forest Tree Nurseries. Most plants require mycorrhizae for normal growth and development in natural soils. http://www.forestpests.org/nursery/mycorrhizae.html

Home About Search Contacts ... Help Forest Nursery Pests Technical Coordinators - Charles E. Cordell - Plant Pathologist, Region 8, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, Robert L. Anderson - Supervisory Plant Pathologist, Region 8, Asheville, NC, William H. Hoffard - Entomologist, Region 8, USDA Forest Service, Asheville, NC, Thomas D. Landis - Western Nursery Specialist, Region 6, USDA Forest Service, Portland, OR, Richard S. Smith, Jr. - Plant Pathologist, Forest Insect and Disease Research Staff, USDA Forest Service, Washington, DC, and Harvey V. Toko - Director, Forest Pest Management, Region 8, USDA Forest Service, Atlanta, GA. U. S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Agriculture Handbook No. 680, December 1989. This publication supercedes "Forest Nursery Diseases in the United States," Agriculture Handbook No. 470, issued March 1975. Mycorrhizae: Benefits and Practical Application in Forest Tree Nurseries Donald H. Marx - Director, Institute of Mycorrhizal Research, USDA Forest Service, Athens GA, Charles E. Cordell -

49. Science - Biology - Mycology - Mycorrhizae Directory - Search Top Science Biology Mycology mycorrhizae See also Science Agriculture Soils (323); Science Biology Botany (574); Science http://www.sedirectory.net/Science/Biology/Mycology/Mycorrhizae/

Web Hosting Dir Web Design Dir Search Engine Dir Hardware Info ... Resources Search: Top Science Biology Mycology ... Mycorrhizae See also: Science: Agriculture: Soils Science: Biology: Botany Science: Biology: Ecology: Microbial Ecology Science: Biology: Ecology: Plant Ecology ... Above Grounder's Introduction to Mycorrhizae - Topics include the benefits of mycorrhizae to the plant and uses in habitat restoration, revegetation, and agriculture. Afforestation of Treeless Areas - Report on mycorrhiza formation with tree genera from around the world and use in reforestation projects. Mycorrhiza Information Exchange Web Site - Global clearinghouse for mycorrhizal information. Organized links and information related for education, research and business applications of mycorrhizal symbiosis. Mycorrhiza.com - Information on the use of mycorrhizal inoculum. Mycorrhizal Inoculum - We are a manufacturer and supplier of products to aid in the establishment and protection of new plantings in reforestation, land restoration, and other non-irrigated applications. Our materials are scientifically selected and developed for maximum performance in your difficult field conditions. Mycorrhizal Symbioses - Primer, by David M. Sylvia, based on a chapter in Principles and Applications of Soil Microbiology.

50. Mycorrhizae mycorrhizae. What are mycorrhizae? Rosemania Customers Note We now have two forms of mycorrhizae. The first is the 1 pound container pictured above. http://rosemania.com/shopsite_sc/store/html/product338.html

Mycorrhizae What are mycorrhizae? The word "mycorrhizae" literally means "fungus-roots" and defines the close mutually beneficial relationship between specialized soil fungi (mycorrhizal fungi) and plant roots. About 95% of the world’s land plants form the mycorrhizal relationship in their native habitats. It is estimated that mycorrhizal fungal filaments explore hundreds to thousands more soil volume compared to roots alone. Benefits include: Improved nutrient and water uptake Improved root growth Improved plant growth and yield Improved disease resistance Reduced transplant shock Reduced drought stress There is a lot of confusion about mycorrhizae, a word that describes the common relationship between plants and beneficial fungi. While the modern gardener is just beginning to learn about mycorrhizae, it has actually been around for millions of years. In fact, the fossil record shows that mycorrhiza appeared at about the same time as plants appeared on land. The roots of almost all higher plants are known to form "mutualistic symbioses" with fungi. This is termed "mycorrhizae" which means fungus-root. This term is derived from the Greek, "mykes" which means mushroom or fungus and "rhiza" which mean root. The relationship is mutually beneficial. It forms colonies on the roots of a host plant. The fungus spreads threadlike feeding structures called hyphae into the soil. This type of colonization allows the host plant to develop a much larger root system, sometimes 100 times in length with up to 2000 times more surface area.

51. In Harmony, Organic Based Landscape Services - Services - Products - Mycorrhizae present in the soil. mycorrhizae also suppress diseases and pathogens in the soil, and they improve soil structure. In Harmony has http://www.inharmony.com/html/mycorrhizae.html

About Us Services Portfolio FAQ ... Contact Mycorrhizal fungi extend the plant’s root system, helping it take in nutrients. Mycologue Publications with permission. Mycorrhizal Fungi Soils in natural settings contain large numbers of beneficial organisms, such as bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi. In many city landscapes, however, soils are disturbed and compacted, and these beneficial organisms have been reduced or eliminated. Recent research has shown that a beneficial fungus, mycorrhize, is invaluable when it forms a symbiotic relationship with plant roots in the soil. These fungi colonize the plant roots and extend the root system into the surrounding soil. In healthy soil, there may be several miles of mycorrhizal filaments in a teaspoon of soil. The plant’s ability to take in water and nutrients rises dramatically when mycorrhizal fungi are present in the soil. Mycorrhizae also suppress diseases and pathogens in the soil, and they improve soil structure. In Harmony has a system to inoculate soils with beneficial mycorrhizal fungi, in combination with growth-promoting bacteria. After inoculation, the mycorrhizae will grow within the soil profile and begin to form a truly remarkable symbiotic relationship that will protect plants and promote plant health. Home Site Map Search 23622 Bothell/Everett Highway, Bothell, WA 98021 • TEL: 425.486.2180 or Toll Free: 888.472.7748

52. Mycorrhizae - Find The Latest Books, CDs And Technical Publications From Over 50 mycorrhizae bookshop, books, science technical publications, CDROMs, slide sets. mycorrhizae. Also indexed as VAM fungi endomycorrhizae http://www.cplpress.com/glossary/G606.htm

mycorrhizae Also indexed as : VAM fungi : endomycorrhizae Compendium of Rhododendron and Azalea Diseases Edited by D.L. Coyier and M.K. Roane APS 1986 more details Current Advances in Mycorrhizae Research Edited by Gopi K. Podila and David D. Douds APS Press 2000 more details Ecology and Biogeography of Pinus Edited by David M. Richardson Cambridge University Press August 2000 more details Ectomycorrhizal Fungi - Key Genera in Profile Edited by Cairney, John W.G.; Chambers, Susan M. Springer 1999 more details Fungal Associations Edited by B Hock Springer Verlag 2001 more details Mycorrhiza - Structure, Function, Molecular Biology and Biotechnology (Second Edition) Edited by A Varma and B Hock Springer Verlag 1999 more details Mycorrhizae and Plant Health Edited by F L Pfleger and R G Linderman APS Press 1994 more details Mycorrhizal Ecology Edited by Heijden, M.G.A., Sanders, I.R., Springer 2002 more details Mycorrhizal Symbiosis (Second edition) S E Smith Academic Press 1996 more details Mycorrhizal Technology in Agriculture - From Genes to Bioproducts S Gianinazzi, H Schuepp, K Haselwandter and J M Barea

53. Mycorrhizae And Plant Health mycorrhizae and Plant Health bookshop, books, science technical publications, CDROMs, slide sets. mycorrhizae and Plant Health. http://www.cplpress.com/contents/C248.htm

Mycorrhizae and Plant Health Edited by F L Pfleger and R G Linderman APS Press 1994 Softcover 360 pages ISBN 0-89054-158-2 This book emphasizes the key role mycorrhizae play in sustainable systems of agricultural and forest production. Includes a discussion of ectomycorrhizae that occur on several major families of trees being managed for wood products. The contents are as follows: Preface Contributors Role of Mycorrhizae in Biocontrol Role of VAM Fungi in Biocontrol Role of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi in Biocontrol Role of Mycorrhizae in Reclamation Role of VAM Fungi in Mine Land Revegetation Role of Ectomycorrhizal Fungi and Minesite Reclamation Effects of Cultural Practices and Pesticides on Mycorrhizae The Effects of Cultural Practices and Pesticides on VAM Fungi Effects of Nursery Cultural Practices on Management of Specific Ectomycorrhizae on Bareroot Tree Seedlings Mycorrhizae and Atmospheric Pollution Air Pollution and Ecosystem Health: The Mycorrhizal Connection Effects of Mycorrhizae on Biogeochemistry and Soil Structure Vesicular-Arbuscular Mycorrhizae and Biogeochemical Cycling Effects of Ectomycorrhizae on Biogeochemistry and Soil Structure Current Status of Field Application of Mycorrhizal Fungi Involvement of Cropping Systems, Plant Produced Compounds and Inoculum Production in the Functioning of VAM Fungi

54. Science Search > Mycorrhizae Home. Current location Biology Mycology mycorrhizae, 1. Mycorrhiza Information Exchange Web Site Global clearinghouse for mycorrhizal information. http://www.science-search.org/index/Biology/Mycology/Mycorrhizae/

Search for: Current Category Everything What's new Top Searches Statistics Science News ... Home Current location: Biology Mycology > Mycorrhizae Mycorrhiza Information Exchange Web Site Global clearinghouse for mycorrhizal information. Organized links and information related for education, research and business applications of mycorrhizal symbios http://mycorrhiza.ag.utk.edu/ detailed information Rating: [7.00] Votes: [1513] A Practical Introduction to Mycorrhiza Discusses types of mycorrhizas, their role in seed germination and other higher-plant processes, plants that form mycorrhizas, and benefits. http://www.mycorrhiza.org detailed information Rating: [6.00] Votes: [1189] Mycorrhiza.com Information on the use of mycorrhizal inoculum. http://www.mycorrhiza.com detailed information Rating: [6.00] Votes: [1694] Working with Mycorrhizas in Forestry and Agriculture Introduction to the structure, development and function of mycorrhizas, especially vesicular arbuscular and ectomycorrhizal associations http://www.ffp.csiro.au/research/mycorrhiza/

55. Mycorrhizae And Roots mycorrhizae and Roots. printable version. Mycorrhizal cycling. mycorrhizae are another avenue by which plants increase soil resource acquisition. http://groups.ucanr.org/jacksonlab/Roots_and_Mycorrhizae/

Main Menu Projects Mycorrhizae and Roots Mycorrhizae and Microbial Communities in Organic Production ... Group Info Mycorrhizae and Roots Mycorrhizal and Non-Mychorrhizal Tomatos Root architecture and root growth are important for exploration of soil for water and nutrients, as the acquisition of these resources drives plant growth. Several important concepts, however, govern the development of roots and their direct and indirect effects on plant growth (Jackson, Ms. submitted, chapter in Encyclopedia of Soils in the Environment Roots are highly plastic, i.e. , architecture and growth are highly responsive to environmental conditions, and therefore can optimize resource acquisition. Tradeoffs exist in root form and function. The costs of producing roots can yield benefits in terms of the acquisition of soil water and nutrients and ultimately, plant growth and fitness. Genetic analysis has revealed that root architectural traits are often multi-gene or quantitative traits. Roots affect attributes of plant communities and ecosystems, due to their effects on resource acquisition, growth, productivity, water budgets, and nutrient cycling. Mycorrhizae are another avenue by which plants increase soil resource acquisition. For many plant species, the arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) association is known to have the following effects (e.g., Smith and Read, 1997

56. Mycorrhizae And Microbial Communities In Organic Production mycorrhizae and Roots mycorrhizae and Microbial Communities in Organic Production. printable version Louise Jackson, Tim Cavagnaro, Kate Scow. http://groups.ucanr.org/jacksonlab/Roots_and_Mycorrhizae/Mycorrhizae_and_Microbi

Main Menu Projects Mycorrhizae and Roots Mycorrhizae and Microbial Communities in Organic Production ... Group Info Mycorrhizae and Roots Mycorrhizae and Microbial Communities in Organic Production Louise Jackson, Tim Cavagnaro, Kate Scow A new project is underway to study microbial communities and soil processes in organically-grown tomatoes, as affected by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. The following hypotheses will be tested: Arbuscular mycorrhizae may be beneficial for organic production because they increase crop uptake of N and P from soil, and may stimulate nutrient release from soil organic matter and the occurrence of other microbes that further increase the nutrient supply to plants, at the time when plant demand is highest. Management practices that boost N and P to high concentrations should be avoided because they may decrease mycorrhizal symbiosis and increase losses of nitrate (NO -N) and P to the environment. Our specific objectives are: Survey fresh-market tomatoes on many organic farms to obtain an inventory on soil properties, mycorrhizal colonization and management practices. Compare fresh-market tomato yield and quality in response to N and P availability, with and without mycorrhizae, using the rmc tomato (Barker et al., 1998

57. Mycorrhizae Cross Section mycorrhizae cross section. Arrow A is pointing to the Hartig net. It s the reddish material surrounding the cortical cells (arrow http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/glossary/mycorrhi/myco.htm

Mycorrhizae cross section Arrow A is pointing to the Hartig net. It's the reddish material surrounding the cortical cells (arrow B). The mantle is the reddish layer designated by arrow C. Click around this image to enlarge an area. Mantle Cortical Cells Steel Mantle and Hyphae

58. Mycorrhizae Photos Scanning Electron Micrographs of mycorrhizae. This is what the the fungus. SEM Photo of the Cross Section of a mycorrhizae. In this http://www.cof.orst.edu/cof/teach/for442/cnotes/sec3/myco.htm

Mycorrhizal Roots Here is a classic picture of mycorrhizae. These pictures are high resolution and will look fantastic on computers with modern video cards. This is the mycorrhizal fungus Laccaria laccata on ponderosa pine. Note the bifuricate shape of the mycorrhizae. You can see the fungal sheath (white area), hyphae, and hyphal strands (if you have 400x vision!). Thank you Jim Trappe for the slide! Scanning Electron Micrographs of Mycorrhizae This is what the outer fungal sheath of a mycorrhizae actually looks like. As the micrograph shows the hyphae are about 1 micron in width. The bar at the bottom is 10 microns. Note the clamp connections i.e. those raised bulbous looking things! Some of the little dots are (likely) bacteria. Yes, the soil bacteria probably have some interaction with the fungus. SEM Photo of the Cross Section of a Mycorrhizae In this photo you are looking at the cross section of a feeder root in mycorrhizal association with a fungus. In the center of the picture you can see the xylem. The large cells are cortical cells. Moving outwards look closely and you will see that the fungus has pushed itself between the cortical cells (Hartig Net: named for Dr. Hartig). Finally, there is the fungal sheath on the outside. The bar in the picture (lower left) is 10 microns. Another close up!

59. Mycorrhizae VA mycorrhizae (VAM) in Agriculture. What Are VA Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungi? VA mycorrhizae alias vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal http://bbclabs.com/mycorrhi.htm

BBC LABORATORIES, INC. 1217 N. Stadem Drive, Tempe, AZ 85281 Phone (480)967-5931 Fax (480)967-5036 VA Mycorrhizae (VAM) in Agriculture What Are VA Mycorrhizal (VAM) Fungi? VA mycorrhizae [alias: vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (VAM) and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF)] are beneficial fungi that penetrate and colonize the root of the plant, then send out filaments (hyphae) into the surrounding soil. The term mycorrhizae literally means " fungus-root s" and VAM is considered endomycorrhizal since it colonizes the interior of the root. How Do VAM Fungi Work? VAM fungi are associated with the plant in a mutually beneficial relationship. The VAM fungi, nestled inside the root, sends out long filaments or hyphae to explore up to 200 times the soil area available to the root alone. The hyphae literally form a bridge that connects the plant root with large areas of soil and serves as a pipeline to funnel nutrients back to the plant. In return, the plant must supply the VAM fungi with carbon for the fungal growth and energy needs. This plant-fungal relationship is an elegant association and its development is evidently regulated by several factors. The promotion of root colonization by the VAM fungi is enhanced by different soil bacteria known as

60. Mycorrhizae (VAM) Sampling BBC LABORATORIES, INC. 1217 N. Stadem Drive, Tempe, AZ 85281 Phone (480)9675931 Fax (480)967-5036. http://bbclabs.com/mycorrhi1.htm

BBC LABORATORIES, INC. 1217 N. Stadem Drive, Tempe, AZ 85281 Phone (480)967-5931 Fax (480)967-5036 SAMPLING ROOTS FOR MYCORRHIZAL (VAM) ANALYSIS INSTRUCTIONS FOR SAMPLING AND SHIPPING Sampling Instructions Sample Area A sample area is defined by plants of the same variety, in the same type of soil, and under the same irrigation and treatment program. It is always beneficial to not Root Excavation Small (lower order) roots should be excavated with care to preserve that attachment of the fine terminal feeder roots which will be examined for the VAM colonization. A representative composite sample is obtained from the defined sample area (see above) by combining root samples from 6-10 plants within the area being tested. A total of approximately 50 inches of terminal feeder root is necessary for the analysis. If a drip system is used in vineyards and orchards, these roots will be more easily obtained in the vicinity of the dripper. For other irrigation systems it may be necessary to investigate the best place for excavation. Sample Collection The sample roots are to be collected in a labeled, self-sealing plastic bag. Soil will be removed if necessary and appropriate roots will be excised at the laboratory.

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