1. Magnetic Levitation Stirrers This Stirrer functions to levitate the balls by passing the microplates through 4 horizontal levitation magnetic fields strategically placed at intervals http://www.vp-scientific.com/magnetic_levitation.htm

l l l l l Applications Rapid and efficient stirring of 96 and 384 deep well microplates Thorough mixing of 2 or more viscous solutions Keeps particulates in suspension Aeration of microbial cultures to increase DNA or protein yield Miniaturization of fermentations Stirring chemical reactions to speed completion Advantages of the System Thorough stirring of large numbers of samples Will stir even viscous solutions (100,000 centistokes) No cross contamination – wells do not have to be sealed Simple to operate The gold standard for optimal bacterial growth is aeration using a shake flask on an orbital shaker. Unfortunately deep well blocks (96 or 384) are not aerated like the flasks are on the orbital shaker and the growth fades when the oxygen in the media is depleted. One of our customers compared E. coli growth using Levitation Stirring in 96 deep well blocks and a shake flask on an orbital shaker the results below demonstrated comparable growth curves between the two culture conditions. Thus it possible to obtain maximal DNA or protein yields in miniaturized culture conditions. INCUBATION TIME LEVITATION STIRRER OD SHAKE FLASK OD hour 1 hour 2 hours 3 hours 4 hours 5 hours 6 hours LEVITATION STIRRING VISCOUS SOLUTIONS For comparison 1 centistoke = 1.0760 x 10E-5 sq. ft./sec.

2. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. Magnetic If a small permanent magnet is placed above a superconductor, it can be levitated by this repulsive force. The http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/solids/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation Magnetic fields are actively excluded from superconductors ( Meissner effect ). If a small magnet is brought near a superconductor, it will be repelled becaused induced supercurrents will produce mirror images of each pole. If a small permanent magnet is placed above a superconductor, it can be levitated by this repulsive force. The black ceramic material in the illustrations is a sample of the yttrium based superconductor. By tapping with a sharp instrument, the suspended magnet can be caused to oscillate or rotate. This motion is found to be damped, and will come to rest in a few seconds. Cube Movie 1 Cube Movie 2 Cylinder Movie Illustration of the damped motion ... Condensed Matter R Nave Go Back Levitation Currents The Meissner effect in superconductors like this black ceramic yttrium based superconductor acts to exclude magnetic fields from the material. Since the electrical resistance is zero, supercurrents are generated in the material to exclude the magnetic fields from a magnet brought near it. The currents which cancel the external field produce magnetic poles which mirror the poles of the permanent magnet, repelling them to provide the lift to levitate the magnet The levitation process is quite remarkable. Since the levitating currents in the superconductor meet no resistance, they can adjust almost instantly to maintain the levitation. The suspended magnet can be moved, put into oscillation, or even spun rapidly and the levitation currents will adjust to keep it in suspension.

3. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation, http://www.freewebs.com/ppxatc/

Magnetic Levitation Home People Magnetic flotation Surface patterning ... University Homepage A new, exciting and innovative field of science Using a state of the art superconducting magnet capable of producing a magnetic field of 17 Tesla we are able to levitate a wide range of materials in mid air. Our research has led to new methods of mineral separation and flotation of dense metals such as gold and platinum. Materials in a magnetic field will become magnetised. Most materials such as water, wood, plastic etc are diamagnetic, which means that they are repelled by magnetic fields. This repulsive force is however very weak, typically a million times weaker than the attractive force a ferrmoagnetic material such as iron will experience due to a magnetic field. If the repulsive force due to a magnetic field on a diamagnetic object is exactly equal to the objects weight, then the object may be levitated in mid air. The magnetic fields require for this type of levitation are very large, typically 16T ( 250'000 times that of the Earth's own magnetic field ). To produce such conditions, superconductive magnets are usually required. The magnet University of Nottingham School of Physics and Astronomy This site built and hosted for free by FreeWebs.com.

4. Magnetic Poles And Levitation magnetic poles and levitation. Q I ve seen photos of very tiny frogs levitated stably by strong magnetic fields, but that s impractical for larger objects. http://van.hep.uiuc.edu/van/qa/section/Electricity_and_Magnets/Maglev/2003051603

back to list magnetic poles and levitation Q: i know it is possible to make objects levetate with magnets, but is there a way to keep them stable so they will stay in place in the air? And also i was wondering if there are any magnets that only have a negative or positive charge or if there are any uneven magnets with one pole larger than the other. Michael (age 15) King High School Corpus Christi, TX A: There's a theorem that you can't get stable levitation with any classical collection of magnets, charges, gravity, etc. You can get stability only if you allow forces that classical mechanics can't explain. These include contact forces between objects, but I don't think that's what you're interested in. It's no surprise that you can support something by putting it on a table. Another type of force that doesn't make classical sense is diamagnetism- the tendency of some objects to be repelled by magnetic fields. Most of us are weakly diamagnetic. Diamagnetism allows stable levitation. I've seen photos of very tiny frogs levitated stably by strong magnetic fields, but that's impractical for larger objects. However, many superconductors are very strong diamagnets, avoiding magnetic fields altogether. Superconductors can indeed be stably levitated, as can magnets near superconductors. No one has ever found anything with a net magnetic charge, where the Northness and Southness don't exactly cancel. We have a name for these hypothetical objects, if they ever show up: magnetic monopoles. Some theories of the early universe say that there should be a very small number of these monopoles around.

5. Magnetic Levitation Magnetic levitation. In one design, the train can be levitated by the repulsive force of like poles or the attractive force of opposite poles of magnets. http://www.fact-index.com/m/ma/magnetic_levitation.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Magnetic levitation A magnetic levitation train or maglev is a train -like vehicle that is suspended in the air above the track, and propelled forward using the repulsive and attractive forces of magnetism . Because of the lack of physical contact between the track and the vehicle, the only friction is that between the carriages and the air. Consequently maglev trains can travel at very high speeds with reasonable energy consumption and noise levels (systems have been proposed that operate at up to 650 km/h, which is far faster than is practical with conventional rail transport ). Whilst the very high maximum speeds make maglev trains potential competitors to airliners on many routes, the enormous cost of constructing the tracks has limited maglev vehicles largely to demonstration projects. Table of contents 1 Technology 2 Maglev systems 3 See also 4 External links Technology There are two primary types of maglev technology: One that relies on superconducting magnets and a newer, potentially more economical system that uses permanent magnets. Japan and Germany are active in maglev research producing several different approaches and designs. In one design, the train can be levitated by the repulsive force of like poles or the attractive force of opposite poles of magnets. The train can be propelled by a

6. Magnetic Levitation .......Magnetic levitation. Every element (in the periodic system) is magnetic. However, there magnetic field. Levitation Magnet Detailed http://www.desc.med.vu.nl/Magnet_us.htm

Magnetic levitation Every element (in the periodic system) is magnetic. However, there are three main levels or domains of magnetism. The smallest effect is know as diamagnetism and is a property of elements like antimony, bismuth, copper, carbon but also phosphorus and hydrogen. Paramagnetism has an intermediate value, about two orders of magnitude higher than diamagnetism. Paramagnetism is seen in e.g. aluminum, zinc, liquid oxygen but also in glass and rubber. The largest magnetic effect is known as ferromagnetism. This is, in our daily life, the most common form of magnetism. The only elements with ferromagnetic properties are iron, cobalt, and nickel. Ferromagnetism is about 10 times larger compared to diamagnetism. Ferro and paramagnetic elements may easily be levitated in low gradient magnetic fields. This system is used in various commercial products. To elevate diamagnetic materials, however, much higher field strengths and field gradients are necessary. In such a high power magnet organic materials or even living biological samples may be elevated, thereby counteracting the force of gravity. Although the various systems have their specific limitations, for some small samples this microweight 'simulation' may be used to study living samples in preparation of a real microweight experiment.

7. MAGNETIC LEVITATION MAGNETIC LEVITATION. I am so far on the fourth 1kg (~2Lbs) can of coarse ground coffee. For further reference on magnetic levitation, see Stone Levitation. http://www3.sympatico.ca/slavek.krepelka/exper/maglev.htm

MAGNETIC LEVITATION Fig. 1 The figure 1 actually shows a CBM7B grinder, which uses black plastic for its body, while CBM7 is white plastic body, but I was unable to find the picture of the white one. Note, that I regrind coarse coffee (coffee maker coarseness) into very fine coffee for Turkish coffee on the finest setting of this grinder. Grinder cost is ~ $ 30 US, or $50 Cd. The initial performance of this grinder was quite satisfactory, when it comes to speed of grinding and the fineness of the grind. Never the less, the machine begun clogging and messing the kitchen counter top in about a month and the problem has been getting worse and worse. Why? Fig. 2 Observations on the go: The grinder side discharge begun seriously clogging, preventing the coffee from the upper container (A) to enter the grinding mechanism. (Fig. 2) Individual grains and small clumps of coffee fly out of the lower (ground coffee) container (B) through the small gap between the container and the grinder wall. Some of these grains and clumps of fine coffee grinds actually circle for a while in the air in the space between the two containers. (Fig. 2)

8. Hearlihy.com: Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. Investigate They investigate the future of land transit by studying the principles of magnetic levitation (maglev). Then http://www.hearlihy.com/Curricula.asp?artMenu=2&artID=92&artCurr=6&artTopic=10

9. SPS Project: Magnetic Levitation Magnetic Levitation. Many people are familar with magnetic levitation using superconductors. This occurs because the superconductor is a perfect diamagnet. http://iml.umkc.edu/physics/sps/projects/maglev/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation Many people are familar with magnetic levitation using superconductors. This occurs because the superconductor is a perfect diamagnet. Other materials, such as water and bismuth are also diamagnetic (though much less so than a superconductor) and can be used for levitation. Labs with very powerful magnets have used this fact to levitate frogs as well as lots of other things SPS has made a slight twist on the above by using bismuth, which is a diamagnet, to levitate a rare earth magnet. Below are a couple of photographs of the set up that SPS put together for magnetic levitation. A rare earth magnet is being suspended between two bismuth plates. There is a stack of ceramic magnets above.

10. Magnetic Levitation - Science Is Fun - Contents magnetic levitation Science is Fun. magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links There is a good magnetic levitation project and circuit in the September http://www.geocities.com/Area51/Shire/3075/maglev.html

Magnetic Levitation - Science is Fun Magnetic, diamagnetic and superconductor levitation topics and links As a child, I discovered I could levitate a ping pong ball on a stream of air from the output pipe of a vacuum cleaner. This is similar to optical levitation of a glass bead in a laser beam (pressure from photon recoil instead of an air stream). I hope you enjoy the many exciting ways to levitate objects. News Flash: There is a good Magnetic Levitation project and circuit in the September 2003 issue of Nuts and Volts magazine. See the article in .pdf format at the Magnetic Levitation Kit (Guy Marsden) link below. What is a magnetic field? Does a magnet slow time? (12-16-2003) Levitating World Globe, a look inside Levitron Tethered wrench levitation ... How to build a magnetometer (NCEMO) Levitation by sound, light, and water pressure Ultrasonic Levitation in Air at 20 kHZ (Nihon U, Japan) Optical levitation (Petter Hagburg) Levitation by water pressure of a 10,518 pound granite sphere Gravity modification - antigravity links American Antigravity Lifters you can build (Jean-Louis Naudin) Superconductor anti-gravity effect (propulsion by gravity shielding) Quantum Cavotite (Pete Skeggs) ... Gyroscopic Anti-gravity?

11. Barry's Magnetic Levitation Suspend a steel ball in midair using an electromagnet. Complete plans and design information included. Chapter 6 magnetic levitation. Chapter 5 Coilgun Mark III How can you use them for magnetic levitation? This is slightly off-topic from coilguns, but magnetic levitation has many http://www.oz.net/~coilgun/levitation/home.htm

Chapter 6: Magnetic Levitation Chapter 5: Coilgun Mark III Home Site Map Chapter 6: Linear Momentum These coilguns with control circuits are great! Now... How can you use them for magnetic levitation This is slightly off-topic from coilguns, but magnetic levitation has many common design principles and is a little easier to build! Fun Levitation Systems There are many ways to levitate objects magnetically. Here are some fun methods that I've used. The simplest! Guy Marsden's Levitation Kit is built on a single fan controller chip! The best! The Visual Levitation kit ( read my review Do it yourself! The Levitation Engine kit is an inexpensive start Completely free! ... Float your own Magnet over a hard drive (free!) Fun toy! The Levitron antigravity spinning top Cheap and cheesy Go to Edmund Scientific and search for "levitator" Executive toys SirTimeBenda has levitating globes and executive toys for sale My Maglev Demonstrator If you hold two magnets close together, you see that one of them will jump strongly toward (or away) from the other. In 1842, Samuel Earnshaw expressed this perversity of these inanimate objects in his theorem. It explains this frustrating behavior will always prevent you from suspending one magnet above or below another, no matter how one arranges the two magnets. However, an active control circuit can get around this problem by making the needed adjustments very quickly.

12. HFML, Levitation Molecular Magnetism and levitation. Something to amuse. http://www-hfml.sci.kun.nl/levitate.html

The Real Levitation Leaving science fiction aside, science does know scores of different ways to levitate things. For instance, a helicopter can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to keep floating. Scientists have also found many ways to levitate things without any noise or the need for petrol or air, by using electromagnetic fields. Levitating trains and levitating displays are but two examples of electromagnetic levitation. However, in all such schemes, a source of energy (an engine or a battery at least) is always required to keep an object afloat. Remove the battery and the levitation inevitably stops Today's science knows only one way to achieve REAL levitation, i.e. such that no energy input is required and the levitation can last forever. The real levitation makes use of diamagnetism , an intrinsic property of many materials referring to their ability to expel a portion, even if a minute one, of an external magnetic field. Electrons in such materials rearrange their orbits slightly so that they expel the external field. As a result, diamagnetic materials repel and are repelled by strong magnetic fields. Three basic schemes using various aspects of diamagnetism allow the true levitation: SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at low temperatures. The picture shows a sumo wrestler standing on a levitating magnet platform that floats above a high-temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled by liquid air and hidden below the platform. To learn more about superconducting levitation, click on the title above (this is not our work) or search the web.

13. Levitron -- Spin Stabilized Magnetic Levitation a permanent magnet base and then raised to the levitation height. The top floats about 3.2 cm above rules out stable magnetic levitation for static magnetic dipoles, it was not http://www.physics.ucla.edu/marty/levitron

Next: How it works Spin stabilized magnetic levitation Martin D. Simon, UCLA Department of Physics, msimon@physics.ucla.edu Lee O. Heflinger, Torrance CA, and S. L. Ridgway, Santa Monica CA Published in the American Journal of Physics, April 1997 Abstract: The stability of the Levitron cannot be explained if the top's axis has a fixed direction in space. Stability against flipping is not enough. Gyroscopic precession around the local magnetic field direction is necessary. An analysis and numerical integration of the equations of motion for an experimental stemless top that includes gyroscopic precession around the local magnetic field lines predict that the top will be supported stably up to spin speeds of about 3,065 rpm. An upper spin limit of 2779 rpm for this top is observed experimentally and explained as an adiabatic condition. Spin stabilized magnetic levitation is a macroscopic analog of magnetic gradient traps used to confine particles with a quantum magnetic moment. The Levitron ] is a remarkable toy which levitates in air a 22 gram spinning permanent magnet in the form of a small handspun top. The top is spun on a lifter plate on a permanent magnet base and then raised to the levitation height. The top floats about 3.2 cm above the base for over 2 minutes until its spin rate declines due to air resistance to about 1000 rpm. Unlike an earlier magnet toy which requires a thrust bearing plate to stabilize motion along one direction[

14. Device Plans: Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below. LEVITATOR GIF a 3 inch bar magnet hovers above two circuit boards. The row http://www.amasci.com/maglev/maglev.html

SCIENCE HOBBYIST GUESTBOOK GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF ... HELP! Magnetic Levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electrically-produced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. The mult-coil device shown in the photo was part of a prototype "room-temperature superconductive table" which never made it to a museum. I thought I'd place it here so students and hobbyists could experiment with this strange maglev effect. The device in the articles is not trivial to build, so I would recommend it mostly for ADVANCED HIGH-SCHOOL LEVEL AND ABOVE . If you've never built any electronic devices before, I wouldn't recommend the Meissner maglev cradle as your first project. I built mine using parts from a mail-order surplus store. Since you'll be using DIFFERENT surplus parts, my plans are only guidelines for experienced hobbyists rather than detailed instructions for a beginner. Experimentation will be required in order to get this device to work. For a much simpler project, check out " Simple maglev train ", which uses only permanent magnets, and the

15. ART TEC - Magnetic Levitation Kit magnetic levitation. Barry's design uses a light beam for position feedback. Bill Beatty's magnetic levitation DEVICE. An array of servo controlled electromagnets lift a magnet from http://www.arttec.net/Levitation/Kit.html

ENGINEERING PROTOTYPES ENGINEERING ARTWORKS ... LEVITATION K IT CONTACT ABOUT ME LINKS SITE MAP ... HOME Guy Marsden "Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic" Arthur C. Clarke Visit the magazine's web site or download a copy of the article in Acrobat Reader format. SEE WHAT OTHER PEOPLE HAVE DONE WITH THE KIT I have designed a small, simple electronic kit that can suspend small objects up to about 1/2 ounce or so in mid air magnetically. It's quite magical! Here are some levitating objects: The air gap is about 3/8". The electromagnet dynamically controls the position of the suspended rare earth magnet(s) attached to the levitated object. Feedback is provided by a linear Hall Effect sensor. Suspended objects are absolutely stable after settling. Getting an object in place is relatively easy. It is an eerie feeling when you offer the item up to the "sweet spot" as the controls "grab" the magnet - pulling it slightly into position. It feels like some kind of science fiction force field. Objects set spinning will continue to spin for several minutes! See a short movie clip of the levitation in action: LevitationLoop .mov or LevitationLoop .avi Download free QuickTime player here.

16. Magnetic Levitation For Transportation Researched and Written By Christopher Muller. http://www.railserve.com/maglev.html

Home Page Switchyard (Link Directory) Search Forums ICQ List Classified Ads Sponsorship Opportunities RailServe Advertising Add a Site Report Link Problems Comments/Suggestions About RailServe Apparel Books, Magazines, and Videos Freight Railroads Industry Organizations Model Railroads - Live Steam Music and Sound Effects News Releases Newsgroups, Mailing Lists, and BBS's Passenger and Urban Transit - Africa Passenger and Urban Transit - Asia Passenger and Urban Transit - Europe Passenger and Urban Transit - North America Passenger and Urban Transit - South America RailCams Page Rails-to-Trails Regional Railroading Stock Charts and Investing Tourist Railroads and Museums - North America Tourist Railroads and Museums - World Magnetic Levitation for Transportation Researched and Written By Christopher Muller January 23, 1998 www.railserve.com "We may perhaps learn to deprive large masses of their gravity and give them absolute levity, for the sake of easy transport." - Benjamin Franklin The need for fast and reliable transportation is increasing throughout the world. High-speed rail has been the solution for many countries. Trains are fast, comfortable, and energy-efficient. The United States is years behind European countries in high-speed rail research and development. Meanwhile, in Germany and Japan, magnetic levitation may be an even better solution.

17. Magnetic Levitation ClearlyExplained.Com ClearlyExplained.Com. magnetic levitation. ClearlyExplained.Com. 7th August 2002 A straightforward and fast information. guide to magnetic levitation from ClearlyExplained.Com http://www.clearlyexplained.com/technology/maglev/maglev.html

Welcome to.. ClearlyExplained.Com Magnetic Levitation ClearlyExplained.Com 7th August 2002 by Richard Conan-Davies BSc Dip Ed A straightforward and fast information guide to magnetic levitation from ClearlyExplained.Com updated: 10 February 2004 What Why News How ... Future What is magnetic levitation? Essentially it is the use of magnetic fields (or magnetic forces) to levitate a (usually) metallic object. By manipulating magnetic fields and controlling their forces an object can be levitated. more The word 'levitation' comes from the latin word 'levis' meaning 'light'. source : dictionary.com What Why News How History ... Future Why is magnetic levitation important? Magnetic levitation is useful in a variety of applications. Simply levitating an object immediately suggests a number of things: Transport systems eg magnetically levitated trains.

18. HFML, Levitation This is the first observation of magnetic levitation of living organisms as well as the first images of diamagnetics levitated in a normal, roomtemperature http://www.sci.kun.nl/hfml/froglev.html

The Frog That Learned to Fly (Molecular Magnetism and Levitation) Seeing is believing: Bitter solenoid in a magnetic field of about 16 Tesla at the Nijmegen High Field Magnet Laboratory. Why Frogs ? To the MOVIES of levitating objects. Whether an object will or will not levitate in a magnetic field B is defined by the balance between the magnetic force F = M B and gravity mg = V g where is the material density, V is the volume and g = 9.8m/s . The magnetic moment M = ( )VB so that F = ( )BV B = ( )V B . Therefore, the vertical field gradient B required for levitation has to be larger than g/ . Molecular susceptibilities are typically for diamagnetics and for paramagnetic materials and, since is most often a few g/cm , their magnetic levitation requires field gradients and 10 T /m, respectively. Taking l = 10cm as a typical size of high-field magnets and B ~ B /l as an estimate, we find that fields of the order of 1 and 10T are sufficient to cause levitation of para- and diamagnetics. This result should not come as a surprise because, as we know, magnetic fields of less than 0.1T can levitate a superconductor ( = -1) and, from the formulas above, the magnetic force increases as

19. Device Plans: Room-temperature Meissner-shield Maglev magnetic levitation links. Also experiments by Bill Beaty. Part of Bill Beaty's extensive science site. http://www.eskimo.com/~billb/maglev/maglev.html

SCIENCE HOBBYIST GUESTBOOK GOOD STUFF NEW STUFF ... HELP! Magnetic Levitation cradle Lifts a magnet from below Based upon an electrically-produced Meissner-like effect I'm a science hobbyist and occasional exhibit designer for science museums. The mult-coil device shown in the photo was part of a prototype "room-temperature superconductive table" which never made it to a museum. I thought I'd place it here so students and hobbyists could experiment with this strange maglev effect. The device in the articles is not trivial to build, so I would recommend it mostly for ADVANCED HIGH-SCHOOL LEVEL AND ABOVE . If you've never built any electronic devices before, I wouldn't recommend the Meissner maglev cradle as your first project. I built mine using parts from a mail-order surplus store. Since you'll be using DIFFERENT surplus parts, my plans are only guidelines for experienced hobbyists rather than detailed instructions for a beginner. Experimentation will be required in order to get this device to work. For a much simpler project, check out " Simple maglev train ", which uses only permanent magnets, and the

20. HFML, Levitation Navigation map Some levitation links Barry s self made Fun levitation Systems magnetic levitation Science Is Fun (David Sligar s Science Site) http://www.sci.kun.nl/hfml/levitate.html

The Real Levitation Leaving science fiction aside, science does know scores of different ways to levitate things. For instance, a helicopter can be considered as a very impressive levitation device that uses a stream of air to keep floating. Scientists have also found many ways to levitate things without any noise or the need for petrol or air, by using electromagnetic fields. Levitating trains and levitating displays are but two examples of electromagnetic levitation. However, in all such schemes, a source of energy (an engine or a battery at least) is always required to keep an object afloat. Remove the battery and the levitation inevitably stops Today's science knows only one way to achieve REAL levitation, i.e. such that no energy input is required and the levitation can last forever. The real levitation makes use of diamagnetism , an intrinsic property of many materials referring to their ability to expel a portion, even if a minute one, of an external magnetic field. Electrons in such materials rearrange their orbits slightly so that they expel the external field. As a result, diamagnetic materials repel and are repelled by strong magnetic fields. Three basic schemes using various aspects of diamagnetism allow the true levitation: SUPERCONDUCTING LEVITATION Superconductors are ideal diamagnetics and completely expel magnetic field at low temperatures. The picture shows a sumo wrestler standing on a levitating magnet platform that floats above a high-temperature superconductor. The superconductor is cooled by liquid air and hidden below the platform. To learn more about superconducting levitation, click on the title above (this is not our work) or search the web.

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