101. Module Two Objective. The objective is to feel the changes of the amounts of greenhouse gases in the global atmosphere. Materials. * graph paper. * pencil and pen. * rule. http://education.arm.gov/docs/education/lessons/2act2.2.html

102. The Main Greenhouse Gases - Climate Change 5. The table lists some of the main greenhouse gases and their concentrations in preindustrial times and in 1994; atmospheric lifetimes; anthropogenic sources http://www.climateark.org/vital/05.htm

Vital Climate Graphics Introduction to climate change Next: CO Concentration in the atmosphere: Mauna Loa curve 5. The table lists some of the main greenhouse gases and their concentrations in pre-industrial times and in 1994; atmospheric lifetimes; anthropogenic sources; and Global Warming Potential (GWP). GWP is an index defined as the cumulative radiative forcing between the present and some chosen time horizon caused by a unit mass of gas emitted now, expressed relative to a reference gas such as CO , as is used here. GWP is an attempt to provide a simple measure of the relative radiative effects of different greenhouse gases. The future global warming commitment of a greenhouse gas can be calculated over a chosen time horizon (such as 100 years) by multiplying the appropriate GWP by the amount of gas emitted. The choice of time horizon will depend on policy considerations. There are several other points that need to be kept in mind when using GWPs: (i) the typical uncertainty value is +/-35%, not including the uncertainty in the CO reference; (ii) GWPs are based on the radiative forcing concept and are therefore difficult to apply to radiatively important constituents that are unevenly distributed in the atmosphere; and (iii) GWPs need to take into account any indirect effects of the emitted gases if they are to correctly reflect future warming potential.

103. EEA - Climate - Emissions Of Greenhouse Gases Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the EU and its Member States are committed to reducing emissions of a basket of six greenhouse gases by 8 http://themes.eea.eu.int/Environmental_issues/climate/indicators/Kyoto_Protocol_

Glossary FAQ Site map Home ... Indicators Emissions of greenhouse ... Climate change Indicator: Emissions of greenhouse gases [ Policy issue: Are the Kyoto Protocol targets within reach? Emissions of the six greenhouse gases fell by 2% between 1990 and 1998. However, they are projected to fall by only 1% by 2010 (compared to 1990 levels), with carbon dioxide emissions increasing by 3% to 4%, methane emissions decreasing by 30%, and nitrous oxide emissions decreasing by 16%. Fluorinated gas emissions are projected to increase by 60% to 70% (compared to 1995). Analysis Related indicators Factsheets to download According to the Kyoto Protocol of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), the EU and its Member States are committed to reducing emissions of a basket of six greenhouse gases by 8% below the 1990 level over the period 2008 to 2012, and the central and east European (CEE) countries to reductions of 0% to 8%. In June 1998, a system of ‘burden sharing’ or ‘target sharing’ was agreed by EU Member States. [Click the thumbnail to view a large version of the image] Total EU greenhouse gas emissions (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, fluorinated gases)

104. Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center (CDIAC) Globalchange data and information analysis for the US Department of Energy (DOE). Atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide and other radiatively active gases; role of the terrestrial biosphere and oceans in biogeochemical cycles of greenhouse gases; emissions of carbon dioxide; long-term climate trends; effects of elevated carbon dioxide on vegetation; vulnerability of coastal areas to rising sea level. http://cdiac.esd.ornl.gov/

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105. Air Quality: Greenhouse Effect And Global Warming This accumulation of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases (methane, ozone, nitrous oxides, and chlorofluorocarbons) in Earth s atmosphere may be causing http://www.texasep.org/html/air/air_4iss_grnhse.html

HOW THE GREEHOUSE EFFECT WORKS 1. Most of the sun's energy reaches the Earth. (The ozone layer shields the Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.) 2. About 30 percent of the energy is reflected back into space. 3. Burning of fossil fuels and deforestation increase carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Added to this are chlorofluorocarbons (human-made gases used in spray cans, refrigerants and insulations) and methane (from landfills, farming and swamps). 4. Together, these gases form a "blanket" which traps energy, thus warming the Earth. Source: World Resources Institute, Changing Climate: A Guide to the Greenhouse Effect (1989). With only 5 percent of the world's population, the United States produces 23.4 percent of the carbon dioxide released from burning fossil fuels.

106. GreenHouse Gas Online - Greenhouse Gas News, Research And Resources Devoted to greenhouse gas and climate change news and science. Detailed information on the various greenhouse gases and on climate change issues. Also, contains up to date links to the abstracts of hundreds of greenhouse gas scientific papers. http://www.GHGonline.org

About GHG Online Introduction Contacts The Author Acknowledgement Greenhouse Gases Carbon dioxide Methane Nitrous oxide Others Climate Change Global warming Evidence Human Influence Predictions ... May 6, 2004 Greenhouse Gas News 6th May 2004 Climate Change at Home The editor of Greenhouse Gas Online, Dave Reay, has secured a contract with publishers Macmillan to write a book about climate change and the indivdual entitled 'Climate Change Begins at Home'. More to Follow... 6th May 2004 In a Nutshell Leading science writers, Tim Radford and Paul Brown, have set out some of the key impacts of climate change that we can expect to see over the coming years - hurricanes, fish stock collapses, glacial melt and more. 6th May 2004 Space Oddity Qiang Fu, and colleagues at the University of Washington, US, have suggested that the anomaly of the atmosphere warming more slowly than predicted can be explained by stratospheric cooling of greenhouse gases. 6th May 2004 Missing the EU Climate Target The European Union looks likely to miss its own targets for reducing greenhouse gas emissions. There is concern that there is not enough financial pressure being put on heavy industries to reduce their emissions.

107. NGA Center For Best Practices Environmental Regulatory Innovations. greenhouse gases and Air Quality. Growth and Quality of Life. Text Version. 11/20/2002. Growing with Less greenhouse gases. http://www.nga.org/center/divisions/1,1188,C_ISSUE_BRIEF^D_4666,00.html

NGA Home Center Home Governors News Room ... Multimedia Issues Active Living Communities Air Quality and Greenhouse Gases Brownfields Clean-up of the Nuclear Weapons Complex Community Design ... Energy Infrastructure and Siting Housing/Community Development Military Bases Resource Management Transportation and Land Use Planning Water and Coastal Resources Working Lands Conservation What's New Tapping State Leadership to Manage Endangered Species The successful management of endangered species depends on cooperation between state and federal governments as... Briefing on the BRAC Process, January 22, 2004, 1:00-3:00pm Under BRAC 2005, the Pentagon plans to close up to 25 percent of the nation's... Waves of Change: Examining the Role of States in Emerging Ocean Policy On Sept. 3-4, 2003 NGA's Center for Best Practices hosted a conference on coastal and... Coastal Brownfields: At the Water's Edge Conference Agenda In September, 2003, NGA hosted a conference entitled 'Coastal Brownfields: At the Water's Edge.' The... State Wetland Programs States are implementing both regulatory and non-regulatory programs to protect wetlands, particularly isolated wetlands. To...

108. MIT Center For Global Change Science Conducts research to enhance our ability to accurately predict changes in the global environment. Areas of interest include Convection, Atmospheric Water Vapor, and Cloud Formation; Oceans and OceanAtmosphere Coupling; Land Surface Hydrology and Hydrology-Vegetation Coupling;Biogeochemistry of greenhouse gases and Reflective Aerosols; and Upper Atmospheric Chemistry and Circulation. http://web.mit.edu/cgcs/www/

MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Center for Global Change Science Phone Fax E-Mail cgcs@mit.edu Address : MIT 54-1312, 77 Massachusetts Ave, Cambridge MA 02139 USA CGCS Director Ronald G. Prinn Associate Director Rafael L. Bras PERSONNEL REPORTS RESEARCH ... CONTACT The Center for Global Change Science CGCS ) at MIT was established in January, 1990, to address long-standing scientific problems that impede our ability to accurately predict changes in the global environment. The CGCS is interdisciplinary , involving both research and education , and builds on the long-established programs in meteorology oceanography hydrology chemistry , and satellite remote sensing carried out in the Schools of Science and Engineering at MIT. In addition, the CGCS , along with the MIT Center for Energy and Environmental Policy Research CEEPR ), is a parent organization of the MIT Joint Program on the Science and Policy of Global Change , which involves significant cross-discipline interaction The long-term goal of the CGCS is to utilize theory and observations to understand the basic processes and mechanisms controlling the global environment, and thereby to accurately predict environmental changes. Initial objectives involve a sustained program of basic scientific research focused on five fundamental processes in the global climate machine: Convection, Atmospheric Water Vapor, and Cloud Formation

109. Enhanced Greenhouse Effect-Box 1 Enhanced greenhouse effect – a hot international topic 1. greenhouse gases. Published by Human activity causes increases in greenhouse gases. Carbon dioxide. http://www.science.org.au/nova/016/016box01.htm

1. Greenhouse gases Published by Australian Academy of Science Sponsored by Printer-friendly version of complete topic Scientists have been regularly measuring the air's carbon dioxide (CO ) content since about 1960. Several stations around the world monitor this and the concentrations of the other greenhouse gases. But how can we find out the CO concentrations that existed before this regular monitoring started? Evidence comes from a variety of sources, but one of the most straightforward involves taking ice samples from the polar ice caps. Ice in Antarctica builds up from the compression of each year's snowfalls. By drilling down into the ice cap (which is up to 4 kilometres thick), scientists can collect core samples of the annual snowfall going back over thousands of years. The deeper you go, the older the ice. This ice contains air bubbles, captured when the snow fell and sealed in ice since that time. Scientists can take a slice of a core and analyse the air trapped within the bubbles. This ice record can give us information about the air from as far back as 186,000 years ago. The ice record shows that for many thousands of years the CO Human activity causes increases in greenhouse gases Carbon dioxide The increase in CO is partly caused by fossil-fuel burning, cement manufacture, land clearing, forest harvesting and changes in agricultural practice. According to the National Greenhouse Gas Inventory of 1994, CO

110. The Greenhouse Effect Increase in greenhouse gases. The increase in the concentration of carbon dioxide, one of the three major atmospheric contributers http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/grnhse.html

Greenhouse Effect The greenhouse effect refers to circumstances where the short wavelengths of visible light from the sun pass through a transparent medium and are absorbed, but the longer wavelengths of the infrared re-radiation from the heated objects are unable to pass through that medium. The trapping of the long wavelength radiation leads to more heating and a higher resultant temperature. Besides the heating of an automobile by sunlight through the windshield and the namesake example of heating the greenhouse by sunlight passing through sealed, transparent windows, the greenhouse effect has been widely used to describe the trapping of excess heat by the rising concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. The carbon dioxide strongly absorbs infrared and does not allow as much of it to escape into space. Sunlight warms your car Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide Global warming Role in the absence of water on Venus? ... Go Back Greenhouse Effect Example Bright sunlight will effectively warm your car on a cold, clear day by the greenhouse effect . The longer infrared wavelengths radiated by sun-warmed objects do not pass readily through the glass. The entrapment of this energy warms the interior of the vehicle.

111. CNN.com - Nature - NASA Urges Practical Solutions For Reducing Greenhouse Gases NASA urges practical solutions for reducing greenhouse gases. By Environmental News Network staff. greenhouse gases are the driving force behind global warming. http://www.cnn.com/2000/NATURE/08/16/nasa.greenhouse.enn/

nature Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web NATURE TOP STORIES New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil spill cleanup Insight, Prius lead the hybrid-powered fleet Picture: Indonesia's Merapi volcano erupts MORE TOP STORIES Up to 2,000 killed in India quake; fear of aftershocks spreads Clinton aide denies reports of White House vandalism New hurdles hamper Galapagos oil-spill cleanup Two more Texas fugitives will contest extradition ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists. Enter your address: document.write(' '); Or: Get a free e-mail account E-MAIL DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: AsiaNow Svenska Norge Danmark ... Italian FASTER ACCESS: europe japan TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: more networks transcripts SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: CNN e-store NASA urges practical solutions for reducing greenhouse gases Next to landfills, enteric fermentation in domestic livestock is the highest producer of atmospheric methane, a major contributor to global warming

112. CNN - Greenhouse Gases Spur Warm, Wet Winters - June 3, 1999 greenhouse gases spur warm, wet winters. If the current warming trend continues, Northern Hemisphere continents can expect winters that are warmer and wetter, http://www.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/03/warming.enn/

[an error occurred while processing this directive] MAIN PAGE WORLD ASIANOW U.S. ... news quiz CNN WEB SITES: TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW MORE SERVICES: video on demand video archive audio on demand news email services ... pagenet DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback SITE GUIDES: help contents search FASTER ACCESS: europe japan WEB SERVICES: Greenhouse gases spur warm, wet winters If the current warming trend continues, Northern Hemisphere continents can expect winters that are warmer and wetter June 3, 1999 Web posted at: 11:15 AM EDT Warm, wet winters during recent decades in the Northern Hemisphere can be explained by the influence of greenhouse gases on atmospheric winds, Columbia University researchers report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature. During the last 35 years, temperatures have risen by seven to 10 degrees Fahrenheit over vast regions of northern Eurasia and North America, according to data compiled at the Goddard Institute for Space Studies in New York, N.Y. "It's quite likely that the warmer winters over the continents are indeed a result of the increasing amount of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere," said Drew Shindell, a climatologist at Columbia University. According to the research, increased concentrations of greenhouse gases have indirectly resulted in a dominant positive phase of an atmospheric wind pattern that ushers in warm, moist air from the oceans to the continents.

113. ENN News Story - U.S. States Sue Federal Government Over Greenhouse Gases California and New York, filed petitions Thursday in federal court in a bid to force the Bush administration to regulate emissions of greenhouse gases such as http://www.enn.com/news/2003-10-24/s_9749.asp

Site Index: Home News ENN Earthnews Affiliates News In-Depth Topics Interact Online Quizzes Postcards Marketplace Business Center Store Advanced Search Advertise Join ENN e-mail Subscription Take our Survey Affiliate Tech Center Post Press Release Help About ENN Site Map U.S. states sue federal government over greenhouse gases Friday, October 24, 2003 By Nigel Hunt, Reuters Several separate petitions were filed in the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C., asking it to review a decision by the federal Environmental Protection Agency that said it did not have the authority to regulate such emissions under the Clean Air Act. The agency issued an opinion in August in response to a petition backed by environmental groups indicating it believed it did not have the authority to regulate greenhouse gases under the act. "The U.S. EPA's decision that it has no authority to regulate greenhouse gas emissions and that these emissions technically don't even count as air pollutants is wrong, disturbing, and dangerous to Californians' health, environment, and economy," said California Attorney General Bill Lockyer. California filed a petition on its own and 11 other states filed jointly: New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Maine, Illinois, New Jersey, New Mexico, Oregon, Vermont, Washington, and Rhode Island.

114. ENN News Story - Wetter World Counters Greenhouse Gases, Says Scientists to global warming than first thought, and they say a warmer world means a wetter planet, encouraging more plants to grow and soak up greenhouse gases. http://www.enn.com/news/2004-05-13/s_23835.asp

Site Index: Home News ENN Earthnews Affiliates News In-Depth Topics Interact Online Quizzes Postcards Marketplace Business Center Store Advanced Search Advertise Join ENN e-mail Subscription Take our Survey Affiliate Tech Center Post Press Release Help About ENN Site Map Wetter world counters greenhouse gases, says scientists Thursday, May 13, 2004 By Reuters "The global water cycle has changed in response to greenhouse emissions," almost 100 Australian greenhouse scientists said in an annual statement on their research received on Wednesday. "As the world warms it is, on average, getting wetter," said the scientists, who met recently under the banner of Australia's Cooperative Research Center for Greenhouse Accounting. A wetter and cloudier world would see more plants and more photosynthesis to counter greenhouse gases and also mean less evaporation as less solar radiation reaches the Earth. "Contrary to widespread expectations, potential evaporation from the soil and land-based water bodies like lakes is decreasing in most places," the scientists said. An increase in trees and shrubs in the world's grasslands in recent decades was a major counter to greenhouse gases, they said.

115. Sources - Human Activities Sources of greenhouse gases. The Problem Four Major greenhouse gases The atmosphere has always contained carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. http://globalwarming.enviroweb.org/ishappening/sources/

Sources of Greenhouse Gases The Problem: Four Major Greenhouse Gases The atmosphere has always contained carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. These gasestogether with water vaporcreate the natural greenhouse effect. They trap some of the sun's energy and keep the Earth warm enough to sustain life. By increasing some of these heat-trapping gasesand adding new oneswe intensify the natural greenhouse effect and further warm the atmosphere. This chart shows how much warming could be caused by each of the gases that human activities release. Carbon dioxide accounts for three fourths of the predicted increase in the greenhouse effect. Previous The Ozone Hole Next Section Carbon Dioxide Sources of Greenhouse Gases: Carbon dioxide Methane ... Nitrous oxide Design and construction by The Knauer Group

116. Education Main Page for Rhode Island middle and highschool students and teachers containing exercises, links and information on the issues of greenhouse gases and climate change http://www.brown.edu/Research/EnvStudies_Theses/GHG/education/

Rhode Island Greenhouse Gas Inventory Study Guide *Resources: By academic subject Educational Databases The Big Picture : Gen er al Background on Global Warming Individual Choices: How You Can Influence Change Alternatives: What can we do in the future? A to Z index (EPA) in PDF format Questions or Comments? Contact: Harold_Ward@brown.edu T his site is a resource for Rhode Island middle and high-school students and teachers containing exercises, links and information on the issues of greenhouse gases and climate change - in Rhode Island and the whole of the Earth. Through a grant from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) , the Brown University Center for Environmental Studies compiled an inventory of Greenhouse Gases in Rhode Island, under contract with the Rhode Island Department of Environmental Management (DEM) . The R.I. Greenhouse Gas Emissions Inventory was housed on a website in order to make it accessible to individuals and organizations, both public and private. Included in the Study Guide are questions and prompts that provide ways of delving into the inventory - looking at the implications and significance of greenhouse gases and climate change, for Rhode Island and the world at large.

117. Global Warming:Understanding Greenhouse Gases For Education And Learning Name of Product Global Warming Understanding greenhouse gases Software X WebBased (check one) Publishing/Parent Company Seeds Software System http://www.seeds2lrn.com/greenIndex.html

The Science of Global Warming About Program Content Lessons System Requirements ... Pricing and Ordering Study global warming and climate change to learn math and science. Provide your students with an authentic global climate model they can use to help them understand their environment. Get educational software that can be used for days and weeks of exciting learning. Software Reviews Additional Resource Books Other Ed Web Sites About ... Pricing and Ordering Critical Software Review: Recommended by the Eisenhower National Clearinghouse Recommended by the CoVis Program: Learning through Collaborative Visualization - Enhancing science learning to provide authentic experiences in the practice of science CoVis Program . Review by Dr. Jonathan D. W. Kahl, Director UWM CoVis Project, Assoc Professor, Atmospheric Science Name of Product: Global Warming: Understanding Greenhouse Gases Software [X] Web-Based [ ] (check one) Publishing/Parent Company: Seeds Software System Requirements (Mac/PC): Mac/Win Subject Covered: Earth Science, Physics

118. MIT CGCS Research: Greenhouse Gases Focus on Biogeochemistry of the greenhouse gases and Reflective Aerosols. Current concerns about future climate change are driven http://web.mit.edu/cgcs/www/ghgs.html

MIT Center for Global Change Science > home Focus Areas Affiliates directory education ... outreach Focus on Biogeochemistry of the Greenhouse Gases and Reflective Aerosols Current concerns about future climate change are driven in large part by the observational evidence that several long-lived greenhouse gases (CO2, CH4, N2O) are presently increasing at significant rates (0.4, 0.5 and 0.25% per year respectively). However, the detailed biogeochemical and physical knowledge of individual sources and sinks needed to explain quantitatively the greenhouse gas trends, and to project them accurately into the future, is lacking. For this reason, the sources and sinks of the greenhouse gases, and the potential feedbacks involving changes in these sources and sinks in response to changes in climate, are either ignored or oversimplified in current general circulation models used for climate prediction. Similarly, the complexity of the physics and chemistry of atmospheric aerosols, and the lack of observations of them over the globe, has meant that aerosols, which can cool the Earth by reflection of sunlight, are also poorly simulated in climate models. Filtered three-month running mean concentrations and standard deviations of halocarbons, nitrous oxide, and methane measured at the ALE/AGAGE station in Tasmania showing both increases and some recent decreases. [Prinn, et al., 1995]

119. NRL Press Release NRL Press Release 804r 2/2/2004. Increasing greenhouse gases Lead to Dramatic Thinning of the Upper Atmosphere. The highest layers http://www.nrl.navy.mil/pressRelease.php?Y=2004&R=8-04r

120. Climate Change - Greenhouse Gases greenhouse gases. greenhouse gases provide the necessary insulation to maintain Earth s climate within a relatively stable temperature range. http://www.environment.govt.nz/indicators/climate/gases.html

Home Environmental Reports Environmental Indicators Ecological Footprint ... Search Indicators: Indicators: Greenhouse gas emissions Mean annual temperatures Mean seasonal temperatures Carbon dioxide (CO ... O) concentrations More information about climate change: The Earth's atmosphere The greenhouse effect Greenhouse gases MED 'Energy Greenhouse Gas Emissions' publication Greenhouse Gases Greenhouse gases provide the necessary insulation to maintain Earth's climate within a relatively stable temperature range. Without these gases, the heat which beams down each day would evaporate back into space by night, causing huge fluctuations. Temperatures on the moon, for example, can vary from -150 C to +200 C in a single lunar day. The most important greenhouse gases are water vapour (H20) first, followed by carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4). In natural concentrations these gases trap just enough heat from the Sun to keep Earth about 33 C warmer than it would be without them. This is the ' natural greenhouse effect '. Nitrous Oxide (N20) and fluorinated compounds including CFCs, HFCs and PFCs are also important greenhouse gases. Although they occur in relatively small amounts they can have a big influence on climate change (see Earths Atmosphere Table 1 and Figure 3 show the relative contribution of greenhouse gases in New Zealand for 1990 and 1995.

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