1. Magnetic Levitation For Transportation magnetic levitation for Transportation. Researched Meanwhile, in Germany and Japan, magnetic levitation may be an even better solution. Maglev http://www.railserve.com/maglev.html

Home Page Switchyard (Link Directory) Search Forums ICQ List Classified Ads Sponsorship Opportunities RailServe Advertising Add a Site Report Link Problems Comments/Suggestions About RailServe Apparel Books, Magazines, and Videos Freight Railroads Industry Organizations Model Railroads - Live Steam Music and Sound Effects News Releases Newsgroups, Mailing Lists, and BBS's Passenger and Urban Transit - Africa Passenger and Urban Transit - Asia Passenger and Urban Transit - Europe Passenger and Urban Transit - North America Passenger and Urban Transit - South America RailCams Page Rails-to-Trails Regional Railroading Stock Charts and Investing Tourist Railroads and Museums - North America Tourist Railroads and Museums - World Magnetic Levitation for Transportation Researched and Written By Christopher Muller January 23, 1998 www.railserve.com "We may perhaps learn to deprive large masses of their gravity and give them absolute levity, for the sake of easy transport." - Benjamin Franklin The need for fast and reliable transportation is increasing throughout the world. High-speed rail has been the solution for many countries. Trains are fast, comfortable, and energy-efficient. The United States is years behind European countries in high-speed rail research and development. Meanwhile, in Germany and Japan, magnetic levitation may be an even better solution.

2. Magnetic Levitation - Science Is Fun - Contents magnetic levitation Science is Fun Magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links. As a child, I discovered http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shire/3075/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation - Science is Fun Magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links As a child, I discovered I could levitate a ping pong ball on a stream of air from the output pipe of a vacuum cleaner. This is similar to optical levitation of a glass bead in a laser beam (pressure from photon recoil instead of an air stream). I hope you enjoy the many exciting ways to levitate objects. News Flash: There is a good Magnetic Levitation project and circuit in the September 2003 issue of Nuts and Volts magazine. See the article in .pdf format at the Magnetic Levitation Kit (Guy Marsden) link below. What is a magnetic field? Does a magnet slow time? (12-16-2003) Levitating World Globe, a look inside Levitron Tethered wrench levitation ... How to build a magnetometer (NCEMO) Levitation by sound, light, and water pressure Ultrasonic Levitation in Air at 20 kHZ (Nihon U, Japan) Optical levitation (Petter Hagburg) Levitation by water pressure of a 10,518 pound granite sphere Gravity modification - antigravity links American Antigravity Lifters you can build (Jean-Louis Naudin) Superconductor anti-gravity effect (propulsion by gravity shielding) Quantum Cavotite (Pete Skeggs) ... Gyroscopic Anti-gravity?

3. Barry's Magnetic Levitation Suspend a steel ball in midair using an electromagnet. Complete plans and design information included. Chapter 6 magnetic levitation. Chapter 5 Coilgun Mark III How can you use them for magnetic levitation? This is slightly off-topic from coilguns, but magnetic levitation has many http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/levitation/home.htm

Chapter 6: Magnetic Levitation Chapter 5: Coilgun Mark III Home Site Map Chapter 6: Linear Momentum These coilguns with control circuits are great! Now... How can you use them for magnetic levitation This is slightly off-topic from coilguns, but magnetic levitation has many common design principles and is a little easier to build! Fun Levitation Systems There are many ways to levitate objects magnetically. Here are some fun methods that I've used. The simplest! Guy Marsden's Levitation Kit is built on a single fan controller chip! The best! The Visual Levitation kit ( read my review Do it yourself! The Levitation Engine kit is an inexpensive start Completely free! ... Float your own Magnet over a hard drive (free!) Fun toy! The Levitron antigravity spinning top Cheap and cheesy Go to Edmund Scientific and search for "levitator" Executive toys SirTimeBenda has levitating globes and executive toys for sale My Maglev Demonstrator If you hold two magnets close together, you see that one of them will jump strongly toward (or away) from the other. In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw expressed this perversity of these inanimate objects in his theorem. It explains this frustrating behavior will always prevent you from suspending one magnet above or below another, no matter how one arranges the two magnets. However, an active control circuit can get around this problem by making the needed adjustments very quickly.

4. Device Plans: Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below. LEVITATOR GIF a 3 inch bar magnet hovers above two circuit boards. The row http://www.amasci.com/maglev/maglev.html

SCIENCE HOBBYIST GUESTBOOK GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF ... HELP! Magnetic Levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electrically-produced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. The mult-coil device shown in the photo was part of a prototype "room-temperature superconductive table" which never made it to a museum. I thought I'd place it here so students and hobbyists could experiment with this strange maglev effect. The device in the articles is not trivial to build, so I would recommend it mostly for ADVANCED HIGH-SCHOOL LEVEL AND ABOVE . If you've never built any electronic devices before, I wouldn't recommend the Meissner maglev cradle as your first project. I built mine using parts from a mail-order surplus store. Since you'll be using DIFFERENT surplus parts, my plans are only guidelines for experienced hobbyists rather than detailed instructions for a beginner. Experimentation will be required in order to get this device to work. For a much simpler project, check out " Simple maglev train ", which uses only permanent magnets, and the

5. HFML, Levitation can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to Barry's self made "Fun Levitation Systems"magnetic levitation Science Is Fun (David http://www-hfml.sci.kun.nl/levitate.html

The Real Levitation Leaving science fiction aside, science does know scores of different ways to levitate things. For instance, a helicopter can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to keep floating. Scientists have also found many ways to levitate things without any noise or the need for petrol or air, by using electromagnetic fields. Levitating trains and levitating displays are but two examples of electromagnetic levitation. However, in all such schemes, a source of energy (an engine or a battery at least) is always required to keep an object afloat. Remove the battery and the levitation inevitably stops Today's science knows only one way to achieve REAL levitation, i.e. such that no energy input is required and the levitation can last forever. The real levitation makes use of diamagnetism , an intrinsic property of many materials referring to their ability to expel a portion, even if a minute one, of an external magnetic field. Electrons in such materials rearrange their orbits slightly so that they expel the external field. As a result, diamagnetic materials repel and are repelled by strong magnetic fields. Three basic schemes using various aspects of diamagnetism allow the true levitation: SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at low temperatures. The picture shows a sumo wrestler standing on a levitating magnet platform that floats above a high-temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled by liquid air and hidden below the platform. To learn more about superconducting levitation, click on the title above (this is not our work) or search the web.

6. ART TEC - Magnetic Levitation Kit magnetic levitation. Barry's design uses a light beam for position feedback. Bill Beatty's magnetic levitation DEVICE. An array of servo controlled electromagnets lift a magnet from http://www.arttec.net/Levitation/Kit.html

ENGINEERING PROTOTYPES ENGINEERING ARTWORKS ... LEVITATION K IT CONTACT ABOUT ME LINKS SITE MAP ... HOME Guy Marsden "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic" Arthur C. Clarke Visit the magazine's web site or download a copy of the article in Acrobat Reader format. SEE WHAT OTHER PEOPLE HAVE DONE WITH THE KIT I have designed a small, simple electronic kit that can suspend small objects up to about 1/2 ounce or so in mid air magnetically. It's quite magical! Here are some levitating objects: The air gap is about 3/8". The electromagnet dynamically controls the position of the suspended rare earth magnet(s) attached to the levitated object. Feedback is provided by a linear Hall Effect sensor. Suspended objects are absolutely stable after settling. Getting an object in place is relatively easy. It is an eerie feeling when you offer the item up to the "sweet spot" as the controls "grab" the magnet - pulling it slightly into position. It feels like some kind of science fiction force field. Objects set spinning will continue to spin for several minutes! See a short movie clip of the levitation in action: LevitationLoop .mov or LevitationLoop .avi Download free QuickTime player here.

7. Levitron -- Spin Stabilized Magnetic Levitation Spin stabilized magnetic levitation is a macroscopic analog of magnetic gradient traps used to confine rules out stable magnetic levitation for static magnetic dipoles, it was not http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/levitron

Next: How it works Spin stabilized magnetic levitation Martin D. Simon, UCLA Department of Physics, msimon@physics.ucla.edu Lee O. Heflinger, Torrance CA, and S. L. Ridgway, Santa Monica CA Published in the American Journal of Physics, April 1997 Abstract: The stability of the Levitron cannot be explained if the top's axis has a fixed direction in space. Stability against flipping is not enough. Gyroscopic precession around the local magnetic field direction is necessary. An analysis and numerical integration of the equations of motion for an experimental stemless top that includes gyroscopic precession around the local magnetic field lines predict that the top will be supported stably up to spin speeds of about 3,065 rpm. An upper spin limit of 2779 rpm for this top is observed experimentally and explained as an adiabatic condition. Spin stabilized magnetic levitation is a macroscopic analog of magnetic gradient traps used to confine particles with a quantum magnetic moment. The Levitron ] is a remarkable toy which levitates in air a 22 gram spinning permanent magnet in the form of a small handspun top. The top is spun on a lifter plate on a permanent magnet base and then raised to the levitation height. The top floats about 3.2 cm above the base for over 2 minutes until its spin rate declines due to air resistance to about 1000 rpm. Unlike an earlier magnet toy which requires a thrust bearing plate to stabilize motion along one direction[

8. Magnetic Levitation magnetic levitation. Magnetic fields are actively excluded from superconductors (Meissner effect). If yttrium based superconductor acts to exclude magnetic fields from the material http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation Magnetic fields are actively excluded from superconductors ( Meissner effect ). If a small magnet is brought near a superconductor, it will be repelled becaused induced supercurrents will produce mirror images of each pole. If a small permanent magnet is placed above a superconductor, it can be levitated by this repulsive force. The black ceramic material in the illustrations is a sample of the yttrium based superconductor. By tapping with a sharp instrument, the suspended magnet can be caused to oscillate or rotate. This motion is found to be damped, and will come to rest in a few seconds. Cube Movie 1 Cube Movie 2 Cylinder Movie Illustration of the damped motion ... Condensed Matter R Nave Go Back Levitation Currents The Meissner effect in superconductors like this black ceramic yttrium based superconductor acts to exclude magnetic fields from the material. Since the electrical resistance is zero, supercurrents are generated in the material to exclude the magnetic fields from a magnet brought near it. The currents which cancel the external field produce magnetic poles which mirror the poles of the permanent magnet, repelling them to provide the lift to levitate the magnet The levitation process is quite remarkable. Since the levitating currents in the superconductor meet no resistance, they can adjust almost instantly to maintain the levitation. The suspended magnet can be moved, put into oscillation, or even spun rapidly and the levitation currents will adjust to keep it in suspension.

9. RUMBA Tube Underground Magnetic Levitation Railway A proposal for a passenger magnetic levitation based railway. Includes analysis of design requirements, network components, and implementation. http://home.t-online.de/home/cbruch/Rumba_e.html

RUMBA R öhren- U ntergrund- M agnetschwebe- Ba hn) (Tube Underground Magnetic Levitation Railway) A Universal Transport System of the Future (deutsche Version) Design Study Contents: The vision The problem The three most important demands The solution ... And now ... The vision: I am on the balcony of my hotel downtown Munich. Yesterday I arrived here and had a calm night. The window was wide open the whole night, fresh spicy air was always to be felt. How beautiful this city is. The silence is overwhelming. Before the hotel is a large park, where in former times there was a road. Birds twitter in the air, one hears children somewhere, who play unimpaired. In the distance I hear sheep. Was the porter right, when he said to me that one of the three city shepherds would come by this morning with his herd? Now they come around the corner. A picture of joy. I quickly get my video camera to capture this scene. This evening, I will show the pictures to my daughter. I have only a little time, until I have to be at a conference at the head office. To cross the city will take me only about eight minutes. How could humans let themselves be so stressed over so many decades by car traffic? How long it took to end this stress. Now that the new transportation network is almost continuous, one hardly can imagine, how difficult it was in former times to get to work by car, the tram or with the railway.

10. Device Plans: Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation links. Also experiments by Bill Beaty. Part of Bill Beaty's extensive science site. http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/maglev/maglev.html

SCIENCE HOBBYIST GUESTBOOK GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF ... HELP! Magnetic Levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electrically-produced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. The mult-coil device shown in the photo was part of a prototype "room-temperature superconductive table" which never made it to a museum. I thought I'd place it here so students and hobbyists could experiment with this strange maglev effect. The device in the articles is not trivial to build, so I would recommend it mostly for ADVANCED HIGH-SCHOOL LEVEL AND ABOVE . If you've never built any electronic devices before, I wouldn't recommend the Meissner maglev cradle as your first project. I built mine using parts from a mail-order surplus store. Since you'll be using DIFFERENT surplus parts, my plans are only guidelines for experienced hobbyists rather than detailed instructions for a beginner. Experimentation will be required in order to get this device to work. For a much simpler project, check out " Simple maglev train ", which uses only permanent magnets, and the

11. MAGLEV MAGNETIC LEVITATION SUSPENSION DEVICE magnetic levitation DEVICE. Schematic. Parts That s how superconductive levitation works a substance with zerofield is a natural repeller of magnet poles. http://www.amasci.com/maglev/magschem.html

Up to SCIENCE HOBBYIST Up to MAGLEV MAGNETIC LEVITATION DEVICE Parts: Hall-effect field sensor Here's the schematic of the device depicted in the photo. Each of the ten coil-assemblies has its own copy of the above circuit. The SS41 is a Microswitch Hall Effect magnetic field sensor IC that I found in All Electronics currently has one for $.50, HESW-5, but it is a surface-mount package with tiny, hard-to-solder leads. The professional supplier for hall-effect devices is Allegro Micro . They probably have a minimum $$ for mail order though. Here are some common Hall effect magnetic field sensors. Also, page down to here. Coil Power Supply The power supply is "bipolar", meaning that you need TWO supplies, one pos and one neg. The coils I used needed 24 volts DC each, so my supply was +-24 (or 48 v with a center common). I could run it for short periods using eight 9v batteries ( +- 36 v). If you use 12 volt coils, you'll be able to use a more common 12V dc supply. Note for experimenters: if you always use the SAME polarity of magnet, you could get rid of one power supply, and the entire circuit becomes simple: just drive the coil with a Darlington transistor switched by the Hall chip and a pullup resistor. The magleve cradle could be built this way if the bar magnet was always inserted in the same direction (but then you could never use this as a maglev train system.) Transistors, diodes

12. Innovatoys Offering magnetic levitation products, water fountains, and toys. http://www.innovatoys.com/

Products Gossamer Falls Gift Items Levitron Fascinating Toys ... Unique Gifts Persistence of vision clock and other executive wonders Water Falls Stretches water miraculously across space! Levitation using only the forces of permanent magnets Sand Art Create Dynamic Sand Sculptures Innovative Toys Amazing and Unique InnovaToys

13. Schematic For The Antigravity Relay magnetic levitation Schematic. http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/levitation/schematic.htm

Magnetic Levitation Schematic prevLink(ii); Home Up Site Map nextLink(ii); Note: Click on a component to visit its circuit description. Last update May 4, 2002 by Barry hits

14. HFML, Levitation Navigation map Some levitation links Barry s self made Fun Levitation Systems magnetic levitation Science Is Fun (David Sligar s Science Site) http://www.sci.kun.nl/hfml/levitate.html

The Real Levitation Leaving science fiction aside, science does know scores of different ways to levitate things. For instance, a helicopter can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to keep floating. Scientists have also found many ways to levitate things without any noise or the need for petrol or air, by using electromagnetic fields. Levitating trains and levitating displays are but two examples of electromagnetic levitation. However, in all such schemes, a source of energy (an engine or a battery at least) is always required to keep an object afloat. Remove the battery and the levitation inevitably stops Today's science knows only one way to achieve REAL levitation, i.e. such that no energy input is required and the levitation can last forever. The real levitation makes use of diamagnetism , an intrinsic property of many materials referring to their ability to expel a portion, even if a minute one, of an external magnetic field. Electrons in such materials rearrange their orbits slightly so that they expel the external field. As a result, diamagnetic materials repel and are repelled by strong magnetic fields. Three basic schemes using various aspects of diamagnetism allow the true levitation: SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at low temperatures. The picture shows a sumo wrestler standing on a levitating magnet platform that floats above a high-temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled by liquid air and hidden below the platform. To learn more about superconducting levitation, click on the title above (this is not our work) or search the web.

15. The Pennsylvania Project - High Speed Maglev Site regarding the proposed magnetic levitation train between Greensburg, Monroeville, Pittsburgh, and the Pittsburgh International Airport. http://www.maglevpa.com/

What's New Public Meeting Boards and Handouts Available View Aerial Mapping of Alignments Maglev images courtesy of Transrapid International

16. HFML, Levitation This is the first observation of magnetic levitation of living organisms as well as the first images of diamagnetics levitated in a normal, roomtemperature http://www.sci.kun.nl/hfml/froglev.html

The Frog That Learned to Fly (Molecular Magnetism and Levitation) Seeing is believing: Bitter solenoid in a magnetic field of about 16 Tesla at the Nijmegen High Field Magnet Laboratory. Why Frogs ? To the MOVIES of levitating objects. Whether an object will or will not levitate in a magnetic field B is defined by the balance between the magnetic force F = M B and gravity mg = V g where is the material density, V is the volume and g = 9.8m/s . The magnetic moment M = ( )VB so that F = ( )BV B = ( )V B . Therefore, the vertical field gradient B required for levitation has to be larger than g/ . Molecular susceptibilities are typically for diamagnetics and for paramagnetic materials and, since is most often a few g/cm , their magnetic levitation requires field gradients and 10 T /m, respectively. Taking l = 10cm as a typical size of high-field magnets and B ~ B /l as an estimate, we find that fields of the order of 1 and 10T are sufficient to cause levitation of para- and diamagnetics. This result should not come as a surprise because, as we know, magnetic fields of less than 0.1T can levitate a superconductor ( = -1) and, from the formulas above, the magnetic force increases as

17. Magnetic Levitation orbit.Marshall engineers are testing magnetic levitationor maglevtechnologies that could shrouded with nonmagnetic stainless steel.magnetic levitation of the carrier and its http://www.msfc.nasa.gov/NEWSROOM/astptechbriefs/Maglev.pdf

18. Magnetic Levitation - Background magnetic levitation (maglev) is a relatively new transportation technology in which noncontacting vehicles travel granted a patent on their design for a magnetic levitation train. http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blrailroad3.htm?iam=howstuffworks_S

19. Diamagnetic Levitation The July 22 Nature paper, magnetic levitation at your fingertips, describes two configurations where diamagnetic materials are used to stabilize the levitation http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/diamag/

Diamagnetic Levitation Many common materials such as water, wood, plants, animals, diamonds, fingers, etc. are usually considered to be non-magnetic but in fact, they are very weakly diamagnetic. Diamagnets repel, and are repelled by a strong magnetic field. The electrons in a diamagnetic material rearrange their orbits slightly creating small persistent currents which oppose the external magnetic field. Two of the strongest diamagnetic materials are graphite and bismuth. The forces created by diamagnetism are extremely weak, millions of times smaller than the forces between magnets and such common ferromagnetic materials as iron. However, in certain carefully arranged situations, the influence of diamagnetic materials can produce startling effects such as levitation. It was proved in 1842 that it is impossible to stably levitate any static array of magnets by any arrangement of fixed magnets and gravity. However, the addition of diamagnetic materials makes such levitation possible. The July 22 Nature paper, Magnetic Levitation at your fingertips , describes two configurations where diamagnetic materials are used to stabilize the levitation of a magnet in the field of a fixed lifting magnet.

20. Web Quest Exploring Magnetic Levitation Technology Teacher's resources on teaching maglev, including tasks and evaluations for students http://www.ic.sunysb.edu/Stu/ppoggio/maglev/

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