61. Chicago Climate Exchange The first U.S. voluntary pilot program for trading of greenhouse gases. News and information about program sponsorship, goals, members, and methods. http://www.chicagoclimatex.com/

learn more About CCX and Members) Conditional Compliance for 2003 is May 28, 2004 Unaudited Program Wide Basline and 2003 Emissions as of May 14, 2004 Enhanced CCX Trading Platform went live Monday May 10, 2004 ... more on our Environment and the role of greenhouse gases The demand for action from governments and the private sector to take cost-effective steps to address the threat of climate change has grown steadily over the past decade. CCX enables members to receive credits for greenhouse gas emission reductions, and to buy and sell reduction credits to determine the most cost-effective means of reducing overall emissions. ( more about Market-Based Solutions to Environmental Concerns Home Contact Us Careers ... CCX Carbon Financial Instruments May 17-21, 2004 - Market Recap Last Chg Chg % Vintage 2003 Vintage 2004 Vintage 2005 Vintage 2006 CCX Volume metric tonnes CO2

62. Greenhouse Gas - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia Greenhouse gas. (Redirected from greenhouse gases). greenhouse gases are gaseous by humans. Increase of greenhouse gases. Since the http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greenhouse_gases

Main Page Recent changes Edit this page Page history ... Printable version Not logged in Log in Help Other languages: Dansk Deutsch Nederlands Polski Greenhouse gas (Redirected from Greenhouse gases Greenhouse gases are gaseous components of the atmosphere that contribute to the greenhouse effect . The major natural greenhouse gases are water vapor , which causes about 60% of the greenhouse effect on Earth, carbon dioxide (about 26%), and ozone Minor greenhouse gases include methane nitrous oxide sulfurhexafluoride (SF ) and halocarbons such as perfluoromethane freon and other CFCs The major atmospheric constituents (N and O ) are not greenhouse gases, because homonuclear diatomic molecules (eg N , O , H ...) do not absorb in the infrared as there is no net change in the dipole moment of these molecules. Table of contents showTocToggle("show","hide") 1 Anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gasses 1.1 Increase of greenhouse gases 2 Duration of stay and global warming potential 3 See also Anthropogenic sources of greenhouse gasses Human activity contributes to the greenhouse effect primarily by releasing carbon dioxide, but other gases, e.g. methane, are not negligible The concentrations of several greenhouse gases have increased over time due to human activities, such as:

63. Index Aims to study severe storms, surges and waves in the present climate and in a scenario with increased CO2concentration. More specifically the project is a joint atmospheric/oceanographic numerical modelling effort aiming at constructing and analysing storm, wave and surge climatologies for the North Atlantic/European region in a climate forced by increasing amounts of greenhouse gases and to compare with present day conditions. http://web.dmi.dk/pub/STOWASUS-2100/

STOWASUS-2100 Regional STO rm, WA ve and SU rge S cenarios for the century RIKZ Home page Description Partners Partnerinfo ... Other projects The STOWASUS-2100 project is supported by the European Commisions 4th FRAMEWORK PROGRAMME Environment and Climate Research Programme " under contract number ENV4-CT97-0498.

64. Possible Culprits greenhouse gases The gases primarily responsible for trapping Earth s outgoing energy are water vapor, CO 2 , CH 4 (methane), N 2 O (nitrous oxide), O 3 (ozone http://www.cotf.edu/ete/modules/carbon/efculprits1.html

Skip Navigation Greenhouse Gases The gases primarily responsible for trapping Earth's outgoing energy are water vapor, CO , CH (methane), N O (nitrous oxide), O (ozone), CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and HCFCs (hydro chlorofluorocarbons). This trapping is known as the greenhouse effect. Since the beginning of the industrial era, around 1850, the concentration of CO , CH , N O, O , and CFCs and HCFCs has risen steadily. Anthropogenic emissions (those caused by humans) consist primarily of CO , CH , CO, and N O. With the aid of sunlight, CH , CO, N O, and other hydrocarbons help form O in the lower levels of the atmosphere. The amount of water vapor in the atmosphere is not directly affected by human activity. However, as the temperature increases due to increasing levels of the other gases, it is expected that water vapor levels will also increase. CO emissions constitute over 90% of all anthropogenic emissions, so the other gases are generally referred to in terms of their CO equivalent effect. While CO

65. CNN - Developing Countries Encouraged To Curb Greenhouse Gases - June 18, 1999 CNN http://www.cnn.com/NATURE/9906/18/renewable.enn/index.html

[an error occurred while processing this directive] MAIN PAGE WORLD ASIANOW U.S. ... news quiz CNN WEB SITES: TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW MORE SERVICES: video on demand video archive audio on demand news email services ... pagenet DISCUSSION: message boards chat feedback SITE GUIDES: help contents search FASTER ACCESS: europe japan WEB SERVICES: Developing countries encouraged to curb greenhouse gases It might be cheaper for a rural town to construct a wind or solar energy facility instead of wiring in electricity from a power plant located a hundred miles away. June 18, 1999 Web posted at: 5:02 p.m. EDT (2102 GMT) Developing countries can lower their emissions of greenhouse gases while maintaining or improving their economic growth, according to a report released Wednesday by the Pew Center on Global Climate Change. The debate over the participation of developing countries in the Kyoto Protocol, an international treaty to reduce global emissions of greenhouse gases, has stalled ratification of the treaty. Developing countries refuse to participate in the treaty because they say that measures to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases in their countries would bring economic harm. However, the United States said it will not ratify the treaty until there is "meaningful participation" by developing nations.

66. News Monsanto abandons its plans to sell GM wheat. greenhouse gases threaten tree species in remote parts of the Amazon. By Steve Connor Science Editor. 11 March 2004. http://news.independent.co.uk/world/environment/story.jsp?story=499968

67. Climate Protection Partnerships - EPA Reduces greenhouse gases through energyefficiency and cost-effective partnerships with industries in all sectors of our economy where emissions reductions can be achieved. http://www.epa.gov/cpd.html

Climate Protection Partnerships Contact Us Print Version Search: EPA Home Climate Protection Partnerships Climate Change Annual Reports Awards Economics of Non- ... Contact Us EPA works with businesses, organizations, governments, and consumers to reduce emissions of the greenhouse gases that contribute to global climate change by promoting greater use of energy efficient and other cost-effective technologies. We also work to improve understanding of the more potent greenhouse gases and options for sequestering carbon dioxide. a new EPA partnership with industry that encourages companies to develop long-term comprehensive climate change strategies. More Information offers businesses and consumers energy efficient solutions - helping to save money while protecting the environment for future generations. More Information work with industry, states and other key groups to encourage efficient, clean technologies such as combined heat and power and green power from renewable resources.

68. Greenhouse Gases greenhouse gases CSIRO Atmospheric Research Greenhouse Information Paper. Atmospheric trace gases that trap heat are known as greenhouse gases. http://www.dar.csiro.au/publications/greenhouse_2000f.htm

View menu options Home Air Pollution Contact us Doing business with us Greenhouse effect Library News and information Our Division Ozone Depletion Remote Sensing Research Site Map Search Staff only Weatherwall What's New? Greenhouse gases CSIRO Atmospheric Research Greenhouse Information Paper Atmospheric trace gases that trap heat are known as greenhouse gases. About three-quarters of the natural greenhouse effect is due to water vapour. The next most significant greenhouse gas is carbon dioxide. Higher concentrations of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases in the atmosphere will lead to increased trapping of infrared radiation. The lower atmosphere is likely to warm, changing weather and climate. Carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone, synthetic halocarbons (such as chlorofluorocarbons and hydrofluorocarbons) and sulfur hexafluoride are all greenhouse gases produced or influenced by human activities. Carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide concentrations have increased by 30% during the past 200 years. The major anthropogenic sources of carbon dioxide emissions are fossil fuel combustion and land clearing for agriculture. Currently, about 6-8 billion tonnes of carbon (as carbon dioxide) are emitted during the combustion of fossil fuels and 1-2 billion tonnes from land clearing. About 3 billion tonnes of the carbon stays in the atmosphere, while the ocean takes up about 2-3 billion tonnes. Terrestrial sinks, including greater photosynthesis in plants, take up the remaining 2 billion tonnes.

69. Greenhouse Gas Technology Center: Southern Research Institute Investigating the performance of technologies to mitigate and monitor greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. http://www.sri-rtp.com/

Home About Application for Testing Stakeholders Contact Verified Performance Results The Greenhouse Gas Technology Center is an Environmental Technology Verification (ETV) Organization Sponsored by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and Other Public and Private Institutions. The GHG Center locates promising GHG mitigation and monitoring technologies, subjects them to independent third-party performance testing, and provides performance results to the public free of charge Application for Testing Featured Selections Just Verified Conoco Lubricant PlugPower Fuel Cell Ingersoll-Rand Microturbine CHP Quantum Leap Natural Gas Dehydrator ... Capstone 60 Microturbine CHP Stakeholders First Advanced Energy Stakeholder Meeting EPA/ETV The EPA's ETV Program Web Site Oil and Gas Production Transportation Waste Utilization ... Power Production

70. Effects Of Greenhouse Gases On Avifauna Summarizes the impact of greenhouse gases on biotic systems and describes potential effects on bird populations and their habitats. http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/othrdata/greengas/greengas.htm

Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center Home Site Map Resources ... Feedback Potential Effects of Anthropogenic Greenhouse Gases on Avian Habitats and Populations in the Northern Great Plains By Diane Larson U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Rt. 1 Box 96C, Jamestown, ND 58401 Abstract Biotic response to the buildup of greenhouse gases in Earth's atmosphere is considerably more complex than an adjustment to changing temperature and precipitation. The fertilization effect CO has on some plants, the impact UVB radiation has on health and productivity of organisms, and the resulting changes in competitive balance and trophic structure must also be considered. The intent of this paper is to review direct and indirect effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases on wildlife, and to explore possible effects on populations of birds and their habitats in the northern Great Plains. Many of the potential effects of increasing greenhouse gases, such as declining plant nutritional value, changes in timing of insect emergence, and fewer and saltier wetlands, foreshadow a decline in avian populations on the Great Plains. However, other possible effects such as increased drought resistance and water use efficiency of vegetation, longer growing seasons, and greater overall plant biomass promise at least some mitigation. Effects of multiple simultaneous perturbations such as can be expected under doubled CO scenarios will require substantial basic research to clarify.

71. Heating Efficiencies And Greenhouse A tabled comparison between different ways of home heating, and their individual effects on greenhouse gases and environmental decline. http://www.geocities.com/daveclarkecb/HeatEfic.html

Heating efficiencies and greenhouse Search this site powered by FreeFind Introduction This page compares methods of home heating in terms of their relative efficiency, greenhouse gas production and other environmental aspects. Created August 2002, last modified Related pages on my sites: Wind power Red herring environmentalism Heating energy sources discussed include: electricity, coal, gas, firewood, and oil. Methods of electrical generation discussed include: biogas, biomass, coal, nuclear, oil, gas, wind, solar heat, solar photovoltaic, and hot dry rock. Electrical heating methods discussed include reverse cycle air conditioning (heat pump) and heat bank as well as the more obvious ones. I want to make this site useful, informative, and correct. If you believe I've missed an important home heating method here, or if you think I'm wrong on some point, I'd be very pleased to have your comments. My email address is daveclarkecb@yahoo.com. Home Top Index Contents Major sections on this page are... Heating: characteristics Table 1 Coal Electricity Firewood ... Oil Electricity generation: methods Table 2 Biogas Biomass Coal ... Wind Electrical heating: methods Table 3 Simple radiator Oil filled convection heater Fan heater ... Reverse cycle air conditioner General notes Table 4 Glossary Index Table 1 Various forms of home heating: greenhouse emissions, other pollution, efficiency, and sustainability compared

72. CRS Report 98-235 - Global Climate Change US Greenhouse Gas crshead.htm. Global Climate Change Reducing greenhouse gases How Much from What Baseline? Larry Parker John Blodgett. Non-CO 2 greenhouse gases. http://www.cnie.org/nle/clim-13.html

Sorry this file has moved to URL: http://cnie.org/NLE/CRSreports/Climate/clim-13.cfm

73. Firms Climb Toward 'climate Neutral' | Csmonitor.com Some of the world's largest corporations, responsible for spewing millions of tons of greenhouse gases into the air, are taking the bold steps to trim their emissions. Article from the Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/2001/0820/p15s1-wmcr.html

WORLD USA COMMENTARY LEARNING ... Text Edition Search: In this week's On the road and in the red A term policy that pays back, sometimes Lines blur between ads and articles Rolling over annuities, prioritizing student loans, and cashing in US savings bonds ... Greenspan, his limo rides, and the future of interest rates Most-viewed stories: (for 05/25/04) US closes in on deal with Iraqi cleric 'Gas roots' protest over pump prices National Parks fast falling into disrepair In grade-obsessed society, learning gets left behind ... Corporate from the August 20, 2001 edition NEW STANDARDS: Ford’s Jacques Nasser showed off an eco-friendly TH!NK vehicle in Detroit last year. MICHAEL SAMOJEDEN/ FORD/REUTERS Firms climb toward 'climate neutral' Boldest bids to cut emissions now being led by some big polluters of yore By Laurent Belsie Here's a quiz. For all the talk about slowing global warming, which of the following have taken steps to do it: a) Countries that have just agreed to implement the Kyoto Protocol? E-mail this story Write a letter to the Editor Printer-friendly version Related stories: 1, 2, 3, 4: We don't want your global warming

74. The Greenhouse Gases The greenhouse gases. Although there are dozens of greenhouse gases, a handful of dominant ones have attracted the most attention. http://www.cnie.org/pop/CO2/greenhouse.htm

S tabilizing the Atmosphere: Population, Consumption and Greenhouse Gases Population Action International 1120 19th Street, N.W. Suite 550 Washington, D.C. 20036 (202) 659-1833 T he G reenhouse G ases The Greenhouse Gases Figure 2: Relative Contributions of Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Human Activities to the Greenhouse Effect During the 1980s. Human Influence A lthough there are dozens of greenhouse gases , a handful of dominant ones have attracted the most attention. Most are closely linked to common human activities. Carbon dioxide (CO to the atmosphere, although this estimate may be off in either direction by as much as 3.7 billion tons. About half of the CO released by human activities is quickly reabsorbed by the oceans and by immature trees, which store carbon in their expanding trunks and branches. But human-caused CO Methane (CH is released as a result of the combustion of carbon and microbial decay in the absence of oxygen. This occurs in the cultivation of wetland rice, the burning of plant material (biomass), landfills and the digestive systems of livestock and termites. Methane also emanates from coal mines and the production and distribution networks of natural gas. Molecule for molecule, methane is 50 times more powerful in trapping heat than carbon dioxide, but there is less than one 200th as much of it in the atmosphere. Human activities have more than doubled its concentrations from 0.7 parts per million in pre-industrial times to more than 1.7 ppm today.

75. CNN.com - Greens Attack Australia Over Rising Greenhouse Gases - November 26, 20 CNN http://cnn.com/2000/ASIANOW/australasia/11/26/environment.climate.australia.reut

asianow Editions myCNN Video ... Feedback CNN Sites CNN CNN Europe CNNfn CNNSI myCNN CNNfyi AllPolitics Languages Search AsiaNow TIME Only Asiaweek Only CNN.com CNNSI.com CNNfn.com The Web ASIANOW TOP STORIES Faith, madness, magic mix at sacred Hindu festival MORE TOP STORIES Tanker spills remaining fuel near Galapagos as captain detained Final two Texas fugitives make first court appearance Gore accepts visiting professor post at Columbia Lott calls Justice Department 'cesspool,' Ashcroft foes 'extremists' ... MORE MARKETS 4:30pm ET, 4/16 DJIA NAS SPORTS Jordan says farewell for the third time ... LOCAL EDITIONS: CNN.com Europe change default edition MULTIMEDIA: video video archive audio multimedia showcase ... more services E-MAIL: Subscribe to one of our news e-mail lists Enter your address: DISCUSSION: chat feedback CNN WEB SITES: CNNfyi.com CNN.com Europe AsiaNow Spanish ... Korean Headlines TIME INC. SITES: Go To ... Time.com People Money Fortune EW CNN NETWORKS: CNN anchors transcripts Turner distribution SITE INFO: help contents search ad info ... jobs WEB SERVICES: Greens attack Australia over rising greenhouse gases November 27, 2000

76. USATODAY.com Understanding greenhouse gases. greenhouse gases are those in the air that absorb some of the infrared radiation the Earth gives off. http://www.usatoday.com/weather/climate/wco2.htm

Cars Jobs Tickets Travel ... Weather Forecasts World U.S. States Personalization Severe weather Watches and warnings Hurricanes Cold, snow Travel Highway forecasts Air travel conditions Beach weather Ski conditions Resources Weather briefs Highs and lows Tools Talk Today Weather maps Temperature Radar Satellite Precipitation ... Click here to get the Daily Briefing in your inbox 07/23/2003 - Updated 03:42 PM ET Understanding greenhouse gases By Jack Williams, USATODAY.com Greenhouse gases are those in the air that absorb some of the infrared radiation the Earth gives off. This warms the gases and the surrounding air. The gases also radiate infrared energy back to the Earth. The greenhouse gases help control the Earth's temperature. ( Related graphic: How the greenhouse effect works The air near the surface of the earth is a mixture of gases with nitrogen being the most common and oxygen the second most common. Nitrogen accounts for 78.08% of the volume of the gas in the air and oxygen for 20.95%. The remaining 0.97% is accounted for by several other gases including carbon dioxide and water vapor, the two most important greenhouse gases, water vapor and carbon dioxide. Water vapor Water vapor is the most abundant greenhouse gas and also that gas with amounts that vary the most in the air.

77. Cirene (Center Of Initiative And Research On Energy And The Environment) Conducts syntheses and studies in order to solve problems of industrial partners regarding greenhouse gases (including taxation, permits for carbon trading, technicaleconomic studies, feasibility studies for capture and storage of CO2, forecasting studies). http://www.cirene.asso.fr/ukco2.php

Cirene, spécialisé dans l'énergie et l'environnement : changement climatique, gaz à effet de serre, capture, stockage et séquestration du CO2. Le CIRENE réalise des études et conférences à destination des industriels, collectivités, ... CIRENE, CO2, effet de serre, energie, environnement, centre, initiative, recherche, environnemental, ecologie, etudes, conferences, rapports, reglementation, changement, climatique, capture, stockage, sequestration, climat, association, ducroux, jean-baptiste, sciences, chercheur, geosciences, taxation, technico, economique, prevision, previsionnel, energetique, industriels, institutionnels, CNRS, CEA, INRA, IFREMER, INSID, COGEMA, GDF, USINOR, ADEME, accord, internationaux, primaire, secondaire, renouvelable, nucleaire, eolien, eolienne, fossiles, petrole, charbon, electricite, hydrogene, solaire, geothermie, hydraulique, biomasse, marees, radioprotection, radon, retraitement, thermonucleaire, piles, SOFC, Kyoto, carbonique, gaz, economie.

78. USATODAY.com Even so, the gases responsible for keeping the Earth warmer than it otherwise would be are called greenhouse gases. (Related Understanding greenhouse gases http://www.usatoday.com/weather/wgrnhse.htm

Cars Jobs Tickets Travel ... Weather Forecasts World U.S. States Personalization Severe weather Watches and warnings Hurricanes Cold, snow Travel Highway forecasts Air travel conditions Beach weather Ski conditions Resources Weather briefs Highs and lows Tools Talk Today Weather maps Temperature Radar Satellite Precipitation ... Click here to get the Daily Briefing in your inbox 07/22/2003 - Updated 06:02 PM ET Gases in the air help keep Earth warm By Jack Williams, USATODAY.com The sun supplies the energy that keeps the Earth warm enough for life. Once this energy reaches Earth, it follows complex paths. Some solar energy is reflected back into space while the rest is absorbed by the atmosphere and the Earth's land and oceans. The absorbed energy warms the earth, which in turn radiates heat back towards space as infrared energy. Water vapor, carbon dioxide and other gases in the atmosphere absorb some of the outgoing infrared energy, which heats them. These molecules then radiate the energy in all directions, including back to Earth. In effect, some of the energy remains in our atmosphere, warming the planet. This process is often called the "greenhouse effect," but it doesn't work quite like a greenhouse. A greenhouse stays warm because the glass roof allows solar energy in. But it doesn't allow heated air to rise and mix with cooler air aloft as warmed outdoor air would. Re-radiation of energy (as by gases in the air) is not an important part of the heat that keeps a greenhouse warm.

79. New Greenhouse Gas Identified, Potent And Rare (but Expanding) New York Times article stating that scientists have found rising concentrations of a newly identified synthetic gas in the air that traps heat more effectively than all other known greenhouse gases. http://www.nytimes.com/library/national/science/072800sci-environ-climate.html

July 28, 2000 New Greenhouse Gas Identified, Potent and Rare (but Expanding) By ANDREW C. REVKIN Related Articles The Natural World: Global Warming Forum Join a Discussion on The Environment cientists have found rising concentrations of a newly identified gas in the air that traps heat more effectively than all other known greenhouse gases, the dozens of compounds released by industry and the burning of fuels that act like a greenhouse roof and may be warming the global climate. The synthetic gas is extremely rare, so far reaching concentrations just over one-tenth of one part per trillion of air, according to a paper published today in the journal Science. But it still poses potential problems, the paper's authors say, because concentrations of the gas are rising quickly, the gas probably takes more than 1,000 years to break down and its source although certainly from human activity is a mystery. "So far, there is far too small a quantity to be of concern," said William T. Sturges, an atmospheric chemist at the University of East Anglia in Norwich, England, and the study's principal author. "But I wouldn't want to see it enormously increased." The study provides the latest evidence of the global reach of pollution and the sometimes unintended consequences of industrial activity, said many chemists familiar with the report. Advance copies of the paper circulated this week by e-mail.

80. Why Do Human-made Greenhouse Gases Matter When Water Vapor Is The Most Potent Gr Common Questions about Climate Change. Why Do Humanmade greenhouse gases Matter When Water Vapor Is the Most Potent Greenhouse Gas? http://www.gcrio.org/ipcc/qa/09.html

New Library About Ask Dr. Global Change ... Common Questions about Climate Change Why Do Human-made Greenhouse Gases Matter When Water Vapor Is the Most Potent Greenhouse Gas? Search Updated 24 May, 2004 Common Questions about Climate Change By United Nations Environment Programme - World Meteorological Organization Why Do Human-made Greenhouse Gases Matter When Water Vapor Is the Most Potent Greenhouse Gas? However, just because water vapor is the most important gas in creating the natural greenhouse effect does not mean that human- made greenhouse gases are unimportant. Over the past ten thousand years, the amounts of the various greenhouse gases in the Earth's atmosphere remained relatively stable until a few centuries ago, when the concentrations of many of these gases began to increase due to industrialization, increasing demand for energy, rising population, and changing land use and human settlement patterns. Accumulations of most of the human-made greenhouse gases are expected to continue to increase, so that, over the next 50 to 100 years, without control measures, they will produce a heat-trapping effect equivalent to more than a doubling of the pre-industrial carbon dioxide level. Increasing amounts of human-made greenhouse gases would lead to an increase in the globally averaged surface temperature. However, as the temperature increases, other aspects of the climate will alter, including the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere. While human activities do not directly add significant amounts of water vapor to the atmosphere, warmer air contains more water vapor. Since water vapor is itself a greenhouse gas, global warming will be further enhanced by the increased amounts of water vapor. This sort of indirect effect is called a positive feedback.

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