41. Astronomy: Physics For The Interstellar Medium Physics for the interstellar medium. Structure and evolution of the interstellarmedium. Literature A full writeup in english is available Tel. http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~deboer/class-ism.html

Physics for the interstellar medium K. Menten K.S. de Boer P. Richter A class in the ``Summersemester'' This class is also part of the Bonn International Physics Programme The most important physical processes taking place in interstellar gas are presented, together with their relevance for observational astronomy (all wavelength domains). Specific topics include: Historic overview Continuum radiation Dispersion and polarisation Processes at the atomic level Line radiation (emission and absorption) and gas parameters to be derived Dust: quantity, formation, destruction, observability Molecules: quantity, formation, destruction, observability Energy balance of the ISM Structure and evolution of the interstellar medium Literature: A full write-up in english is available Sternwarte Bonn Astronomische Institute der Univ. Bonn Fachgruppe Physik-Astronomie Classes: Stars and Stellar Evolution Last update: 2004.02.10

42. Interstellar Medium Page Of The Sternwarte Of The Univ. Of Bonn Specific areas of research are Local interstellar medium, see Bluhm, Marggraf,de Boer, Richter, Heber, 1999, A A 352, 287 ORFEUS II echelle spectra http://www.astro.uni-bonn.de/~webstw/science/stwism.html

Interstellar Matter at the Sternwarte of the Univ. Bonn Observations of interstellar material are based on absorption lines present in visual or ultraviolet spectra of stars emission lines in the optical, infrared, or at radio wavelengths Research is almost always in relation with work on Stars , on Galactic Structure , or on the Magellanic Clouds Data for ISM studies are obtained in the visual at the Calar Alto (MPIfA-HD) and La Palma Observatories, as well as in the ultraviolet with the IUE , the HST , the ROSAT, and the Astro-Spas- ORFEUS Effelsberg Radiotelescope (MPIfR-BN) . Regular collaborations exist with the Radioastromony Inst. Univ. Bonn , and with the Kapteyn Institute of the Univ. Groningen People involved in this research in the Sternwarte are Klaas S. de Boer Ole Marggraf Hartmut Bluhm Allgemeines Ein allgemeiner Bericht zum Interstellaren Medium ist zu finden bei Physik des Monats: I.S.M. Zu Resultate einer Weltraummission siehe "Die ORFEUS ASTRO II Space Shuttle Mission - Wissenschaftliche Resultate" Zu ISM auch bei "Entschlüsselung der grossräumigen Struktur unserer Galaxis"

43. 3rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium 3rd CologneZermatt Symposium The Physics andChemistry of the interstellar medium. http://www.ph1.uni-koeln.de/zermatt1998/

3rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium General Announcements Topics and Reviews Abstract Book Conference Proceedings Scientific Organizing Comittee ... Local Organizing Comittee Following the meetings in 1988 and 1993 the 3rd Cologne-Zermatt Symposium on The Physics and Chemistry of the Interstellar Medium was held in Zermatt, September 22nd - 25th, 1998 The conference focused on the structure and processes in molecular clouds and the general interstellar medium ranging from star formation in the early universe to the analysis of the composition of the interstellar matter in our neighborhood. The complete conference program and abstracts of all contributions are available from the online abstract book With 193 participants from allover the globe, 9 reviews, 19 invited talks, 29 contributed talks, and 134 posters on a high scientific level the meeting was a success for all participants. We want to thank the scientific organizing comittee , the local organizing comittee , and all people who helped to make the conference that success. We have printed posters which were sent to many different institutes to announce the conference. If you would like to get an additional

44. Interstellar Medium interstellar medium. See also Timeline of knowledge about the interstellarand intergalactic medium, Outer space. This article is from Wikipedia. http://www.fact-index.com/i/in/interstellar_medium.html

Main Page See live article Alphabetical index Interstellar medium The interstellar medium (or ISM ) is a term used in astronomy to describe the rarefied gas that exists between the stars (or their immediate "circumstellar" environment) within a galaxy . This gas is usually extremely tenuous, with typical densities ranging from a few tens to a few hundredths of a particle per cubic centimeter. Generally the gas is roughly 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, with additional elements (" metals ", in astronomical parlance) present in trace amounts. The interstellar medium is usually divided into three phases , depending on the temperature of the gas: hot (millions of kelvin ), warm (thousands of kelvin ), and cold (tens of kelvin ). This "three-phase" model of the ISM was initially developed by McKee and Ostriker in a 1977 paper, which has formed the basis for further study over the past quarter-century. The relative proportions of the phases is still a matter of considerable contention in scientific circles. Features prominent in the study of the interstellar medium include molecular clouds, interstellar clouds, supernova remnants planetary nebulae , and similar diffuse structures.

45. Interactions Of Stars With The Interstellar Medium NASA Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) Space Sciences Laboratory for Astronomyand Solar Physics Interactions of Stars with the interstellar medium. http://www4.nas.edu/pga/rap.nsf/0/7E768D922B219D5C85256DBA0053F620?OpenDocument

46. Interstellar Medium/Star Formation Studies NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Space and Planetary Sciences InterstellarMedium/Star Formation Studies. RO CITY STATE 44.40 http://www4.nas.edu/pga/rap.nsf/0/3C9111D12BB573DE85256DC1004159D1?OpenDocument

47. According To An Interstellar Medium... When she says virtually, she s serious The interstellar medium now has about 0.1hydrogen atom per cubic centimeter (and that s 1,000 times as dense as the http://whyfiles.org/017planet/gas_cloud2.html

It looks as if our trusty ol' solar system is poised to enter a "dense" cloud of interstellar gas, an event that would change our atmosphere in unpredictable ways. But not to worry it's not going to happen for several tens of thousands of years. Within about 50,000 years, the solar system could enter a much denser portion of the interstellar medium. How would that affect our atmosphere? Yellow arrow: sun's movement through space. White arrows: movement of gas cloud. Courtesy of Priscilla Frisch, the University of Chicago. Could the denser gas in "outer space" affect the atmosphere, and conditions on our planet? That's something that Priscilla Frisch, an astronomer at University of Chicago, wonders about. She notes that for the past 5 to 10 million years, Earth has occupied a region that's "virtually empty." When she says "virtually," she's serious : The interstellar medium now has about 0.1 hydrogen atom per cubic centimeter (and that's 1,000 times as dense as the last cloud). Astronomers don't bother comparing the density of the medium to that of liquid water, which weighs one gram per cubic centimeter (cc). Instead, they count the number of hydrogen atoms per cc. (For comparison, there are 700 billion billion hydrogen atoms in a cc of pure hydrogen gas at the pressure at Earth's surface). Frisch suggests that the vacuum-like interstellar medium may have promoted a stable atmosphere. "If the sun was being buffeted by a dense interstellar medium, it would probably affect our climate, although we don't know exactly how."

48. Interstellar Medium (ISM) interstellar medium (ISM) The material that exists between the stars which,in our own Galaxy, consists of about 99% gas and 1% cosmic dust grains. http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/I/ISM.html

The Encyclopedia of Astrobiology, Astronomy, and Spaceflight FRONT PAGE NEWS ARCHIVE NEWSLETTER ... Z this site WWW interstellar medium (ISM) The material that exists between the stars which, in our own Galaxy, consists of about 99% gas and 1% cosmic dust grains. It is strongly concentrated in the galactic disk , with an average density of about one particle per cubic centimeter but a much greater local density, of 10 billion particles per cubic centimeter, in pre-stellar clouds known as globules . The gas of the ISM is mostly hydrogen in an ionized, neutral, or molecular (see molecular clouds ) state. However, in the formation of terrestrial planets and the evolution of life, the presence of small quantities of heavy elements , such as carbon and oxygen, is crucial. These elements were formed in the cores of earlier generations of stars and have recycled through the ISM to become the raw material from which new stars and their retinues of worlds are formed. See also Local Bubble For more: var site="s13space1234"

49. THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM THE interstellar medium Winter 2004 FAS 030 (Chalmers) / AS 3800 (Gothenburg University)The current course description is here (2004). . ANNOUNCEMENTS http://www.oso.chalmers.se/~jblack/TEACH/ISM/ism-index.html

THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM Winter 2004 FAS 030 (Chalmers) / AS 3800 (Gothenburg University) The current course description is here (2004). ANNOUNCEMENTS: FINAL EXAMINATION: The take-home exam is now available in PDF format. You should send your solutions no later than Wednesday 17 March. Instructions are provided at the beginning of the examination. If any corrections or clarifications are required, they will be posted here. Also, please send me your solutions to the Research Exercise (see below) no later than 17 March. Good luck! John Black FIRST MEETING: Tuesday 2004 January 20, at 13.15 in room FL 74 The following table provides links to lecture notes that you can read, download, or print. These notes are available in two formats, postscript and Portable Document Format (PDF). More material will be posted as the term progresses. Chapter 1. Introduction postscript (.ps) PDF (.pdf) Table: Identified interstellar molecules postscript (.ps) PDF (.pdf) Table: Identified molecules in the solid phase postscript (.ps)

50. Joseph Lazio: Turbulence In The Interstellar Medium Turbulence in the interstellar medium. Note I ve attempted to write thisdocument at an intermediate level. Turbulence in the interstellar medium. http://patriot.net/~jlazio/turbulence.html

Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium [Note: I've attempted to write this document at an intermediate level. It is not, I hope, at the level of a technical journal article. However, one may need to know a few basic astronomy facts to understand it completely.] Interstellar Scintillation Galactic Center including GC pulsars Galactic Anticenter See also my discussion of searches for extraterrestrial intelligence Turbulence in the Interstellar Medium The space between the stars is not empty. Rather it is filled with a gas of varying density and temperature. By terrestrial standards this interstellar medium (ISM) is a vacuum. By Galactic standards, the ISM is vitally important as it is the raw material from which stars are formed. Some of the ISM is ionized or in plasma form (i.e., the gas is hot enough that the electrons are stripped from the atoms, like the gas in the tubes of a neon sign). Presumably this plasma is formed by massive amounts of energy being injected into the ISM, for instance by the winds produced by the hottest stars, O and B stars, and near supernovae (the explosions which occur when O and B stars run out of fuel and collapse). By studying how stars interact with the ISM, we may gain a better understanding of how they are formed and how they die. Furthermore, radio astronomical observations must be conducted while looking through this plasma, so we must understand how it can affect our observations. Scintillation Scintillation ( intensity fluctuations ) results from the passage of a light wave through a random medium (i.e., one in which the refractive index varies randomly). A common example of scintillation is the twinkling of starlight, resulting from visible light passing through the Earth's atmosphere. The Earth's atmosphere is a random medium because weather systems keep it "stirred up"; a typical scale on which the atmosphere varies is a few to 10 cm. Other common random media include the air over hot pavement and the exhaust of a jet airliner.

51. Chapter 33: The Interstellar Medium Chapter 33 The interstellar medium. Links from Chapter. http://www.williams.edu/Astronomy/jay/chapter33_etu6.html

Chapter 33: The Interstellar Medium Links from Chapter Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) Space Infrared Telescope Facility National Radio Astronomy Observatory Homepage 2MASS Homepage Additional Links 2MASS Homepage at UMass-Amherst Farhad Yusef-Zadeh's combination images; see Orion especially SIRTF Launch Rescheduled for April 18 April 6, 2003 The launch of the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is scheduled on an uncrewed rocket, a Delta, from Cape Canaveral on August 18, 2003. Checkout of the instruments is to take about four months, and the new name for SIRTF is to be announced with the release of the first observations after that time. See http://sirtf.jpl.nasa.gov Progress on Understanding Gamma-ray Bursts Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics Press Release Release No.: 03-08 Gamma-ray bursts (GRBs) are the most violent explosions in the Universe, but little is known about them. In recent years, several theories have been put forward to explain these elusive explosions, but the mystery still remains. Now, two recent bursts observed by astronomers at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA) provide unique data that can not only help test previous models but also help theorists come up with a better picture of what GRBs really are. A highly polarized blast Harvard astronomer David Bersier and his colleagues observed the first burst, GRB 020405, to measure the amount of polarization of light from its afterglow. Polarization is a measure of the direction of vibration of light waves. Polarized light tends to vibrate in a particular direction in the sky, while unpolarized light vibrates in all directions equally.

52. Interstellar Medium - Encyclopedia Article About Interstellar Medium. Free Acces encyclopedia article about interstellar medium. interstellar medium in Free onlineEnglish dictionary, thesaurus and encyclopedia. interstellar medium. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Interstellar medium

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Interstellar medium Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition The interstellar medium (or ISM ) is a term used in astronomy Astronomy , which etymologically means " law of the stars Click the link for more information. to describe the rarefied gas that exists between the stars For alternate meanings see Star (disambiguation) A star is a large glowing sphere that is found in outer space. Stars appear as points in the nighttime sky that twinkle because of the effect of the Earth's atmosphere. The Sun is an exception: it is the only star sufficiently close to Earth to appear as a disc and to provide daylight. Common language does not always reflect this astronomical usage; the term "star" ordinarily does not include the Sun, and sometimes includes the visible planets and even meteors ("shooting stars" or "falling stars"). Click the link for more information. (or their immediate "circumstellar" environment) within a galaxy Stars are almost always found in collections called galaxies , together with gas, dust, and "dark matter"; ~10-20% of a galaxy is composed of stars, gas, and dust. Galaxies are held together by gravitational attraction and the galactic components orbit a common centre. There is some evidence that black holes may exist at the centre of some, or most, galaxies. Galaxies "evolve" from protogalaxies.

53. Timeline Of The Interstellar Medium And Intergalactic Medium - Encyclopedia Arti encyclopedia article about Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalacticmedium. Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium. http://encyclopedia.thefreedictionary.com/Timeline of the interstellar medium an

Dictionaries: General Computing Medical Legal Encyclopedia Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium Word: Word Starts with Ends with Definition Timeline A timeline is a list of events ordered chronologically. Traditionally from left to right. Thats why its called a timeline, and not a timelist. Related Links List of themed timelines [ Make your own timeline ] Click the link for more information. of the interstellar medium The interstellar medium (or ISM ) is a term used in astronomy to describe the rarefied gas that exists between the stars (or their immediate "circumstellar" environment) within a galaxy. This gas is usually extremely tenuous, with typical densities ranging from a few tens to a few hundredths of a particle per cubic centimeter. Generally the gas is roughly 90% hydrogen and 10% helium, with additional elements ("metals", in astronomical parlance) present in trace amounts. Click the link for more information. and intergalactic medium Centuries: 18th century - 19th century - 20th century Decades: 1790s 1800s 1810s 1820s 1830s - Years: 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 - This is a leap year starting on Saturday (link will take you to calendar) Events January 24 - California gold rush: James W. Marshall finds gold at Sutter's Mill, in Coloma, near Sacramento

54. Interstellar Medium And Star Formation Research Activities interstellar medium and Star Formation. The generalgoals of the research group can be formulated as follows To http://www.astro.helsinki.fi/report/1998/node11.html

Next: Infrared studies with ISO: Up: Research Activities Previous: Research Activities Interstellar Medium and Star Formation The general goals of the research group can be formulated as follows: To investigate the physical and chemical propetrties of interstellar molecular clouds, especially the initial conditions for star formation , i.e. the temperature, density, radiation field and chemical composition. The radio spectroscopical studies performed by the group have been directed towards the following three main fields: 1) Dynamical processes and chemistry in nearby low-mass star forming regions 2) Physical properties and chemical composition of giant molecular cloud cores and their variation as a function of the galactocentric radius 3) Modeling of the structure of dense molecular clouds with the aid of Monte Carlo radiative transfer calculations of spectral line profiles and three-dimensional cloud models These three lines of investigation are interrelated and are instrumental to the understanding of the evolution of molecular clouds and the star formation process in general. To investigate the properties and composition of interstellar dust grains in dense and diffuse clouds, especially by means of the infrared emission and scattered radiation.

55. Research Of Interstellar Medium And Star Formation Research of interstellar medium and star formation. Project number, 81525002.Research agreements, Academy of Finland. Type of research, Basic research. http://www.astro.helsinki.fi/report/2002/node3.html

Next: Money and resources Up: Title page Previous: Strategy of the Observatory Contents Research of interstellar medium and star formation Project number Research agreements Academy of Finland Type of research Basic research Director of research Prof. Mattila, Kalevi Telephone Fax E-mail Kalevi.Mattila@Helsinki.Fi Research staff with a Ph.D. Kalevi Mattila, Prof Jorma Harju, Docent Stephan Hotzel, Dr.rer.nat. Mika Juvela, Docent Kimmo Lehtinen, Ph.D. Mark Rawlings, Ph.D. Ph.D. student(s) Peter Johansson, M.Sc. Samu Kontinen, M.Sc. Asko Palviainen, M.Sc. M.Sc. student(s) Cajus Pomren Associated research staff Lauri Haikala, Docent(ESO/La Silla) Technical staff Mikko Toriseva, Lic. Tech. RESEARCH ACTIVITIES The goals of the project are directed towards the following central problems of today's Astronomy: - the evolution of dust and molecular gas in interstellar clouds; - the formation of protostars in dense molecular cloud cores; - radiative transfer and magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) modelling of interstellar clouds; and - star formation history and dust emission at high redshifts.

56. Thermal Phases Of The Interstellar Medium In Galaxies - M.C. Begelman Published in The interstellar medium in Galaxies , eds. HA Thronson, Jr. THERMALPHASES OF THE interstellar medium IN GALAXIES. Mitchell C. Begelman. http://nedwww.ipac.caltech.edu/level5/March02/Begelman/Begel_contents.html

Published in "The Interstellar Medium in Galaxies", eds. H.A. Thronson, Jr. and J. Michael Shull, 1990 Kluwer Academic Publishers. For a PDF version of the article, click here For a Postscript version of the article, click here THERMAL PHASES OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM IN GALAXIES Mitchell C. Begelman Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics University of Colorado and National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80309-0440 Abstract. This review deals with the theory of multiphase media in astrophysical systems. I discuss the basic reasons for the existence of multiple thermal phases, and the fundamental connection between multiphase media and thermal instability. After describing important examples of multiphase media, I examine the interactions among phases, i.e., mass exchange driven by thermal conduction and hydrodynamic ablation. Mass exchange may compete with radiative heating and cooling for control of the thermal state of the hot phase, and may alter the thermal stability properties of the system. Table of Contents INTRODUCTION THEORY OF MULTIPHASE MEDIA Why thermal phases?

57. Astronomy: Interstellar Medium Science Directory interstellar medium. interstellar medium. Spacetransportation.org- Science Directory - Last Update Fri Apr 23 2004. http://www.spacetransportation.org/Astronomy/Interstellar_Medium/

Science Directory - Interstellar Medium Home Search Add a Site Modify a Site ... Links SEARCH ADVANCED SEARCH RANDOM LINK Find this: CUSTOM LINKS Yoursite Another Area Somewhere else Home ... Astronomy : Interstellar Medium Emission Nebulae Planetary Nebulae Reflection Nebulae Colorado Model of the Local Interstellar Cloud - The hydrogen cloud in which the Solar System is immersed. 3D pictures of the cloud, view from any direction, movie, calculate hydrogen column density in any direction. Interstellar Medium Learning pages - About ISM from history of observation to current status of understanding. Interstellar Molecules evolutionary cycle - Evolutionary cycle of Interstellar Organic Molecules - Fullerenes, PAHs, Polyyenes, and biomolecules. Nebulae - Part of a larger site on plasma physics. Observations of Interstellar Molecules - About observation of Interstellar molecules in the ISM and Physical information obtained from them. The UCL Centre for Cosmic Chemistry and Physics - University College London. Research into the chemistry which occurs throughout the universe in interstellar space. The Web Nebulae - An overview of nebulae, with color images and links.

58. Interstellar Medium And Galactic Turbulence interstellar medium and Galactic Turbulence. Korpi+99a MJ Korpi, A. Brandenburg,A. Shukurov, I. Tuominen, and Å. Nordlund. A Supernova http://www.tac.dk/~aake/bib/ISM.html

Interstellar Medium and Galactic Turbulence Korpi+99a: A Supernova Regulated ISM: Simulations of the Turbulent Multiphase Medium ApJ Nordlund+Padoan98puebla: The Density PDFs of Supersonic Random Flows . In J. Franco and A. Carraminana, editors, Interstellar Turbulence, Proceedings of the 2nd Guillermo Haro Conference , 218. Cambridge University Press, 1999. Padoan+00a: A Comparison of CO Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium and True Column Densities in Molecular Cloud Models ApJ , 529:259267, January 2000. Padoan+01cores: The Turbulent Shock Origin of Proto-Stellar Cores ApJ , 553:227234, May 2001. Padoan+01dust: Theoretical Models of Polarized Dust Emission from Protostellar Cores ApJ , 559:10051018, October 2001. Padoan+01turb: Turbulent Fragmentation and the Initial Conditions for Star Formation ApJ , (submitted), 2001. Padoan+96ext: Supersonic Turbulence in the ISM: stellar extinction determinations as probes of the structure and dynamics of dark clouds ApJ Padoan+96imf: The Universality of the Stellar Initial Mass Function MNRAS Padoan+97cat: Synthetic Molecular Clouds from Supersonic MHD and Non-LTE Radiative Transfer Calculations ApJ Padoan+97co: A Comparison of $^13$CO Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium and True Column Densities in Molecular Cloud Models ApJ Padoan+97eq: Ambipolar Drift Heating in Turbulent Molecular Clouds ApJ Padoan+97perseus: Supersonic Turbulence in the Perseus Moleular Cloud ApJ Padoan+Nordlund01imf: The Stellar IMF from Turbulent Fragmentation ApJ , (submitted), 2000.

59. Interstellar Medium -- From Eric Weisstein's World Of Astronomy interstellar medium, Dordrecht, Netherlands Reidel, 1985. Dyson, J. E. and Williams,D. A. Physics of the interstellar medium. New York Wiley, 1980. http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/astronomy/InterstellarMedium.html

Galactic Astronomy Interstellar Medium Interstellar Medium Eight elements heavier than zinc have been detected in the interstellar medium: thorium, lead, gallium, germanium, krypton, tin, arsenic, and selenium. Bok Globule References Aller, L. H. Physics of Thermal Gaseous Nebulae: Physical Processes in Gaseous Nebulae. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1984. Andrew, B. H. (Ed.). Interstellar Molecules: Symposium No. 87, Held at Mont Tremblant, Quebec, Canada, August 6-10, 1979. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1980. Balian, R.; Encrenaz, P.; and Lequeux, J. (Eds.). Atomic and Molecular Physics and the Interstellar Matter: Les Houches, Session XXVI, 1 juillet-23 aout 1974. Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, 1975. Bowers, R. L. and Deeming, T. Astrophysics, Vol. 2: Interstellar Matter and Galaxies. Boston: Jones and Bartlett Publishers, 1984. Cowen, R. "Heavy Elements Found in Interstellar Gas." Sci. News Diercksen, G. H. F.; Huebner, W. F.; and Langhoff, P. W. (Eds.). Molecular Astrophysics: State of the Art and Future Directions. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel, 1985. Dyson, J. E. and Williams, D. A.

60. "Dust And Molecules In The Interstellar Medium" Observation By Microwave Radio A Translate this page Skip Intro . http://dfmtfa.unime.it/dust_2003/congr2.html

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