41. [hep-th/9510026] Introduction To Black Hole Microscopy The aim of these notes is both to review the standard understanding of the Hawking effect. The fundamentals of the Unruh effect are reviewed, and then the Hawking effect is explained as a ``gravitational Unruh effect . http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9510026

High Energy Physics - Theory, abstract hep-th/9510026 From: "T. Jacobson" [ view email ] Date: Fri, 6 Oct 1995 15:29:44 +0100 (GMT+0100) (105kb) Introduction to Black Hole Microscopy Author: Theodore A. Jacobson Comments: Latex file, 26 pages; 12 figures included using psfig Report-no: Utrecht preprint THU-95/23 The aim of these notes is both to review the standard understanding of the Hawking effect, and to discuss the modifications to this understanding that might be required by new physics at short distances. The fundamentals of the Unruh effect are reviewed, and then the Hawking effect is explained as a ``gravitational Unruh effect", with particular attention to the state-dependence of this picture. The order of magnitude of deviations from the thermal spectrum of Hawking radiation is estimated under various hypotheses on physics at short distances. The behavior of black hole radiation in a linear model with altered short distance physics-the Unruh model-is discussed in detail. [Based on lectures given at the First Mexican School on Gravitation and Mathematical Physics, Guanajuato, December 1994.] Full-text: PostScript PDF , or Other formats References and citations for this submission: SLAC-SPIRES HEP (refers to , cited

42. What Are Electron Microscopes? Electron microscopy. What are Electron Microscopes? Electron Microscopes are scientific instruments that use a beam of highly energetic http://www.unl.edu/CMRAcfem/em.htm

Electron Microscopy What are Electron Microscopes? Electron Microscopes are scientific instruments that use a beam of highly energetic electrons to examine objects on a very fine scale. This examination can yield the following information: Topography The surface features of an object or "how it looks", its texture; direct relation between these features and materials properties (hardness, reflectivity...etc.) Morphology The shape and size of the particles making up the object; direct relation between these structures and materials properties (ductility, strength, reactivity...etc.) Composition The elements and compounds that the object is composed of and the relative amounts of them; direct relationship between composition and materials properties (melting point, reactivity, hardness...etc.) Crystallographic Information How the atoms are arranged in the object; direct relation between these arrangements and materials properties (conductivity, electrical properties, strength...etc.) Where did Electron Microscopes Come From?

43. Opti-Service Microscopy .:. Servicebedrijf Voor Microscopen Verdeelt, onderhoudt en herstelt microscopen, spleetlampen en andere optische apparatuur. http://www.optiservice.be

44. Glossary Of Electron Microscopy Terms CFEM Central Facility for Electron microscopy. A centralized collection of Electron microscopyresources in Nebraska; more detailed information is available. http://www.unl.edu/CMRAcfem/glossary.htm

Glossary Abrasive Media Angstrom A metric unit of length measurement= 1x10-10 meters or 0.0000000001 meters 4x10-9 inches or 0.000000004 inches Atomic diameters range between 1 and 2 Angstroms Aperture Bright Field Imaging A imaging mode in a TEM that uses only Unscattered Electrons to form the image. Contrast in such an image is due entirely to thickness and density variations in a sample. Backscattered Electron Produced by an incident electron colliding with an atom in the specimen which is nearly normal to the incident's path. The incident electron is then scattered "backward" 180 degrees with no appreciable loss of energy, an elastic collision. Backscattered Electron Imaging The production of backscattered electrons varies directly with the specimen's atomic number. This differing production rates causes higher atomic number elements to appear brighter than lower atomic number elements. This interaction is utilized to differentiate parts of the specimen that have different average atomic number. (See Interaction Volume) An example is shown in the SEM output section, specifically the mechanically alloyed specimen micrograph. Detection of Backscattered Electrons is achieved by using a "donut" shaped solid state semiconductor device mounted on the bottom of the objective lens. When Backscattered Electrons strike the detector electron-hole pairs are created which are then counted. This quantity is translated into a pixel intensity and displayed on the CRT, forming the image. See the

45. Molecular Expressions Microscopy Primer: Museum Of Microscopy A virtual museum of microscopes, ranging from the earliest 16th century European instruments to modern microscopes from around the world. http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/museum/index.html

Microscopy Primer Light and Color Microscope Basics Special Techniques ... Home The Galleries: Photo Gallery Silicon Zoo Pharmaceuticals Chip Shots ... Movie Gallery Museum of Microscopy The Molecular Expressions Museum of Microscopy features historical microscopes ranging from sixteenth century Dutch designs through the magnificent microscopes of eighteenth and nineteenth century Europe to the latest microprocessor-powered models available today. Featured Microscope The microscope images presented in this section were modeled in 3D Studio Max by graphics artists in our laboratory. The collection is arranged with the oldest microscopes listed first. We have attempted to be as accurate as possible in the rendition of these microscopes as well as the authenticity of the descriptions, but we may have inadvertently made some errors. Please email us with any verifiable discrepancies in fact. Download (free) our Museum of Microscopy screen saver for Windows. Microscopes of the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries - The first recorded microscope was built by Zacharias and Hans Janssen in the 1590's. This period saw a migration from simple hand lenses to the emergence of several popular microscope design motifs that originated in Western Europe. The Dutch, British, and Italian scientific instrument designers were particularly active during the early years of microscopy. Microscopes of the Eighteenth Century - At the dawn of the eighteenth century, British instrument designers were introducing improved versions of the tripod microscope, based on a microscope invented by Edmund Culpeper. Later in the century, John Cuff introduced the first microscope designed to be user-friendly with an advanced focus mechanism. Mechanical innovations yielded sturdier instruments, but blurred images and optical aberration prevailed throughout most of the century.

46. MicroMaterials Research Homepage Specialist in microanalysis for developing new products using scanning electron microscopy, light microscopy, infrared and xray at Burr Ridge, IL. http://www.micromaterialsresearch.com/

Solving Manufacturing Problems through Microanalysis MicroMaterials Research, Inc., 136 Shore Drive, Suite 200, Burr Ridge, IL 60527 (630) 325-8170 fax (630) 325-8178 lab@micromaterialsresearch.com

47. Center For In Vivo Microscopy Home Page The Duke Center for in vivo microscopy, CIVM, is dedicated to developing technology and applications for magnetic resonance microscopy. http://wwwcivm.mc.duke.edu/

A National Institutes of Health Research Resource Center dedicated to develop technology and applications for Magnetic Resonance Microscopy Breathing He About the Center, our research, and people Current publications and research topics Duke news releases: Visible Mouse and Biomedical Informatics Research Network Policy to use Center resources How to contact us Join us at Kiawah Island, SC for Call-919 684-7758 for details Updated Duke Medical Center

48. Electron Microscopy, Light Microscopy, Instruments And Supplies, Ted Pella, Inc. electron microscopy supplies and instruments, light microscopy, atomic force microscopy, laboratory supplies http://www.tedpella.com

Indexes Supplies Quick Finder Instrument Quick Finder Customer Login ... Product of the Month Search our Site: Abbreviated Contents: Adhesives Atomic Force Microscopy Apertures, Aperture Cleaning Autoradiography Beakers, Vials BEEM Products Biothin Sectioning Device Books Boxes Brain Matrices Brushes Calibration Carbon Cathodes, Denka Cathodes, Kimball Physics Carbon Coater Chemicals Clean Air Stations Cleaning Compound Microscope Critical Point Dryer Cryo Chamber Cryo Gloves Cryo Supplies Desiccators, Desiccant Diamond Knives, PELCO Dissection Tools Embedding FIB Supplies Filaments and Cathodes Film Thickness Monitor Forensic Freezer Hats Glassware Gloves Graphics Grids Heat Pen Heater Infrared Hot Plates High Pressure Freezing Histology Supplies Immunogold Stains Light Microscopes LKB KnifeMaker Overhaul Loops Magnifiers Materials Science Metrology Probes Mica Microscopes Microscope Cameras Microscope Illuminators Microslicers Micro Tools Microwave Processors Microwave Accessories MSDS Ovens Paper Cutters Parafilm and Melinex Film Pens Petri Dishes Photography Planchets Quartz Slides, Coverslips

49. CIVM: Bradley Smith, PhD Brad Smith. Brad is working on a variety of MR imaging projects including The Multidimensional Human Embryo Project at the Center for in vivo microscopy. http://wwwcivm.mc.duke.edu/civmPeople/SmithBR/brs.html

Brad Smith Brad is working on a variety of MR imaging projects including The Multi-dimensional Human Embryo Project at the Center for in vivo Microscopy. Modified February 12, 1998 Contact Us http://wwwcivm.mc.duke.edu

50. Armenian Electron Microscopy Society The Purpose of this organization is to promote and diffuse the science and practice of microscopy. Contains a short article about activities and plans. http://www.aaas.org/international/eca/infra/ngo/aems.htm

Armenian Electron Microscopy Society AAAS staff members made a site visit to Yerevan in July, in conjunction with site visits in several other countries. The purpose of the visit was to discuss workshop agenda items and logistics with AEMS President Andranik Petrossian. During this time, they addressed about 25 AEMS members in a forum designed to explain the objectives of the upcoming workshop and the role of AAAS and the Eurasia Foundation in this activity. Petrossian showed AAAS staff the equipment that had arrived via the United Armenian Fund: a Hewlett Packard CopyJet Color Printer/Copier; a Hewlett Packard ScanJet 4c scanner with software; an NEC MultiSpin 4x CD-ROM drive; and Adobe Pagemaker 6.0 and Photoshop 3.0 software. Petrossian was keeping the equipment in the AEMS office within the Institute of Biochemistry; this is the office space that the institute gave to AEMS free-of-charge in exchange for use of the computer and the email account that AEMS has. (This 486 computer was acquired by Petrossian while he was in the United States in 1995 as a AAAS Society Fellow. After the arrival of the additional equipment, Petrossian had installed an iron security gate outside his office door.) In September, AAAS staff returned to Yerevan for the actual workshop with American Microscopy Society (AMS) member Robert Apkarian, AMS President Margaret Ann Goldstein, and AMS International Committee Chair Changmo Sung. The workshop took place in four segments over a five-day period, 19-23 September, which was also the time of the AEMS Fifth Annual Meeting. By including both events in the same time frame, the American delegation who had planned to come to Yerevan for the workshop could participate as well in an AEMS scientific meeting and present world-class microscopy research to the Armenian microscopists. (This also worked to the benefit of the Americans because the Armenian Air flight schedule required a six-day stay in Yerevan.)

51. Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Scanning Tunneling microscopy. Quantum Corrals. Scientists discovered a new method for confining electrons to artificial structures at the nanometer lengthscale. http://www.almaden.ibm.com/vis/stm/stm.html

Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Quantum Corrals Scientists discovered a new method for confining electrons to artificial structures at the nanometer lengthscale. Surface state electrons on Cu(111) were confined to closed structures (corrals) defined by barriers built from Fe adatoms. The barriers were assembled by individually positioning Fe adatoms using the tip of a low temperature scanning tunneling microscope (STM). A circular corral of radius 71.3 Angstrom was constructed in this way out of 48 Fe adatoms. This STM image shows the direct observation of standing-wave patterns in the local density of states of the Cu(111) surface. These spatial oscillations are quantum-mechanical interference patterns caused by scattering of the two-dimensional electron gas off the Fe adatoms and point defects. Click HERE for an even higher resolution TIFF image! STM Image Gallery In the STM Image Gallery you will find a collection of really nice visualizations of all sorts of different surfaces. Atomic Fly-By Press this button (311 kB) to fly through an atomic landscape...

52. Electron Microscopy Sciences Listing of their darkroom fans and louvers. http://www.emsdiasum.com/ems/photographic/fans.html

E lectron M icroscopy S ciences View Cart Request Catalog Home Products ... Home Page O ur website has been updated. Online Catalog Index Search What's New ... Request a Catalog P.O. Box 550 1560 Industry Road Hatfield, PA 19440 Tel #: 215-412-8400 Fax #: 215-412-8450 E-Mail: sgkcck@aol.com Sorry Please excuse the inconvenience from the updating of our site. The page you were looking for can be found at: Darkroom Fans and Louvers Or use the product buttons to the left or our navigation bar in the web halo. Thank you and please call if you need assistance. About Us Product Index Privacy Policy Contact Us E lectron M icroscopy S ciences

53. ICMCT crystal growth, fundamental research, nanoparticles, LMA xray and IR spectrometry, ferrofluids, plasma physics, electronic microscopy, thin layer deposition, quartz, sensors http://icmct.uvt.ro

ICMCT Homepage - Condensed Matter Research Institute Timisoara, Romania Your browser does not support frames. Upgrade. Text adaugat de mine (Dan Luca)

54. BGSU Center For Algal Microscopy And Image Digitization BGSU Center for Algal microscopy and Image Digitization. Our Image Archive. Freshwater Algae Links. Marine Algae Links. Microscopes and microscopy Links. http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/biology/facilities/algae/

BGSU Center for Algal Microscopy and Image Digitization Our Image Archive Freshwater Algae Links Marine Algae Links Microscopes and Microscopy Links ... Rex Lowe's Home Page

55. Microscopy On Polymer Systems (TEM/AFM) By Dr. Ralf Thomann (University Of Freib Image galleries of homogenous and heterogenous polymers using TEM, AFM and light microscopy equipment at the University of Freiburg, Germany. http://www.polymermicroscopy.com/

University of Freiburg since Feb.2002 Polymer Microscopy Transmission Electron Microscopy TEM , Atomic Force Microscopy AFM , Light Microscopy deutsche Version silver crystal in polymer matrix Research: Polymer networks Deformation of polymers Polymer blends Crystallization of polymers in-situ microscopy heterogenous polymer systems Ralf Thomann, Feb.2002

56. Imaging Of The Gas-Liquid Interface: Brewster Angle Microscopy (BAM) of Brewster Angle microscopy with example applications for surfactant and protein/surfactant systems. From the Univ. of Leeds, UK....... http://www.personal.leeds.ac.uk/~prcgg/BAM

Imaging of thin films using Brewster Angle Microscopy The method The apparatus The project Some images ... Contacts 1. The method Brewster Angle Microscopy is a technique that allows the in situ study of thin films at the gas/liquid or solid/gas interfaces. The basis of this method is illustrated at the following scheme: For a beam of p-polarised light (p- parallel to the plane of incidence) there is an angle of incidence theta at which no relfection occurs. This angle is satisfying the relationship tan( theta ) = n subphase / n air , where n is the refractive index of the corresponding phase. Introducing a thin film in between the two phases the optical properties of the system change so that a small amount of the incident intensity is reflected. In the general case it can be said that the reflected light can have a different from the incident light polarisation state. The reflected light can easily be "captured" by a detector like a CCD camera and in that way the film can be visualised. top of the page 2. The apparatus A Brewster angle microscope (BAM) is comprised of a light source (laser), a set of one or two polarising filters of which the first is responsible for the polarisation of the beam prior to its reflection and the second is analysing the polarisation state of the reflected part of the beam and a light detector (a CCD camera).

57. New Photographs Of Snow And Ice Crystals. PSI Home Page Skip Navigation Research Center Link Beltsville Area Home Search. Comparison of a Light microscopy Image and Low Temperature Scanning Electron http://www.anri.barc.usda.gov/emusnow/default.htm

The following images were obtained using a Low Temperature Scanning Electron Microscope (LT-SEM) that is located in the Beltsville Agricultural Research Center in the Electron Microscopy Unit, Bld. 177-B, Beltsville Maryland 20705. Information gained from studying the structure of snow is vital to several areas of science as well as to activities that affect our daily lives and is only one of several agricultural research projects that are currently being pursued in this research unit. Pseudo Color Snow Crystals Selected Snow Crystals Light and SEM Comparative Images of Snow Crystals Rime ... Information Contacts, Snow Links and Publication List Eric Erbe: ErbeE@Ba.Ars.Usda.Gov Christopher Pooley : PooleyC@Ba.Ars.Usda.Gov USDA, ARS, PSI, EMU. Updated: 07/2001.

58. Paragon Microscope Slide Cabinets Microscope slide cabinet storage for microslides, 35mm slides and electron microscopy films. http://www.paragonslidecabinets.com

Paragon slide cabinets are the most effective system for easy slide storage and retrieval. Cabinets are available for storage of micro-slides 35mm slides and electron microscopy Drawers are easily removed and interchanged on Paragon's newly designed all-steel (no plastic parts) track system. Tolerances are the tightest you will find on any slide cabinet for smooth operation and long life.

59. Equipment For Scanning Electron Microscopes The most comprehensive source for electron microscopy, light microscopy, and histology supplies, chemicals, and equipment. Electron microscopy Sciences. http://www.emsdiasum.com/ems/

E lectron M icroscopy S ciences View Cart Request Catalog Home Products ... Home Page The most comprehensive source for electron microscopy, light microscopy, and histology supplies, chemicals, and equipment. Welcome to our new website. P.O. Box 550 1560 Industry Road Hatfield, PA 19440 Tel #: 215-412-8400 Fax #: 215-412-8450 E-Mail: sgkcck@aol.com Exacting Research Demands High Quality Products. EMS is committed to providing the highest quality products along with competitive pricing, prompt delivery and outstanding customer service. About Us Product Index Privacy Policy Contact Us E lectron M icroscopy S ciences

60. A Small Introduction Into Scanning Acoustic Microscopy University of Wuppertal (Germany). http://www.electronics.uni-wuppertal.de/forschung/thermak.html

A small introduction into Scanning Thermal Microscopy and Scanning Acoustic Microcscopy Scanning Thermal Microscopy The near-field scanning probe based thermal microscope (SThM) gives information about the temperature distributions and allows the determination of the local thermal conductivity quantitatively. We use a resistive probe based method, which provides both the topography with a spatial resolution in the nanometer scale and the temperature/thermal conductivity profile, with a resolution of a few millikelvin and an accuracy of 2% simultaneously. The probe is made of a wire with a thin platinum core surrounded by a thick silver cladding and is integrated in a Wheatstone bridge which is connected to a signal generator. A small current is applied for the determination of the probe resistance in order to perform measurements of temperature distribution of a device. The application of a significantly higher current at the frequency w is used for heating the probe periodically and the thermal conductivity of the sample can be determined by measuring the 3 w component of the output voltage of the Wheatstone bridge at two different frequencies.

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